China 1949-PresentChina 1949-Present

The Chinese RevolutionThe Chinese Revolution

1945-491945-49 1911 Revolution overthrew the monarchy1911 Revolution overthrew the monarchy May Fourth Movement 1920sMay Fourth Movement 1920s Chinese Nationalist Party Chinese Nationalist Party

(Kuomintang(KMT) est. by Sun Yat Sen in (Kuomintang(KMT) est. by Sun Yat Sen in 1916)1916)

Chaing Kai-shek (KMT) comes to power in Chaing Kai-shek (KMT) comes to power in 19241924

1928-1937 Nanking Decade 1928-1937 Nanking Decade 1937-45 War with Japan 1937-45 War with Japan 1945-49 Civil War with the Communists1945-49 Civil War with the Communists 1949 Communist China1949 Communist China

Chaing Kai-shek Sun Yat-sen

China under Mao China under Mao ZedongZedong

1949 - 19761949 - 1976

OutlineOutline GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949) Recovery and Socialism (1949-Recovery and Socialism (1949-

1956)1956) Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-

1957)1957) Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) Recovery & growing elite division Recovery & growing elite division

(1962-5)(1962-5) Great Proletarian Cultural Great Proletarian Cultural

Revolution (1966-1976)Revolution (1966-1976)

Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)

Civil War (1946 – 1949)Civil War (1946 – 1949)

GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)– Chiang Kai-shek (President)Chiang Kai-shek (President)

CCP: Chinese Communist PartyCCP: Chinese Communist Party– Mao ZedongMao Zedong

““War of Liberation”War of Liberation”

Mao ZedongMao Zedong A revolution to remove “3 big A revolution to remove “3 big

mountains”mountains”– imperialismimperialism– feudalismfeudalism– bureaucrat-capitalismbureaucrat-capitalism

A “United Front” of …A “United Front” of …– workersworkers– peasantspeasants– petty bourgeoisie and national petty bourgeoisie and national

bourgeoisiebourgeoisie

People’s Republic of ChinaPeople’s Republic of China

1949-10-01, 1949-10-01, PRC, BeijingPRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Chairman: Mao

ZedongZedong 5-Star Red Flag5-Star Red Flag

Republic of China Republic of China government retreated government retreated to Taiwanto Taiwan

Economic Reconstruction Economic Reconstruction 1950s1950s Soviet Union model and assistanceSoviet Union model and assistance

land reform (eliminate landlord class)land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned heavy industry (state-owned

enterprises)enterprises) First National People’s Congress (1954)First National People’s Congress (1954)

– PRC ConstitutionPRC Constitution Zhou EnlaiZhou Enlai

– PremierPremier– Foreign MinisterForeign Minister

Great Leap Forward (1958-Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)1960)

abandon the Soviet model of abandon the Soviet model of economic developmenteconomic development– Soviet “scientific planning”Soviet “scientific planning”

mass mobilizationmass mobilization people’s communespeople’s communes

Great Leap Forward (1958-Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)1960)

unrealistic output targetsunrealistic output targets– industryindustry– agricultural and human disasteragricultural and human disaster

Growing Division (1962-Growing Division (1962-1965)1965)

Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping

charismatic leadership vs. charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracybureaucracy

Cultural Revolution (1966-Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)1976)

Great Proletarian Cultural RevolutionGreat Proletarian Cultural Revolution– commitment to revolution and “class commitment to revolution and “class

struggle”struggle”– power struggle to succeed Maopower struggle to succeed Mao

Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards”Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards” Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin BiaoPhase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang

of Four”of Four”

Phase I: Red Guards (1966-Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)69)

Phase I: Red Guards (1966-Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)69)

Purge of party Purge of party cadrescadres– Liu Shaoqi and Deng Liu Shaoqi and Deng

XiaopingXiaoping Purge of intellectualsPurge of intellectuals

Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71) the putative successor to Mao the putative successor to Mao

ZedongZedong– the cult of personality around Maothe cult of personality around Mao

In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failedIn 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed– to assassinate Maoto assassinate Mao– to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”)to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”)

““9.13” eroded the credibility9.13” eroded the credibility– of the entire leadershipof the entire leadership– of the Cultural Revolutionof the Cultural Revolution

Phase III: the “Gang of Four”Phase III: the “Gang of Four”

1972 – 19761972 – 1976 power struggle power struggle

betweenbetween– the radical “Gang of the radical “Gang of

Four”, led by Jiang Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wifeQing, Mao’s wife

– the “moderates”, led the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlaiby Premier Zhou Enlai

Diplomatic BreakthroughDiplomatic Breakthrough

1971, 1971, PRC became the PRC became the representative of China in UN representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)(replaced ROC)

Diplomatic BreakthroughDiplomatic Breakthrough

1972, President Nixon visited Beijing1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

Mao and Zhou Died in 1976Mao and Zhou Died in 1976

Turning point in China’s postwar Turning point in China’s postwar eraera

““Gang of Four” were arrestedGang of Four” were arrested End of the Cultural RevolutionEnd of the Cultural Revolution

Mao’s legaciesMao’s legacies

Reforms and Opening upReforms and Opening up The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP

Central Committee in 1978Central Committee in 1978– Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancyDeng Xiaoping’s ascendancy– economic modernization became economic modernization became

focusfocus US-PRC diplomatic relations in US-PRC diplomatic relations in

19791979

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square 19891989 ChinaChina Student-led Chinese movementStudent-led Chinese movement Attempted to use world wide Attempted to use world wide

attention to force reformsattention to force reforms InternetInternet Crushed by the government Crushed by the government On global camera – viewed by the On global camera – viewed by the

worldworld Leaders are now in exileLeaders are now in exile

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square