The French Revolution 1789. Absolute Monarchy Louis XVI Type of Gov. Limited Monarchy King George...

The French Revolution 1789

Absolute Monarchy

Louis XVI

Type of Gov.

Limited Monarchy

King George and Parliament

People wanted equality

Bad economy, Little food, Louis XVI’s spending

Enlightenment Ideas

Influence of American Rev.

Reasons for

Conflict

Britain views Americans as colonists, Americans view themselves as loyal British subjects, Enlightenment Ideas,

Unfair Estate System, High taxes on the poor,National Assembly, Storming of the Bastille

Actions that led to war.

High Taxes on Colonists, Intolerable Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Common Sense

French Rev. American Rev.

Causes of French Revolution

Vast majority of people were broke and hungry.

Vast majority were in the lowest estate

A. The First Estate: The Clergy

A tiny majority entitled to many privileges But an order providing important services

Ministry and sacraments Charity Education Social Promotion

Less than 1% of population, owned 10% of the land, Very little if any taxes

B. The Second Estate: The Nobility Born into money Proud of its origins but

feeling threatened Attached to its

privileges An order opposed to all

changes 2% of the population Owned 20% of the land No Taxes!!!!!!!!!

C. The Third Estate: Everybody Else 97% of society 50% taxes 3 classes within 3rd estate Bourgeoisie- Middle Class,

merchants and artisans, leaders of the Rev., believed in enlightenment ideas

City workers, low wages, often hungry

Peasants- 80% of population, poor, mistreated, very high taxes

C. The Third Estate: Continued

A frustrated but ambitious group

The “Go-Getters!” Urban workers and

artisans

bourgeoisie Part of the third estate,

they were the “middle class” of France.

They were bankers, merchants, factory owners (educated people)

Led the revolution

Three Estates Peasants

1st Estate

Louis XVI 2nd Estate

3rd Estate

Bourgeoisie Workers

Bread riots People were hungry;

the country was broke.

This picture is from an all-woman bread riot.

Marie Antoinette said “let them eat cake”

The Estates General An assembly of representatives from all three

estates. Each Estate got 1 vote. Therefore, the 1st and 2nd could always outvote the

third estate. Basically 3% > 97% ?????????????????????? Met at Versailles. It represents both ends of the political spectrum Radicals-Moderates-Conservatives

Tennis Court Oath Delegates of the 3rd Estate Kicked out of Estates General Broke into an indoor tennis court at

Versailles Pledged to not leave there until they had

finished a constitution Wanted a new constitution constructed to

give more power to the lower estate

The National Assembly June 17, 1789, the 3rd Estate renamed the

themselves to “The National Assembly” Mostly bourgeoisie class citizens Abbe Sieyes- Clergy who sided with the 3rd

Estate They began to pass laws and reforms in the name

of the French People! 1st official act of revolution This ended absolute monarchy in France

Storming the Bastille Louis stationed Swiss Guards in Paris People wanted to gather weapons and powder to

protect Paris from an invasion from the Austrians July 14th, 1789 mob stormed the garrison and

killed the kings guards Symbolic act of revolution Like USA - 4th of July Bastille Day

The Great Fear October 1789 A wave of senseless panic Rumors start to fly that the nobles are

going to kill the peasants Peasants became outlaws and attacked

upper class citizens Broke into houses and tore up legal papers

and burned property

Assembly Reforms In France Nobles join the NA out of fear, this gives it

legitimacy Declaration of the Rights of Man- “men are born

and remain free and equal in rights.” Modeled after Declaration of Independence Rights of free speech, religion and equal justice “Rights of liberty, property, security and

resistance to oppression.” Did not apply to women

Assembly Reforms The National Assembly took control of the

church. Now the church was run by the government

The assembly took church lands and sold them to pay off French debt

Clergy was now paid by government. Peasants angry because they think the church can

do no wrong. This will cause tension between the peasants and

the middle class.

King Tries to Escape Louis tried to get out of town Took his wife and kids to Austria They were caught by a mail man who

recognized him from his face on the money!

Sent back to Paris His fate was sealed- Why would he try to

escape unless he was guilty?

War with Austria & Prussia Early 1792 Foreign countries don’t like revolution in

France They think it may start revolutions in their

country Armies invade France and help save King

Louis and family

Death of the King 20,000 stormed the kings home and killed the 900

Swiss guards Jacobins captured the king Louis XVI is charged with “conspiring against

the liberty of the nation.” Basically he was tried with being an absolute monarch.

He is convicted and beheaded. 1st time this has happened in Europe. Kings had been assassinated, but never put on

trial and/or assassinated

Mob and Gang Rule Mob made of poor people Leaders were Bourgeoisie Jacobin-radical political club (gang) Led by Maximillian Robespierre, Jean Paul

Marat, Georges Danton

Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre- gains control of

power He made laws that hurt France and it’s

people Became a Dictator Used Secret Police Begins killing people he didn’t like

Committee Committee forfor Public Safety Public Safety Robespierre Robespierre

decided who were decided who were the enemies of the the enemies of the Republic Republic

300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 16,000 – 50,000

executed.executed. People were tried in People were tried in

the morning and the morning and guillotined in the guillotined in the afternoonafternoon

The Guillotine Invented in 1792 by Dr. Joseph Ignace

Guillotine

Efficient-Humane-Democratic

“Would not feel the slightest pain”

Nicknamed -The National Razor

Effects of the French Revolution

Both the King and Queen were beheaded

French monarchy no more

In addition to the Royal family, 17,000 people were executed with the guillotine.

The GuillotineThe Guillotine

Oh, thou charming guillotine, Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens;You shorten kings and queens;

By your influence divine,By your influence divine,We have reconquered our We have reconquered our

rights.rights.Come to aid of the CountryCome to aid of the Country

And let your superb instrumentAnd let your superb instrumentBecome forever permanentBecome forever permanentTo destroy the impious sect.To destroy the impious sect.

Sharpen your razor for Pitt and Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agentshis agents

Fill your divine sack with heads Fill your divine sack with heads of tyrants. of tyrants.

Effects continued. . . Napoleon

Bonaparte was elected leader, then appoints himself emperor of France.

Hero of the Hour October 1795- Royalists march on the National

Assembly wanting to restore the monarchy Napoleon, who happens to be in town, leads a

group of artillery and disperses the crowd Napoleon becomes a celebrity, seen as the savior

of the Republic, known as the “Hero of the Hour” Put in charge of the army that is set up to fight the

Austrians, he wins Napoleon gets more powerful by the day

Coup d’Etat By 1799 the directory is losing control Napoleon and his wife, Josephine, work behind

the scenes to try to get support By this time Napoleon is in charge of the entire,

French army and is very popular Napoleon with his army marches on the National

Assembly The National Assembly dissolves the directory During the coup Napoleon becomes 1st consul,

basically the dictator

Plebiscite Plebiscite- a vote of the people Napoleon calls for a vote of the people to

approve his takeover and other reforms They approve him and also approve new

constitution, set up a national bank, create public schools.

Now merit gets you ahead, not birth

Legal System-Napoleonic Code

Equality of all in the eyes of the law No recognition of privileges of birth (i.e. noble rights

inherited from ancestors.) Freedom of religion Separation of the church and the state Freedom to work in an occupation of one's choice Strengthening the family by:

Placing emphasis on the husband and father as the head of the family

Restricting grounds for divorce to three reasons: adultery, conviction of a serious crime, and grave insults, excesses or cruelty; however divorce could be granted by mutual agreement, as long as the grounds were kept private.

Defining who could inherit the family property

Napoleonic Code

Confirmed Abolition of Privileges Established a meritocracyRegulation of LaborOutlawed worker’s organizationsAbolished laws of primogenitureExtended to all French territory

Napoleonic Code – Results A woman could not vote. A wife owed obedience to her husband, who had total control over

their property. A unmarried woman had few rights and could not be a legal guardian

or witness wills. It was easier for a man to sue for divorce on grounds of adultery,

while a man had to cohabit with his mistress for two years for his wife to justify a divorce.

If a man surprised his wife in bed with another man, he could kill her legally. If a woman did so, she could be tried for murder.

Minors had few rights. (A father even could place his child in jail for up to six months.)

Illegitimate children had no rights of inheritance

Napoleon becomes Emperor 1804- Napoleon learns about an assassination plot

sponsored by Louis XVI’s family. He kills his enemy in secret, but is worried about

his legacy. He uses this as a reason to restore a hereditary

“monarchy” to France with him as Emperor. Dec. 2, 1804- Napoleon crowns himself Emperor.

Napoleon expands the Empire During this time Napoleon and his army fought in

several wars to conquer many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean including Italy, Egypt, Germany, and Spain.

During this time his main foe was Great Britain, who he could never conquer.

Napoleon needed $, so he sold the Louisiana Purchase to the U.S. for less than 3 cents an acre.

Napoleon’s Family Rules!Napoleon’s Family Rules!

e Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia.

e Joseph Bonaparte King of Spaine Louise Bonaparte King of Hollande Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italye Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son)

King of Romee Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of

Tuscanye Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples

“Crossing the Alps,”

1805

Paul Delaroche


1805

Paul Delaroche

This allegorical print celebrated the general peace. Bonaparte in the centre is crowned by Victory, who brings with her Abundance, whilst Time closes the doors to the Temple of Janus (these were famously closed by the Emperor Augustus to signify that Rome was not at war). The sovereigns of Europe come to receive from the hands of the First Consul the olive branch of peace. From left to right: The Grand Turk, the King and Queen of Portugal, the Pope, the King of England, Bonaparte, the King of Spain, the Holy Roman Emperor, the King of Prussia, the King of Naples, The Tsar of Russia.

“Napoleon in His

Study”

1812

by David

“Napoleon in His

Study”

1812

by David

Famous Napoleon Quotes “I love power as a musician loves his violin.” “Even when I am gone, I shall remain in people's

minds the star of their rights, my name will be the war cry of their efforts, the motto of their hopes.”

“I can no longer obey; I have tasted command, and I cannot give it up.”

“I should have conquered the world.”

Napoleon’s 3 Mistakes1. Continental System

2. Peninsular War

3. Invasion of Russia

1. Continental System- 1806 Napoleon knew he couldn’t defeat Great Britain because

of their powerful navy. He decides to try to defeat them by crippling them

economically by cutting off trade with the rest of Europe. To do this he imposed a blockade- a forcible closing of

ports It fails horribly because of several factors.

Smugglers bring British goods in to Europe. Too much coastline to monitor British have a more powerful navy and they end up blockading

France and Europe (War of 1812) This ends up hurting Napoleon more than the British.

2. Peninsular War-1808 Spain basically ignores the Continental System.

A direct threat to Napoleon’s power. Napoleon gets mad and deposes Spanish King

and puts his brother in charge. Spanish Rebel and use guerilla warfare- loosely

organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying their territory using hit and run tactics, to hurt the French Army

This war last for 5 years, costs countless $, and Napoleon loses 300,000 men.

3. Invasion of Russia- June 1812 Alexander I of Russia sells grains to Great

Britain. This makes Napoleon furious. Napoleon raised army of 680,000 from all

of Europe Size of Army dictated direct approach Only 200,000 French - depending on support

of defeated nations

RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN

Numerous logistics setbacks in beginning of campaign

Dilemma Couldn’t winter over at Smolensk (unable to

provision army & Sweden threatened rear) Retreat before Winter or advance to Moscow Napoleon advanced toward Moscow hoping for

decisive victory

DON’T INVADE RUSSIA IN THE WINTER!!

Poor roads/hostile population didn’t support mass/mobility

Russian “scorched earth” policy prevented foraging

Weakened army fell prey to disease (lost 1/4 combat effectiveness before contact with enemy)

Unwilling warriors deserted in droves

RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN

Sept 14th - entered Moscow - hollow victory since Russians had burned city & retreated

Oct 19th - began retreat, hampered by: Snow & bitter cold Russian Regular/Irregular Forces Ineffective supply system 40,000 vehicles loaded with “loot” vice supplies Breakdown of discipline wasted supplies

Invasion of Russia

Napoleon in Russia

RESULTS Napoleon loses ½ million men. His army is seriously weakened. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and

Sweden all ally against France. Napoleon and his army are defeated at the

Battle of Leipzig

Napoleon Abdicates!Napoleon Abdicates!e Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.

e Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender.

e Napoléon abdicated again on April 11.

e Treaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs.

e The royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

e Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.





Don’t call it a comeback Louis XVIII takes over and is very unpopular. Napoleon escapes from Elba, gets an army

together and marches towards Paris. Louis XVIII sends an army after Napoleon, but

they end up joining Napoleon. Napoleon marches into Paris, Louis XVIII flees Napoleon makes peace offers towards the rest of

Europe, but they do not believe him.

Waterloo Coalition of European nations form an army to

defeat Napoleon. They meet at Waterloo in Belgium. One of the most famous battles in history Napoleon defeated (Hemorrhoids??) Time period known as the 100 Days. Napoleon shipped farther away to St. Helena. Napoleon dies in 1821. Poison???

Napoleon’s TombNapoleon’s Tomb

Congress Of Vienna

Key Players at Vienna


The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.)

Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice

de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Decisions in Vienna 1814-15

5 great powers King Frederick William III of Prussia Czar Alexander I of Russia Emperor Francis I of Austria Foreign Ministers of France and Britain

Metternich takes the Stage

Prince Clemons Von Metternich – Foreign minister of Austria.

“ First and greatest concern for the immense majority is the stability of laws never there change.”

3 Goal Surround France with strong Countries Balance of Power Restore Europe’s Royal Families

Europe After the Congress of ViennaEurope After the Congress of Vienna

Results of Vienna Kingdom of the Netherlands German Federation

Joining of 39 German States Switzerland was recognized Kingdom of Sardinia was strengthened Legitimacy- Restored all the Monarch’s

prior to the revolution and Napoleon. Louis XVIII

Concert Of Europe A series of Alliances between European

countries that they would help one another if a revolution was to happen again.

Conclusion

Is the world a better place because of the French Revolution?

Was there anything positive that occurred? If so what was it?

What were the negative aspects of the revolution and Napoleon?

Change one event in the revolution and explain how it would have changed all aspects of the revolution? Explain in great detail.