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IMPERIAL INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECO-FRIENDLY

TECHNOLOGIES (IIJET)

Vol. 1 October 16 –November 17 Issue 2

Chief Editor :

Shri S.K Jagwani

Director

Biofuels and Battery

Operated Vehicles (BoV)

MNRE Editors :

Dr. Ashwini Sharma

Associate Professor

North Cap University

Dr. Ashutosh Dwivedi

Director

BNCET

Co-Editor:

Miss. Harminder Kaur

CONTENTS

HYBRID VEHICLES: INSANE STUDY 92-97 Aravind.A.K *, Aravind Sai**

Transient Study on Brakes 98-99 Lalit Dhakar*, Deepak Vishwakarma**

STUDY ON DAMPERS OF FOX-FLOAT 100-102 *Rishi Dhar, **Saurabh Singh

Analysis of photovoltaic systems considering solar energy in residential

areas of India 103-106 T Sriram Shraff * & Shubham Panda**

Solar Technologies 107-109 V.Pavan*, Ch. Rama Krishna**, Dr N Ravi Kuma***

RISING OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY 110-114 Satpal Singh Chabra*, Utkarsh Darhe, Rajat Mandloi**, Shivanshu Shrivastava***, Siddharth Gandhi****, Shivam Bharti*****

Basic Criteria for Solar Car Design 115-119 *Asik Jalaludeen.K, **Antony Balan Revin.M

Eco-Friendly Washing Machine 120-123 Rushank R. Guru*

Optimum Performance of Solar Panel 124-127 Team Motorbreath

PUBLISHED BY:

IMPERIAL INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL

Web: www.imperialsociety.in

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HYBRID VEHICLES: INSANE STUDYARAVIND.A.K *, ARAVIND SAI**

Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology

Abstract

With the advancement in 21st Century, there has beenincrease in usage of Oil and Gas leading to problems likeGlobal Warming, climate change, shortage of crude oil,etc. In an effort to promote public awareness, this paperreviews hybrid vehicle technology as a logical steptowards sustain- able, efficient future and environmentfriendly transportation. The Paper starts from briefhistory about Hybrid Technology and also some briefintroduction on it. Paper will also discuss the technologiesused in the making of Hybrid Cars and their types”.Paper concludes on the advantages and dis-advantages ofHybrid Cars and how this technology will take over theworld in future and would become the alternative forPetrol and Diesel Cars.

Keywords - hybrid electric vehicle; hybrid solar vehicle;environment; Astrolab; SLS Electra

I. Introduction

With the invention of Internal Combustion Engine by NicolasOtto, there was revolution in Automobile field. Later on,Petrol and Diesel became the main source of fuel for thesevehicles. This technology made Human Efforts very easythrough commercializing in the market. Due, to which itbecame the commercial success and its use in the day to dayperiod increased. As we know everything has its own positiveand negative side. The rate of Carbon Monoxide (CO) andCarbon Dioxide (CO2) suddenly increased at the dangerouslevel in the beginning of 21st Century which made a negativeimpact on Ecosystem, reason for Global Warming, Healthrelated issues, etc. This forced Scientist, Researchers andPolicymakers to focus or made them start thinking for GreenTechnology or the technology which can stop the adverseeffect happening on Nature. Hence, the 21st Century willbecome the Century for Evolution in various technologieswith the main focus in Automobile Sector. The technologieswhich will change the face of Automobile Sector would be“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”, “Hybrid Solar

Vehicle”, “Hydrogen Fuel Cell”, etc. while Hybrid SolarVehicle has lower efficiency than vehicle running onPetrol/Diesel/CNG. So, this technology is for drivers whowant to cover less distance. To overcome this constraint,“Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle” came into existence.

AI. Working Principle of Hybrid Vehicle

Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanismwhich slows down a vehicle by converting its kinetic energyinto another form, normally into electrical energy, which canbe used immediately or stored until needed in high voltagebatteries. The electric motor is operated in reverse duringbraking or coasting, acting as generator. The rotors of electrictraction motor are coupled with wheels; they experienceopposing torque as current is induced in the motor coils. Thewheels transfer kinetic energy via drivetrain to generator. Atthe same time, generator resistance produced from theelectricity created, slows the vehicle. When more brakingtorque is required than the generator alone can provide,additional braking is accomplished by friction brakes.Depending on the drive train structure (how motor andengine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel,series or combined HEVs. Depending on the share of theelectromotor to the traction power, we can distinguishbetween mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), powerassist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid. Depending onthe nature of the non-electric energy source, we candistinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic orpneumatic power, and human power.In the first case, the ICEis a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition

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direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, theenergy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline,methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or otheralternative fuels.

BI. Types by drive train structure

A. Series hybrid

In a series hybrid system, the combustion engine drives anelectric generator instead of directly driving the wheels. Theelectric motor is the only means of providing power to thewheels. The generator both charges a battery and powers anelectric motor that moves the vehicle. When large amounts ofpower are required, the motor draws electricity from both thebatteries and the generator.Series hybrid configurationsalready exist a long time: diesel-electric locomotives,hydraulic earth moving machines, diesel-electric powergroups, and loaders. Series hybrids can be assisted by ultra-caps, which can improve the efficiency by minimizing thelosses in the battery. They deliver peak energy duringacceleration and take regenerative energy during braking.Therefore, the ultra-caps are kept charged at low speed andalmost empty at top speed. Deep cycling of the battery isreduced; the stress factor of the battery is loweredSomevehicle designs have separate electric motors for each wheel.Motor integration into the wheels has the disadvantage thatthe unsprang mass increases, decreasing ride performance.Advantages of individual wheel motors include simplifiedtraction control (no conventional mechanical transmissionelements such as gearbox, transmission shafts, differential),all-wheel drive, and allowing lower floors, which is usefulfor buses. Some 8x8 all-wheel drive military vehicles useindividual wheel motors A fuel cell hybrid electric always hasa series configuration: the engine-generator combination isreplaced by a fuel cell.

B. Parallel hybrid

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Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustionengine (ICE) and an electric motor in parallel connected to amechanical transmission. Most designs combine a largeelectrical generator and a motor into one unit, often locatedbetween the combustion engine and the transmission,replacing both the conventional starter motor and thealternator The battery can be recharged during regenerativebreaking, and during cruising. As there is a fixed mechanicallink between the wheels and the motor (no clutch), thebattery cannot be charged when the car isn’t moving. Whenthe vehicle is using electrical traction power only, or duringbrake while regenerating energy, the ICE is not running (it isdisconnected by a clutch) or is not powered (it rotates in anidling manner).

C. Operation modes

The parallel configuration supports diverse operating modes:

Electric power only: Up to speeds of usually 40km/h, the electric motor works with only the energyof the batteries, which are not recharged by the ICE.This is the usual way of operating around the city, aswell as in reverse gear, since during reverse gear thespeed is limited.

ICE power only: At speeds superior to 40 km/h, onlythe heat engine operates. This is the normaloperating way at the road.

ICE + electric power: if more energy is needed(during acceleration or at high speed), the electricmotor starts working in parallel to the heat engine,achieving greater power

ICE + battery charging: if less power is required,excess of energy is used to charge the batteries.Operating the engine at higher torque thannecessary, it runs at a higher efficiency.

Regenerative breaking: While braking ordecelerating, the electric motor takes profit of thekinetic energy of the he moving vehicle to act as agenerator.

Sometimes, an extra generator is used: then thebatteries can be recharged when the vehicle is notdriving, the ICE operates disconnected from thetransmission. But this system gives an increasedweight and price to the HEV.

Example of PHEV

Honda Civic. Honda's IMA (Integrated Motor Assist) uses a rather traditional ICE with continuously variable

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transmission, where the flywheel is replaced with an electric motor.Influence of scale: A Volvo 26-ton truck (12-ton own weight,14-ton max load) equipped with 200 kg of batteries can driveon pure electric power for 2 minutes only! Because of spaceconstraints, it is not possible to build in more batteries. BMW7Series Active Hybrid

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boost is needed. Others can run with just the electric system operating.

D. Combined hybrid

Combined hybrid systems have features of both series andparallel hybrids. There is a double connection between theengine and the drive axle: mechanical and electrical. Thissplit power path allows interconnecting mechanical andelectrical power, at some cost in complexity. Power-splitdevices are incorporated in the powertrain. The power to thewheels can be either mechanical or electrical or both. This isalso the case in parallel hybrids. But the main principlebehind the combined system is the decoupling of the powersupplied by the engine from the power demanded by thedriver. In a combined hybrid, a smaller, less flexible, andhighly efficient engine can be used. It is often a variation ofthe conventional Otto cycle, such as the Miller or Atkinsoncycle. This contributes significantly to the higher overallefficiency of the vehicle, with regenerative braking playing amuch smaller role. At lower speeds, this system operates as aseries HEV, while at high speeds, where the series powertrainis less efficient, the engine takes over. This system is moreexpensive than a pure parallel system as it needs an extragenerator, a mechanical split power system and morecomputing power to control the dual system.

Example of CHEV: Toyota Prius, Auris, Lexus CT200h,Lexus RX400h.

Parallel and combined hybrids can be categorized dependingupon how balanced the different portions are at providingmotive power. In some cases, the combustion engine is thedominant portion; the electric motor turns on only when a

E. Strong hybrid (full hybrid)

The Toyota Prius, Auris and Lexus are full hybrids, as thesecars can be moved forward on battery power alone. TheToyota brand name for this technology is Hybrid SynergyDrive. A computer oversees operation of the entire system,determining if engine or motor, or both should be running.The ICE will be shut off when the electric motor is sufficientto provide the power.

F. Medium hybrid (motor assist hybrid)

Honda's hybrids including the Civic and the Insight use thisdesign, leveraging their reputation for design of small,efficient gasoline engines; their system is dubbed IntegratedMotor Assist (IMA). Starting with the 2006 Civic Hybrid, theIMA system now can propel the vehicle solely on electricpower during medium speed cruising. A variation on this typeof hybrid is the Saturn VUE Green Line hybrid system thatuses a smaller electric motor (mounted to the side of theengine), and battery pack than the Honda IMA, but functionssimilarly.

G. Mild hybrid / micro hybrid (start/stop systems with energy recuperation)

Mild hybrids are essentially conventional vehicles withoversized starter motors, allowing the engine to be turned offwhenever the car is coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restartquickly and cleanly. During restart, the larger motor is usedto spin up the engine to operating rpm speeds before injectingany fuel. That concept is not unique to hybrids; Subarupioneered this feature in the early 1980s, and the VolkswagenLupo 3L is one example of a conventional vehicle that shutsoff its engine when at a stop. As in other hybrid designs, themotor is used for regenerative braking to recapture energy.

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But there is no motor-assist, and no EV mode at all.Therefore, many people do not consider these to be hybrids,since there is no electric motor to drive the vehicle, and thesevehicles do not achieve the fuel economy of real hybridmodels. BMW succeeded in combining regenerative brakingwith the mild hybrid "start-stop" system in their current 1-series model.

H. Plug-in hybrid (grid connected hybrid)

A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a full hybrid,able to run in electric-only mode, with larger batteries and theability to recharge from the electric power grid. Their mainbenefit is that they can be gasoline-independent for dailycommuting, but also have the extended range of a hybrid forlong trips. Mercedes Blue ZERO E-CELL PLUS (conceptcar): series HEV. The Plug-in-Hybrid Volvo C30 (conceptcar) is a series HEV. It has a 1,6-liter gasoline/bio-ethanolICE. A synchronous generator charges the Li-polymer battery(ca. 100 km autonomy) when the battery SoC is lower than30%. There are four electric wheel-motors.

IV. Types by nature of the power source

A. Electric-internal combustion engine hybrid

There are many ways to create an electric-internalcombustion hybrid. The variety of electric-ICE designs canbe differentiated by how the electric and combustion portionsof the powertrain connect (series, parallel or combined), atwhat times each portion is in operation, and what percent ofthe power is provided by each hybrid component. Manydesigns shut off the internal combustion engine when it is notneeded in order to save energy.

B. Fuel cell hybrid

Fuel cell vehicles have a series hybrid configuration. Theyare often fitted with a battery or super capacitor to deliverpeak acceleration power and to reduce the size and powerconstraints on the fuel cell (and thus its cost).

C. Human power and environmental power hybrids

Many land and water vehicles use human power combinedwith a further power source. Common are parallel hybrids,e.g. a boat being rowed and also having a sail set, ormotorized bicycles. Also some series hybrids exist. Suchvehicles can be trepid vehicles, combining at the same time

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three power sources e.g. from on-board solar cells, from grid-charged batteries, and from pedals.

The following examples don’t use electrical power, but canbe considered as hybrids as well:

A. Pneumatic hybrid

Compressed air can also power a hybrid car with a gasolinecompressor to provide the power. Moteur DevelopmentInternational in France produces such air cars. A team led byTsu-Chin Tsao, a UCLA mechanical and aerospaceengineering professor, is collaborating with engineers fromFord to get Pneumatic hybrid technology up and running. Thesystem is similar to that of a hybrid-electric vehicle in thatbraking energy is harnessed and stored to assist the engine asneeded during acceleration.

B. Hydraulic hybrid

A hydraulic hybrid vehicle uses hydraulic and mechanicalcomponents instead of electrical ones. A variabledisplacement pump replaces the motor/generator, and ahydraulic accumulator (which stores energy as highlycompressed nitrogen gas) replaces the batteries. Thehydraulic accumulator, which is essentially a pressure tank, ispotentially cheaper and more durable than batteries.Hydraulic hybrid technology was originally developed byVolvo Flygmotor and was used experimentally in buses fromthe early 1980s and is still an active area. Initial conceptinvolved a giant flywheel (Gyrobus) for storage connected toa hydrostatic transmission, but it was later changed to asimpler system using a hydraulic accumulator connected to ahydraulic pump/motor. It is also being actively developed byEaton and several other companies, primarily in heavyvehicles like buses, trucks and military vehicles. An exampleis the Ford F-350 Mighty Tonka concept truck shown in2002. It features an Eaton system that can accelerate the truckup to highway speeds.

V. Advantages and Disadvantages

A. Advantages

1. Environmentally Friendly: A hybrid vehicle runson twin powered engine (gasoline engine and electric motor) that cuts fuel consumption and conserves energy.

2. Financial Benefits: Hybrid cars are supported by many credits and incentives that help to make them affordable. Lower annual tax bills and exemption

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from congestion charges comes, in the form of less amount of money spent on the fuel.

3. Less Dependence on Fossil Fuels: A Hybrid car ismuch cleaner and requires less fuel to run whichmeans less emissions and less dependence on fossilfuels. This in turn also helps to reduce the price ofgasoline in domestic market.

4. Regenerative Braking System: Each time you applybrake while driving a hybrid vehicle helps you torecharge your battery a little. An internal mechanismkicks in that captures the energy released and usesit to charge the battery which in turn eliminatesthe amount of time and need for stopping torecharge the battery periodically.

5. Built from Light Materials: Hybrid vehicles aremade up of lighter materials which means less energyis required to run. The engine is also smaller andlighter which also saves much energy.6. Higher Resale Value: With continuous increase

in price of gasoline, more and more people areturning towards hybrid cars. The result is thatthese green vehicles have started commandinghigher than average resale values.

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expensive than a regular petrol car and more thana standard version. However, that extra amountcan be offset with lower running cost and taxexemptions.

3. Poorer Handling: A hybrid car houses a gasolinepowered engine, a lighter electric engine and apack of powerful batteries. This adds weight andeats up the extra space in the car. Extra weightresults in fuel inefficiency and manufacturers cutdown weight which has resulted in motor andbattery downsizing and less support in thesuspension and body.

4. Higher Maintenance Costs: The presence of dualengine, continuous improvement in technology, andhigher maintenance cost can make it difficult formechanics to repair the car. It is also difficult to find amechanic with such an expertise.

5. Presence of High Voltage in Batteries: In case of anaccident the high voltage present inside the batteriescan prove lethal for you. There is a high chance of yougetting electrocuted in such cases which can also makethe task difficult for rescuers to get other passengersand driver out of the car. Making Your DecisionDeciding whether or not a hybrid car is right for youinvolves more than just a desire to be environmentallyfriendly.

B. Disadvantages

1. Less Power: Hybrid cars are twin poweredengine. The gasoline engine which is primarysource of power is much smaller as comparedto what you get in single engine powered carand electric motor is low power. The combinedpower of both is often less than that of gaspowered engine. It is therefore suited for citydriving and not for speed and acceleration.

2. Can be Expensive: The biggest drawback ofhaving a hybrid car is that it can burn a hole inyour pocket. Hybrid cars are comparatively

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VI. Conclusion

We can reduce the cause of damage to our Mother Earth byusing hybrid technology. Go green by spreading importanceof saving nature, save it for our future generation. This papergave us an insight into the methods of clean and efficient

ways of transport and the necessary knowledge and theconcepts required for imagining, designing and constructingthis hybrid kart. And most importantly, it made us realize theimportance and the need to keep our environment balancedand clean.

VII. Authors Biography

ARAVIND A K 2nd yearB.E.Mechtroincs Engineering student atSri Krishna College of Engineering andTechnology, Coimbatore. The focus ofhis research is to examine the keychallenges in hybrid vehicle technologyand identify potential short-comings incurrent policiesfor the promotion ofhybrid vehicles in Society. He is part ofIEEE society as chief Technical Head inIEE RAS Student chapter, SKCET.

ARAVIND SAI 3rd yearB.E.Mechtroincs Engineering student atSri Krishna College of Engineering andTechnology, Coimbatore. His researchpresently focuses on the analysis, designand control of hybrid electric vehicleand wind power applications, testing andperformance analysis of design of hybridenergy management system.

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[2] M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, S. Gay, A. Emadi. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehilces, CRC Press: USA, 2005.D. Hermance and S. Sasaki, Hybrid electric vehicles take to the streets, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 35, pp. 48-52, Nov. 1998.World Energy Outlook 2004, International Energy Agency(IEA).World Health Report 2002, Reducing Risks, Promoting HealthyLife, World Health Organization (WHO).DR. GOOGLE

[5]WikipediaEcofriendly.co.inhybridresourse.net

[6]ybrid Electric Vehicles: An Overview of current technology andits application in developing and transitional countries. Printed,United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya,September 2009.HybridCarsProsandCons”,<www.phys.org/news10031.html>,

22nd December 2014.

[8]“Regenerative braking systems”, <http://www.bosch-mobility-solutions.com/media/ubk_europe/db_application/pdf/safety_1/en_4/CC_Regenerative_Braking_Syste ms.pdf>. 22ndDecember 2014

[9]Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG|Standard equipment.

http://automobiles.honda.com/

http://www.insightcentral.net

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/

http://www.yourdictionary.com/

http://www.audi.com

http://www.epa.gov/OMS/sftp.htm

References[1]M. I. Marei, S. J. Samborsky, S. B. Lambert, M. M. A Salama.On the Characterization of Ultra capacitor Banks Used for HEVs,Proceedings of the IEEE VehiclePower and Propulsion Conference,

VPPC 06, Windsor, UK, 2006, pp.‟

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Transient Study on BrakesLalit Dhakar*, Deepak Vishwakarma**

*, **Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal

Abstract

The braking system is one of the key features of automobileswhich accounts for the safety of driver as well as the vehicle.Thus, the brakes should be sustainable and durable for thehigh performance of vehicle. Brakes are operated in order toslow down or stop the vehicle. In this process of braking,kinetic energy gets converted into heat energy which causesthe rise in temperature of rotor or drum to a great extent.Therefore, brake rotor should be designed in such a way thatit could bear this high temperature and can easily dissipatethe heat generated. The material should be able to sustain thelarge amount of stress produced and thus have the appropriatefactor of safety. This paper details the case study of brakes inwhich the thermal behavior of the rotor has been analysedusing some dynamic calculations.

I. Introduction

Braking is the process of retarding the motion of the wheel inorder to slow down the vehicle or bringing it to a completehalt. Brakes can be classified as:

Hydraulic Brake mechanical Brake Electromagnetic Brake

Frictional brakes (mechanical or hydraulic) are the mostcommon brake types that find its application in automobiles.They are of drum or disc types. In case of drum brakes,friction occurs between brake shoes and rotating drum whichresults in retardation of wheels. In disc brakes, frictionsurfaces are caliper pads and rotor (disc). Disc brakes are farmore efficient as compared to drum brakes in the dissipationof large amount of heat generated.

AI. Disc Brakes

The disc brake consist of rotor, caliper and brake pads. Abrake rotor is bolted to the hub of the wheel and is usuallymade of cast iron or ceramic. Caliper is connected to the

stationary part of the vehicle like knuckle. Brake pads aremounted between caliper, piston of caliper forces the brakepads against the rotating disc or rotor. Brake pads containfrictional material on its surface. The advantages of discbrake over drum brake are:

1.They are less prone to the brake fade.2.Better Cooling3.Water and dirt resistant

4. More swept area as compared to drum brakes of same diameter and brakes.

Fig. 1: Disc Brake Assembly

A. Working Principle

When the brakes are operated, hydraulic pressure is createdin the master cylinder. This pressurized fuid is carriedthrough brake lines which actuates the pistons of the caliper.The caliper piston forces the brake pads or friction material toboth the sides of the disc. As a result of which, rotationalvelocity of the disc and eventually wheel gets hampered. Thekinetic energy of the wheel gets converted into heat energydue to the friction. The heat generated causes the overheatingof the brake components.

BI. Disc Brakes Calculations

Given Data:

Initial Velocity of the vehicle = 40 kmph = 11 m/s

Time for stopping the vehicle = 1.38 seconds

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Mass of the vehicle =320 kg

The area of the rubbing faces A = 2*(Π/4) * (190²-170²)/10^6= 0.0115 m2

Kinetic Energy (K.E) = ½ * m * υ2 = ½ * 320 *121 =19360Joules

Heat generated on each front disc= 19360*0.7/2 J = 6776J

Heat generated on each rear disc = 19360*0.3/2 = 2904J

Considering the braking torque distribution between frontand rear axle to be 70:30

Total kinetic energy = heat generated on rotor +heat lost dueto friction b/w ground and tire +losses due to drag Around15% energy is lost as drag and 5% energy to pads.

Thus, Heat Flux = (Heat Generated / time / rubbingarea)*0.85*0.95

Change in kinetic energy per unit time = d/dt (1/2*M*v2) =M*v*dv/dt =M*v*a =total heat generated per second (Q)

Heat generated at front rotors = (M*v*a)*0.7/2 Heat generated at rear rotors = (M*v*a)*0.3/2

Heat flux for front rotors = heat generated at front rotors /area of pads

= (M*v*a*0.7/2/0.011

watts/m2)*0.85*0.95 Substituting

respective values-

Heat flux (front rotor) = 320*v*8*0.70/2/0.11*0.85*0.95watts/m2

= (6.6*104 *v) watts/m2 =6.6*104(11-8t) watts/m2

Time(s) Velocity(m/s) Heat flux(w/m2)

0.0 11 720000

0.5 7 460000

1.0 3.5 230000

If braking torque distribution is considered to be 60:40. Then,

Heat generated at front rotors = (M*v*a)*0.6/2

Heat generated at rear rotors = (M*v*a)*0.4/2

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Heat flux for front rotors = heat generated at front rotors / area of pads

= (M*v*a*0.7/2/0.011

watts/m2)*0.85*0.95 Substituting

respective values-

Heat flux (front rotor) = 320*v*8*0.70/2/0.11*0.85*0.95 watts/m2

= (5.63*104 *v) watts/m2 =5.63*104(11-8t) watts/m2

Time(s) Velocity(m/s) Heat flux(w/m2)

0.0 11 619300

0.5 7 394100

1.0 3.5 168900

1.5 0 0

IV. Author Biography

1. Lalit Dhakar, B.Tech(Mechanical), MANIT ,

Email- lalitdhakar909@gmail.com

2. Deepak Vishwakarma, B.Tech(Mechanical),MANIT

Email- deepakvishwakarma090897@gmail.com

References

[1] Guru Murthy Nathi, T N Charyulu, K.Gowtham , P SatishReddy, “COUPLED STRUCTUAL / THERMAL ANALYSIS OFDISC BRAKE”, International Journal of Research inEngineering and Technology.

[2] Manjunath T V, Dr Suresh P M, “Structural and ThermalAnalysis of Rotor Disc of Disc Brake”, InternationalJournal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineeringand Technology, Vol. 2,Issue 12,December 2013.

[3] Brake Handbook by Fred Puhn.[4] Available: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake

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STUDY ON DAMPERS OF FOX-FLOAT*Rishi Dhar, **Saurabh Singh

*,**Department of Mechanical Engineering,MANIT, Bhopal

Email id:- Rishidhar16@gmail.com

AbsractDampers of any given suspension have a vital role, interms if Bump absorption capacity. Apart from knowingthe Damper co-efficient. This paper takes an extra step tounderstand the damping energy with respect to time andit’s variations.

Keywords:- Dampers,Transmissibility, Under-Damping

I. Introduction

Main design and functionality of dampers depends on type of

fluid, material of spring, etc. Dampers of shocks are one of

the pivotal components of a shock critical in the suspension

system. Some basic concepts that should be known to

determine the damper force absorption phenomenon are-

1. Type of Damping fluid used and all its properties.

2. Proper equations governing the dimensions of

a shock.

Material Selection:

For Dampers -> Aluminium (Galvanized and its alloy)

For Fluid-> Nitrogen and air

Damper Facts:

Damping Coefficient: 0.35 for rear and front.

Spring Constant : 17 Kn/m for front and 27Kn/m for Rear

Mass under consideration(in front) : 320 kgs

Fig. 1- Damper

Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory systemthat has the effect of reducing, restricting or preventing itsoscillations. In physical systems, damping is produced byprocesses that dissipate the energy stored in the oscillation.Aswe saw, the unforced damped harmonic oscillator hascharacteristic equation,

with m > 0, b ≥ 0 and k > 0 ms 2 + bs + k = 0

with characteristic roots,

There are three cases depending on the sign of the expression under the square root:

1. b2 < 4mk (this will be under damping, b is small relative to m and k).

2. b2 > 4mk (this will be over damping, b is largerelative to m and k).

3. b2 = 4mk (this will be critical damping, b is just between over and under damping.)

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Mathematically, the easiest case is over damping because theroots are real. However, most people think of the oscillatorybehavior of a damped oscillator. Since this is connected tounder damping we start with that case.

Case-1:Under damping (non-real complex roots)

If b2 < 4mk then the term under the square root is negativeand the characteristic roots are not real. In order for b2 <4mk the damping constant b must be relatively small.

First we use the roots (2) to solve equation (1)

Let

The general real solution is found by taking linear combinations of the two basic solutions,

that is: sinx(t) = c1e sin(ωd t)

Case-2:verdamping (distinct real roots)

If b2 > 4mk, then the term under the square root is positiveand the characteristic roots are real and distinct.

In order for b2 > 4mk the damping constant b must be relatively large.

One extremely important thing to notice is that in this casethe roots are both negative. You can see this by looking atthe formula (2). The term under the square root is positiveby assumption, so the roots are real. Since b2 − 4mk < b2

the square root is less than b and

therefore the root −b + √b2 − 4mk < 0. The other root is clearly negative. Now we use the roots to solve equation

Case-3: Critical Damping (repeated real roots)

If b2 = 4mk then the term under the square root is 0 and

the characteristic polynomial has repeated roots, −b/2m,−b/2m.

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Basic solutions: e−bt/2m

, te−bt/2m

. x (t) e −bt/2m

= (c1 + c2t).

As in the overdamped case, this does not oscillate. It isworth noting that for a fixed m and k, choosing b to be thecritical damping value gives the fastest return of thesystem to its equilibrium position. In engineering designthis is often a desirable property. This can be seen byconsidering the roots, but we will not go through thealgebra that shows this.

Hence with the given values of b, k and m; the dampingcan be classified as under-damped.

AI. TRANSMISSIBILITY

From driving street cars, we all know that if you hit a speedbump going very slow the body of the car (sprung mass)moves vertically almost as much as the wheels. Hitting thesame bump going fast (you know you have done it,especially in a rental car) the body of the car does not movenearly as much. The size of the bump was the same, but thebody motions were different depending on the speed atwhich you hit it. The cause of this is that response of thesystem (the speed bump faster increases the frequency ofdisturbance, producing a different response. To quantify thisreality we use the concept of transmissibility. Thetransmissibility (TR) is the ratio between output and inputamplitude. In the above case, the input amplitude is theheight of the speed bump, with output amplitude beingvertical movement of the body. input amplitude outputamplitude TR = Rearranging the equation above gives amethod to calculate vertical body movement from inputdisturbance amplitude and the transmissibility, which youcan calculate from mass, spring rate, and damping ratio

Now we use the roots to solve equation (1) in this case.We have only one exponential solution, so we need tomultiply it by t to get the

second solution.

In our case the input is a displacement of the wheel causedby the speed bump. For example, let’s say the speed bump isfour inches tall- moving the wheel four inches up, and fourinches back down. The input is the wheel movement and the

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input amplitude is four inches. The distance the mass of thecar will move up and down is the output amplitude. Thetime it takes for the wheel to complete the up-down cycle isthe frequency divided by two. As you increase the speed,you increase the frequency- and for sprung mass systemsthe transmissibility changes with frequency.

Fig. 2:- transmissibility for a spring-mass-dampersystem with a fixed damping ratio of 0.5- a simple

model of the car hitting the speed bump.

Fig: - 3:- MATLAB Model

This is the simulink model for the normal DampingPhenomenon and the curve below shows the inverse ofTransmissibility and is similar in nature to the energyabsorption curve.We calculated the Force(Net) by the below procedure:

Fnet= ma. (1)

The Force due to damping = kx + bv .(2)

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Thus the

Energy net= (F-(kx+bv)).dx=maʃ

BI. Results

TIME POSITION VELOCITY

0.0351 1.93E-07 5.48E-06

0.0702 7.7E-07 1.64E-05

1.0179 0.000148 0.00026

TOTAL POTENTIAL KINETIC TOTALACCELARATIO ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY

N0.000312 3.15E-13 4.81E-09 4.81E-09

0.000312 5.04E-12 4.33E-08 4.33E-08

0.000156 1.85E-07 1.08E-05 1.1E-05

The table given above shows the position, velocity,corresponding Energy points of the dampers at differenttime points when bump occurs.

References

1. http://wondermetals.com/damper-materials/2. http;/Galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/152mf1i.

spring02/DampedDrivenOsc.xls.3. http://fsae.scripts.mit.edu/motorhead/images/4/4d/Shocks

peedarticle.doc .4. http>//users.telenet.be/AudiR8/Formula%20SAE%20Shoc

k%20Absorber%20Design.pdf

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Analysis of photovoltaic systems consideringsolar energy in residential areas of India

T Sriram Shraff * & Shubham Panda**

*, **NIT Rourkela- Mechanical Engineering

Email:*sriramguddu@gmail.com,**shubhampanda18@gmail.com

Abstract

The paper analyses the availability of solar energy incities of Calcutta and Nagpur. It also identifies theannual energy production, cost involved in itsestablishment, monthly energy & load required,monthly energy produced and variation of wind speed& global irradiance in the following cities. From theobtained results it demonstrate that both cities haveabundance of solar energy capability with Nagpur cityleading over former. Various observations were takeninto account before concluding the results.

I. Introduction

approximate the array area for a 4 kW system with 16%efficient PV modules, the array area is approximately 25m²: 4 kW × 1 kW/m² × 16% = 25 m². This array area is thetotal module area, not the total area required by the systemthat might include space between 0modules and space forinverters and other parts of the system [1].

PV Watts uses a basic set of equations to represent themodule's physical properties and performance. The moduletype determines how PV watts calculate the angle-of-

In this era of our generation the most energy needs aresatisfied by the fossil fuels which includes the coal,petroleum and natural gas. But the major disadvantage ofthe fossil fuels are that they are non-renewable and theyproduces greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which arepoisonous in different ways [2]. So, the best possible way isto develop new ideas of obtaining renewable energy andthe only renewable energy which is distributed uniformlyover the globe is “Solar Energy”. Solar energy has anenormous potential in reducing the foot print of naturalgases.Actual knowledge of solar radiation (SR) availability at aspecific location is important for the development andimprovement of solar energy systems and for the estimationof their efficiencies and outputs in that location. Theknowledge of SR data is a prerequisite for the modelingand design of all photovoltaic (PV) systems. The idea aboutSR is further helpful for the atmospheric energy-balanceand pollution studies [3].

AI. Procedure and the Observations obtained-

In SAM (System Advisor Model), we modeled a buildingfitted with photovoltaic (PV) arrays to meet the buildingloads and sell the excess energy generated to the grid. Gridmeets the load when PV output cannot meet the load. Wemodeled this residential roof top system in two major citiesof our country i.e. Calcutta and Nagpur. We used a 4KWPV (photovoltaic) system to analyze the costs, saving,hourly energy produced in this roof top system. To

incidence correction factor as sunlight passes through themodule cover to the photovoltaic cell, and the cell'soperating temperature. The simulations are done by takingthe basic life system possible in the two cities. Thesimulation results are shown below.

Graph 1- Comparison of average solar radiation perday in every month at Calcutta and Nagpur

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The simulations result show that Average Solar Radiationincreases from January and reaches its maximum value inApril and this data in accordance to our seasonal weathers.The solar radiation reaches its minimum value in the monthof July in case of Calcutta and in August in case of Nagpurand it is observed that during the end of the year theaverage solar radiation in Nagpur is more than that ofCalcutta.

Daily average solarradiance

Nagpur (kWh/m2/day)

Jan 5.32719Feb 6.16303Mar 6.75965Apr 7.03464May 6.60372Jun 5.10146Jul 4.02881

Aug 3.90273Sep 4.93961Oct 5.77345Nov 5.96456Dec 5.31203

Daily average solarirradianceCalcutta (kWh/m2/day)

Jan 4.78096Feb 5.3701Mar 5.98651Apr 6.12168May 5.64221Jun 4.62513Jul 4.04913Aug 4.30144Sep 4.32808Oct 4.86457Nov 4.62711Dec 4.62985

Table 1- Daily average solar radiation in every month atCalcutta and Nagpur

The data shows that maximum value of solar radiation is inthe month of April i.e. 7034Wh/m2 /day in-case of Nagpurand 6121Wh/m2/day. The minimum value of solar radiationin case of Nagpur occurs in the month of August i.e.3902Wh/m2/day and in case of Calcutta it occurs during themonth of July i.e. 4040Wh/m2/day.

The simulation of average monthly energy and savings inboth the cities is done by taking the following initial

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conditions. The simulation takes in account for the basicamenities available in a household i.e. cooling system,heating system, and refrigerator. The simulation takes inaccount for a general household having 2000sq.ft2 area andthe number of occupants to be 4.The plot also shows themonthly load data and the most energy consumption isduring the month of July, which seems to be in accordancewith the climatic conditions of India.

Following graph shows the electricity load as well as thesavings resulting due to this system in the two cities. Theplot also shows that during July most energy consumptionis there in both the cities.

Graph 2- Comparison of Energy and Load requiredevery month at Calcutta and Nagpur

The following plot represents the day wise electric loadand solar radiation available to the PV system. The graph’sresults states that during the month of July most energy isconsumed as well as most solar radiation is available to thesystem.

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Graph 3- Comparison of Electricity load month wise atCalcutta and Nagpur

The simulation run in system advisor module (SAM) onthe above criteria gives the following installed system costs[4].

Using this renewable system of energy not only helps insaving environment from pollution but also our money.

Table 2- Analysis and Annual savings due to Solarenergy at Calcutta and Nagpur

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BI. Conclusion

The study shows that solar energy has the potential toeradicate the energy crisis in our country. Though theinstallation cost is somewhat high, this can be easilycompensated in few tears of time. Availing this type ofrenewable system is the need of the hour. This is one of theinnumerous methods of saving the environment. The papersuggests that the PV system can be very beneficial in India.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the University of NIT Rourkelafor giving us the support and opportunity. The authors would liketo thank the organizers of the Electric Solar Vehicle championship(ESVC) event for giving us this platform. Further, we would alsothank all the members of Team ZON for their kind support.

References-

[1] “System Advisory Model (SAM)” 2015 by NREL (NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory).

[2] Quazi K. Hassan, K. Mahmud Rahman, Anis S. Haque, AhadAli, “Solar Energy Modelling over a Residential Community in the City of Calgary, Alberta, Canada”.[3] F. Q. Al-Enezi, J. K. Sykulski, “Modeling of a PhotovoltaicModule Considering the Solar Energy Available from HorizontalSurfaces over Kuwait Area”.[4]Analysing electricity rates structures for residential and commercial projects, “ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgTZK1BhuQI”.

[5] Modeling residential and commercial photovoltaic systems in SAM, “https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hj1fQzx4iug”.

Author Biography

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FIRST AUTHOR- T. SRIRAM SHRAFF

3RD

Year Btech in mechanical Engg.

NIT Rourkela

sriramguddu@gmail.com

SECOND AUTHOR- SHUBHAM PANDA

3RD

Year Btech in Mechanical Engg.

NIT Rourkela

Shubhampanda18@gmail.com

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Solar Technologies

V.Pavan*, Ch. Rama Krishna**, Dr N Ravi Kuma***

*, **Department of Mechanical Engineering,, MVGR college of Engineering,

pavanpatnaik70@gmail.com , ramu95krishna@gmail.com .

ABSTRACT

As we are very well known that solar energy is theultimate source of energy which can be utilised in anypart on this earth .we are well aware that it is arenewable source of energy which is still not usedefficiently by us .this is a paper which includes thecurrent status of the solar power utilization across theworld, it also includes the origin of solar technologies,its Development and deployment .this paper defines twodifferent ways of the generation of electricity gives anoutlook of Mainstream Technologies and gives anintroduction on Photovoltaic and Its ConventionalSystems .

is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world,located in the Mojave Desert of California. Other largeCSP plants include the SEGS (354 MW) in the MojaveDesert of California, thesolnova solar power station (150MW) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), bothin Spain. The 579 MW Solar Stars, in the United States, isthe world's largest PV power station.

I. INTRODUCTION

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity,either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly usingconcentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar powersystems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focusa large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaicconvert light into an electric current using the photovoltaiceffect. The international energy agency projected in 2014that under its "high renewable" scenario, by 2050, solarphotovoltaic and concentrated solar power wouldcontribute about 16 and 11 percent, respectively, of theworldwide electricity consumption, and solar would be theworld's largest source of electricity. Most solar installationswould be in china and India Photovoltaic were initiallysolely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a singlesolar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftopPV system. As the cost of solar electricity has fallen, thenumber of grid-connected solar PV system has grown intothe millions and utility-scale solar power stations withhundreds of megawatts are being built. Solar PV is rapidlybecoming an inexpensive, low-carbon technology toharness renewable energy from the Sun.

Commercial concentrated solar power plants were firstdeveloped in the 1980s. The 392 MW lvanpah installations

Fig. 1: World’s largest PV Power station

AI. MAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES

Many industrialized nations have installed significant solarpower capacity into their grids to supplement or provide analternative to conventional energy sources while anincreasing number of less developed nations have turned tosolar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels(see solar power by country). Long distance transmissionallows remote renewable energy resources to displacefossil fuel consumption. Solar power plants use one of twotechnologies:

Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels, eitheron rooftops or in ground-mounted solar farms,converting sunlight directly into electric power.

Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as"concentrated solar thermal") plants use solar thermalenergy to make steam that is thereafter converted intoelectricity by a turbine.

III.Photovoltaic

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device thatconverts light into electric current using the photovoltaiceffect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles

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Fritts in the 1880s.[4] The German industrialist ErnstWerner von Siemens was among those who recognized the

importance of this discovery.[5] In 1931, the Germanengineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver

selenide in place of copper oxide, [6] although the prototypeselenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light intoelectricity. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s,researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl

Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954.[7] Theseearly solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached

efficiencies of 4.5–6%.[8]

Fig.2: Photo voltaic

IV. Conventional PV systems

The array of a photovoltaic power system, or PV system,produces direct current (DC) power which fluctuates withthe sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usuallyrequires conversion to certain desired voltages oralternating current (AC), through the use of inverters.[3]Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules. Modulesare

Wired together to form arrays, and then tied to an inverter,which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC,the desired frequency/phase.[3]

Many residential PV systems are connected to the gridwherever available, especially in developed countries withlarge markets.[9] In these grid-connected PV systems, useof energy storage is optional. In certain applications such assatellites, lighthouses, or in developing countries, batteriesor additional power generators are often added asback-ups. Such stand-alone power systems permitoperations at night and at other times of limited sunlight.

V. Development and deployment

A. Early daysThe early development of solar technologies starting in the1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soonbecome scarce. However, development of solartechnologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the faceof the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal

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and petroleum . [25] In 1974 it was estimated that onlysix private homes in all of North America were entirelyheated or cooled by functional solar power systems.[26]The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisiscaused a reorganization of energy policies around theworld and brought renewed attention to developing solartechnologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentiveprograms such as the Federal Photovoltaic UtilizationProgram in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan.Other efforts included the formation of research facilities inthe United States (SERI, now NREL), Japan ( NEDO), andGermany ( Fraunhofer– ISE ) .[29] Between 1970 and1983 installations of photovoltaic systems grew rapidly,but falling oil prices in the early 1980s moderated thegrowth of photovoltaic from 1984 to 1996.

Electricity Generation from Solar

Year Energy (TWh) % of Total

2004 2.6 0.01%

2005 3.7 0.02%

2006 5.0 0.03%

2007 6.8 0.03%

2008 11.4 0.06%

2009 19.3 0.10%

2010 31.4 0.15%

2011 60.6 0.27%

2012 96.7 0.43%

2013 134.5 0.58%

2014 185.9 0.79%

Source: BP-Statistical Review of World Energy,

2015[23][24]

B. Mid-1990s to early 2010s

In the mid-1990s, development of both, residential andcommercial rooftop solar as well as utility-scale photovoltaic power stations, began to accelerate again

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IIJETdue to supply issues with oil and natural gas, globalwarming concerns, and the improving economic position ofPV relative to other energy technologies.[30] In the early2000s, the adoption of feed-in tariffs—a policy mechanism,that gives renewable priority on the grid and defines a fixedprice for the generated electricity—lead to a high level ofestment security and to a soaring number of PVdeployments in Europe.

VI. CONCLUSION

For several years, worldwide growth of solar PV wasdriven by European deployment, but has since shifted toAsia, especially China and Japan, and to a growing numberof countries and regions all over the world, including, butnot limited to, Australia,Canada, Chile, India, Israel, Mexico, South Africa, SouthKorea, Thailand, and the United States Worldwide growthof photovoltaic has averaged 40% per year since 2000 andtotal installed capacity reached 139 GW at the end of 2013with Germany having the most cumulative installations(35.7 GW) and Italy having the highest percentage of

electricity generated by solar PV (7.0%). [31]Concentratedsolar power (CSP) also started to grow rapidly, increasingits capacity nearly tenfold from 2004 to 2013, albeit from alower level and involving fewer countries than solarPV. As of the end of 2013, worldwide cumulative CSP-capacity reached 3,425 MW.

REFERENCES

[1] Energy sources: Solar”. Department of energy

[2] International energy agency

[3] Solar cells and their applications

[4] Trends in Photo voltaic Applications survey report of

selected IEA countries

[5] Concentrated Solar Thermal Power

[6] Hybrid wind and Solar Electric systems

[7] ISES , the solar energy journal

[8] “Solar energy” 2013 Journal Citation Reports

[9] Solar energy –IEEE conferences, publications and

resources

[10] SHARP solar energy data sheets

[11] KTH solar energy thesis

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RISING OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

SATPAL SINGH CHABRA*, UTKARSH DARHE, RAJATMANDLOI**, SHIVANSHU SHRIVASTAVA***,

SIDDHARTH GANDHI****, SHIVAM BHARTI*****

RADHARAMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, BHOPAL

ABSTRACT

The automotive world is continuously struggling withthe use of fossil fuels. Because excessive use of fossilfuels have resulted into the uncontrolled pollution aswell as the rising in their prices. The major problemwhich we are facing is the high prices of fuels & a threatof their depletion. So to eradicate this problem, the bestsuitable alternative is solar energy. Various technologiesare already introduced but solar technology is the oldest& best alternative. But still we are avoiding its use. Thereason is that its initial cost is very high as well as it istoo sensitive to use. Therefore there is required a perfectsystem to manufacture solar powered products & aperfect system should be implemented in them..Thusour report contains information about most of thetechnologies which have been introduced till now &about new innovations which can be utilized in future.

I. INTRODUCTION

Everyone knows that growing population is the biggestobstacle in the development of every field. Similarly,growing population also affects the consumption of fossilfuels. The present survey states that in coming 100 yearsthe population will be two to three times of presentpopulation. But with the passing time the fossil fuels,deposits will be decreased . The nature cannot sustain thepopulation till that much years. Thus it is clear that limitednon-renewable sources and heavy consumption of oilcreated a necessity to bring an alternative source. Thus wewant a source which is less expensive, effective, availablein large amount, renewable and last attribute is, it should beecofriendly. That energy is only the sun energy or the solarenergy.Solar energy is the radiant energy that is produced by sun.Every day, enormous amount of energy is radiated by thesun to the earth. The sun radiates more energy in onesecond that people have used since beginning of time. Sunobtains this enormous energy by the process of nuclearfusion which continuously takes place in it. That it is bestform of energy of energy that we want.

Thus many years ago, scientists had started the utilizationof this energy in various fields .And still they areimplementing this technology in machines. But mostconsuming area of energy is automation and automobiles.Then we have to improve our technology for the use ofsolar energy.Therefore our study is mainly depended on the current andold technologies. We have mainly discussed about theconstruction, working, concept and utilization of differentproducts which are already used and which can be used bynormal people.

AI. HISTORY OF SOLAR ENERGY

In 1800s the use of solar energy is done by a magnifyingglass, photovoltaic cell:

In 1900s the use of solar energy is done by made a spacecraft (NIMBUZ SPACE CRAFT) and the invention of thinfilm solar cell :-

110In 2000 the use of solar energy is done by made SPACESTATION:

As day by day increments are done over solar energy , thegrowth rate of solar energy is gradually increase in 2015these are a SOLAR OPERATED AIRPORT IN COCHIN,(INDIA).

GROWTH RATE OVER SOLAR PANELS

BI. BASIC PRINCIPLE

According to the use, Solar energy is transformed into

another form. But in general solar energy is firstly

converted into heat energy then in other forms. But for

the electric powered machines, we directly use solar

panels to convert solar energy into electric energy.

A. Through Heating Process

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In this process the solar energy is first trapped on solar plates. It can be absorbed or reflected.

1. Reflection is taken place when the working spaceis required more like in solar power plants. In thismechanism firstly the solar radiations are trappedon solar plates. These solar plates have mirrors onits surface & these plates are concaved so that theradiations are concentrated on a single plate or theheat absorbing surface . These heat absorbingsurface is made of a class which can absorb more& more heat & can withstand with such a hightemperature. Then this heat energy can be utilizedaccordingly

2. Instead of Reflection we can absorb heat on solarplate only. For this purpose the small glasses orsolar plates having glasses instead of mirrors.These plates are mounted on the outer surface ofthe device only . where they traps maximumradiations. The glasses absorb the heat of solarradiations, due to which inner atmosphere gainsheat energy. The inner atmosphere may have air orany other material which is most suitable. Thisheat is utilized for heating water or this hot airmay be passed on turbine for electricityproduction.

B. Directly converted into Electrical Energy

This principle of converting solar energy directly into

electric energy is more practical for different products. But

this conversion does not take place directly. For this

conversion we generally use solar panels or solar cells.

These solar cells are made of semiconductors like silicon,

germanium or any other .Firstly the solar energy is

incident on plate, the heat energy of sun rays is gained by

chemicals of cells due to which transfer of electrons take

place inside it & finally a potential difference take place.

Finally Electric energy is stored which can be further

utilized. This Electrical energy is further converted into

light energy like in lamps or into mechanical energy in

solar vehicles. Thus according to our use ,we can convert

Solar Energy into various forms of energy. Due to its easy

conversion various technologies have been invented till

now & new technologies can also be invented. Thus we

will discuss about many technologies& products which are

efficiently using the solar energy as fuel.

111LATEST INNOVATIONS IN SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

Before discussing about different technologies, we willdiscuss about main component of solar products that issolar cells.

A. SOLAR CELLS

These works on the principle of Photoelectric Effect:

Solar cells are used to convert trapped solar energy intoelectrical energy. Solar cells are the smallest unit of aPhotovoltaic system. A solar PV array is comprised ofhundreds, sometimes thousands of solar cells thatindividually convert radiant sun light into electricalcurrents. An average solar cell is approximately 15%efficient which means nearly 85% of Solar energy hitsthem does not get converted into electrical energy.Therefore scientists & engineers are continuouslyexperimenting the new technologies to boost the trappingof light & its conversion.

B. LIGHT SENSITIVE NANO PARTICLES

Recently, a group of scientists at the University ofToronto unveiled a new type of light-sensitivenanoparticle called colloidal quantum dots. It is believedthat this particle will be less expensive and more flexiblematerial for solar cells. This is a unique discovery sinceprevious designs weren't capable of functioningoutdoors and therefore are not practical for the solarmarket. The science behind its specifications is that n-type materials bind to oxygen - the new colloidalquantum dots don't bind to air and therefore canmaintain their stability outside. This helps increaseradiant light absorption. Panels using this newtechnology were found to be up to eight percent moreefficient at converting sunlight.

C. GALLIUM ARSENIDE

Researchers at Imperial College University in Londonbelieve they have discovered a new material - galliumarsenide - that could make solar PV systems nearly threetimes more efficient than existing products on themarket. The solar cells are called "triple junction cells"and they're much more efficient, because they can bechemically altered in a manner that optimizes sunlightcapture. The model uses a sensor-driven window blindthat can track sun light along with "light-pipes" thatguide the light into the system.

TO GET 40% EFFICIENCY

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The solar prototype consists of two primarytechnologies, the concentrated photovoltaic power towerand a triple junction cell. In a joint collaboration withReyGen Resources, UNSW researchers used aconcentrated photovoltaic power tower to split and focussunlight on a triple junction cell converting 40.4% of thephotons that hit the cell into electrical energy.

V. INNOVATIONS IN ENERGY STORAGE

A. Molten Salt Storage

The process uses inorganic salts to transfer energygenerated by solar PV systems into solar thermal usingheat transfer fluid rather than oils as some storage systemhave. The result is that solar plants can operate attemperatures over 500 degrees Celsius, which wouldresult in a much higher power output. This means thatcosts to store solar would be lowered significantly andutility companies could finally use solar power plants asbase load plants rather than to meet peak demand duringprime daylight hours.

B. Solar Panel with Built

In Battery. Can we have a battery that is 20% moreefficient and 25% cheaper than anything on the markettoday. The concept is to design a rechargeable batterythat is built into the solar panel itself, rather thanoperating as two standalone systems. By conjoining thetwo into one system, scientists said they could lowercosts by 25% compared to existing products.

C. Solar Panel with Multiple Plates

112The limited surface area is the biggest constraint on thepanels power production. Another is that they can be tiltedperpendicular to the sun for optimal energy capture but in the

case of cars that is not possible. So to solve this problemwe can use multiple plates of panel which are one abovethe other during stationary position but can be spreadparabolic ally when the working is started.

VI. Application in the Present Time

A. For power GenerationFor power generation the concept of heating process isutilized.

1. Solar Power plants

Operation: - Firstly the solar radiations are trapped onparabolic mirrors. The trapped radiations generates heat onthe surface of mirrors . This generated heat is stored in theheat storages like Hybrid solar receivers. On the other handwater coming out of the condenser is passed through heatexchanger. Heat exchanger also has supply of heat from theheat storages .Thus in heat exchanger the water getsconverted into steam or superheated steam. Thissuperheated steam is further passed through the turbine.The turbine is connected to the generator & finally we havethe Electricity.

2. Solar Chimney

This technology works on the same operation of workingbut it has different components &working set up like- solarradiation receivers air blowers, turbines and most importantchimney

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Working Operation:-Firstly we have the solar heatcollectors or hybrid solar receivers. The incident heatradiations are trapped on collectors. Due to which the airbehind the collector gets hot. When the air becomes hotenough to rotate a turbine, then it is allowed to strike onturbine with the help of air blowers.The function of chimney is to create an artificial draught sothat the working air has sufficient pressure. The workingair should have that much pressure so that turbine canrotate on the required speed. This technology can be usedon a very large area as well as for houses also. Its initialcost is usually high but running cost is quite low.

B. IN THE FIELD OF AUTOMATION

1. SOLAR POWERED VEHICLES

Excessive use of fossils fuels & rapid increasing pollutioncompels us to utilize solar technology in the vehicles also.Since 1984 solar powered vehicles have become morepopular among the crowd. Solar powered vehicles aredepended upon the solar cells.Working: - Its working starts with the photoelectric effecton solar cells. Due to the photoelectric effect voltagedifference occurs. This voltage difference results into thegeneration of electrical energy which is stored in batteries.This battery is connected to the motor which is furtherconnected to the wheel axel with the help if chain drive andgear drive. Thus the electrical energy stored in battery isconverted into mechanical energy inside the motor which isthen transformed into the mechanism of the vehicle.

C. Different Solar Powered EquipmentsPrinciple of working: The principle of working is same forall solar powered automatic devices. They all works withthe help of solar cells. First the electrical energy isgenerated in the solar cells which are stored in batteries &after they can be utilized accordingly.

Used on major level

1. Solar powered aircrafts2. Solar powered airports3. Solar powered factories

Used on Common Level1. Solar Powered Lamps.

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2.Solar Powered Air Conditioner

3.Solar Powered Street Lights.4.Solar Power Refrigerators.5.Solar Inverters.6.Solar Battery Chargers.7.Solar Water Heaters.

VII. CONCLUSION

There are many small & large products available in marketwhich are based on solar technology. But still we aredealing with other devices which are not only expensivebut also responsible for the pollution. The problem is notwith the solar technology but the problem is with us.Everyone knows that use of fossil fuel is a greater threatbut still the mentality is same. Therefore we have to bringchange in both, technology as well as our mentality. Thegovernment has introduced many solar powered products inthe market which are safe, efficient& guaranteed .Theproducts we have discussed they are just an overview. Soyou may think how many such equipments & machines areavailable in market which is very useful to us. Many peopleare using them, but most of them are unaware of it.Therefore everyone have to decide what they want, theSolar Energy or pollution. If they take the right decisionthen only they can think of beautiful earth .That will be thetime when the solar technology will not be only analternative but a necessity. When we will utilize most of ourdaily equipments based on solar technology, that day willbe a start of a new era that is the SOLAR AGE.

Imperial International Journal of Eco-friendlyTechnologies Vol. - 1, Issue-1 (2016), pp.110-114

IIJET*AUTHOR 2 :- RAJAT MANDLOI, 3RD YEAR,

RADHARAMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

SCIENCE,BHOPAL, mandloirajat@gmail.com

*AUTHOR 3:- SHIVANSHU SHRIVASTAVA,

3RD YEAR, RADHARAMAN INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,BHOPAL,

shivanshushrivastava47@gmail.com

*AUTHOR 4 :- SHIVAM BHARTI, 3RD YEAR,

RADHARAMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

SCIENCE,BHOPAL, shivambharti3@gmail.com

*AUTHOR 5:- SIDDHARTH GANDHI,

3RD YEAR, RADHARAMAN

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

SCIENCE,BHOPAL,siddharthgandhi.19

@gmail.com

REFERENCES

1. Solar Electricity Handbook-MICHAEL BOXWELL.

2. Photovoltaics Design and Installation Manua - Solar EnergyInternational

3. Solar Power: How to Save A LOT of Money the Easy Way

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was supported by my team . We had to take thehelp and guideline from internet. I thankful for ImperialSociety Of Innovative Engineers who gave us a goldenopportunity to do this wonderful research.

*CORRESPONDENCE AUTHOR:- SATPAL

SINGH CHHABRA, BE-3RD YEAR,

RADHARAMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

& SCIENCE,BHOPAL, satpal301195@gmail.com

*AUTHOR1 :- UTKARSH DARHE,BE-3RD YEAR,

RADHARAMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

SCIENCE,BHOPAL, utkarshdarhe95@gmail.com

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Basic Criteria for Solar Car Design*ASIK JALALUDEEN.K, **ANTONY BALAN REVIN.M

*, **Student of B.E Automobile engineering, SSM institute of engineering & technology, Dindigul-2

Abstract

This work, focused on an idea about solar car technologywhich solves the major problem of fuel and pollution inpresent days. Determine how feasible widespread changeto s would be in future with all information taken intoaccount, concluded that s have several advantages as fuelefficient, low pollution. In the present work a completedrawing and drafting of solar car have been preparedusing ANSYS software. After complete analysis of thisdrawing by using ANSYS 13.0 it is find out bearcapability of load, stress, and strain of front & rearcollision of car frame. A completed data are analyzed toexamine the technical aspects of the car technology.Overall, technology has a lot of potential in the distantfuture, but as for right now they are not a significantapplied over today’s.

Keywords - solar vehicle, solar energy, , Electric operatedsystem

I. INTRODUCTION

The brief study of solar car is efficient in our daily lifebecause now day’s pollution and fuel rate is very big problemmany people having fuel cars. Use of solar energy is beingused for car, besides the control of vehicular pollution in thecity, less consumption of fuel, solar car are effective reducingglobal warming and environment problem in big frame. Inthe present work, the objective of this work is to estimate thepotential of both energy as PV energy and mechanical enginepower, both powers will be utilized in running car withweight reduction can be achieved primarily by theintroduction of better material, design optimization and bettermanufacturing processes. The solar car is one of the potentialitems for weight reduction in solar car as it accounts for 5% -10% of the weight. Various advantages for solar car by usingsolar technology

1. Reduction in conventional car demand in urban city2. Minimum the pollution problem in urban city3. Give clean energy which will reduce the carbon dioxide

Emission every month4. Reduction in fuel demand

A car is a vehicle which can be used three power sourcesare a solar energy with electric motor, electrical operated anda small combustion engine to run a car.

They are slowly gaining popularity with the auto buyersbecause they are seeing the benefits that owning a car willhelp them to reduce their carbon emission and is also energyefficient. It is also healthful for environment.In this paper, we are firstly creating a drawing and design ofsolar car by using ANSYS tool after that we performed usingthe finite element method(FEM) done using ANSYS 13.0software. Modeling was done for front and rear unit frame3D brick element (solid 45) and five-node.

AI. LITERATURE REVIEW

In this paper present with a detailed study of optimal sizing,fuel consumption of a solar car based on a longitudinalvehicle dynamics mode and energy flow, weight, overall costof vehicle. It is shown that fuel saving can be achieved forintermittent use with average power and economicalfeasibility. solar vehicles (SV), derived by integration ofElectric Vehicles with Photo-Voltaic sources, may represent avaluable solution to face both energy saving andenvironmental issues, particularly in urban driving. Thispaper is also focuses on the general, technological issues andchallenges ahead of plug-in electric vehicles in relation tomajor components which can be used for detail of designconsideration and selection of component for electric motorand battery bank, control strategy. Other technical challengeas light weight material used in a vehicle, low resistance tireand better aerodynamic structure of its .it type of vehicle isimportance of economies and successful deployment of thisplug- in technology [8] we investigate the use ofphotovoltaic systems as auxiliary power generators in andelectric vehicles. This technology provides an as yetunexploited possibility with the advantages of a new powersource, which is light, noiseless, maintenance-free andcontinuously working. A notable reduction of air emissionscan be achieved through a synergy of various technological

115breakthroughs, such as the method we present of introducingphotovoltaic arrays and additional electrochemical energystorage capacity in vehicles. Solar cars are also considered as

a case study in order to demonstrate the use of solar panels inelectric car.

BI. RELATED THEORY

A. Solar Car Components

Electric vehicle was first designing and developing by theBaker Motor Company since 1990s. A main advantage of EVover the internal combustion engine can thus be exploited interms of no carbon emissions occurred due to only use theelectric motor to drive the engine [10]. Generally, the electriccar and solar car is consisted of six main parts: PV panel,electric motor, battery bank, respectively. A diagram of thesolar car can thus be illustrated in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1: Design of Solar Car

1. PV panel convert sunlight into electricity, which isstored in batteries. Then its energy will be utilizedfor car propulsion.

2. Electric motor has, generally, been employed fordriving the solar car (SC). However, we can observethat the brushless DC motor (BLDC) is oftenoperated in the (SC)over the classical DC motor dueto long lifetime operation, high speed and also hightorque.

3. Battery bank is an important component for the SC.It has been generated 24 V DC for supplying to theelectric motor and also electronic devices in the SC.

4. Electronic controlling unit (ECU) is an electronicscircuit that is used for controlling the energy in theelectric motor which can be provides a speedvariation.

B. Transmission system

Where EM= electric motor, EN= electric control node whichcan be control the supplies of voltage, PV panel engineBattery bank, plug –in with inventor system.

Two type of transmission system

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1. Rear drive system – The electric motor is placednear the rear axle of solar car which can be operatedby charged batteries then electric motor rotate therear axle of rear wheels

Both systems are placed in solar car, at a onetime one systemcan be used in transmission of power to wheels as either rearor front wheels of a solar car. If one system gets fail then wehave an option to choose from alternative drivingmechanism.

IV. MODEL AND DESIGN

Solar car is the location of solar panel across on roof, bonnetand boot section of a car, at almost horizontal and verticalpotion of a car. In a general model, it could be consider of atleast two additional options as

1.Horizontal panel2.Vertical panel

It is designed by using in ANSYS software. Firstly, wedesign a framework and then we are design different parts ofsolar car like as solar panel, IC engine, transmission system,braking system, wheels and axles, steering system anddashboard. All these system is design after it will beassembled in frame of car. The drafting and design of solarcar.

Fig. 2: drafting of Solar Car

A. Design of PV system:

The PV system design is based on the size and capacity ofload. The energy produced by PV panel obtained from twotypes of energy contribution as shown in equation 1 andequation 2 form by the adopted in G.Rizzo and Ivan Arisepaper as[6][7].

1. Driving time - the energy produced during arunning period of a car is calculated by theformula

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Ed= ηp Ap еsun α

2. Parking time - The energy produced during theparking period of a car is calculated by theformula

Ep= ηp Ap еsun β

Where = PV panel efficiency, = PV surface area,

= the average energy daily enough by solar panelcaptured (4.3 K hr/day), = solar energy captured during

a sun at (7 AM to 6 PM), =solar energy during a Parkingtime.

Total power = Driving time + Parking time

E=Ep +Ed

B. Design of Battery system:

In the design we will take depth of discharge to be 75%.Temperature correction is needed because at low temperaturebattery efficiency decreases.

Battery bank capacity in Ampere hour (AH) is given

by Brc = Ec (Ah) × Ds / (DOD) max× ή

Where, DOD =Battery depth of discharge

Ds = battery autonomy or storage

Days ή = temperature correction

Factor = 0.9

Ec (Ah) = energy or load is given by Ampere in hourBatteries in parallel is given by

B p = Brc / Bsc

Where, Bsc = capacity of selection battery (Ah)

Batteries in series is given by

Bs = Vn/Vs

Where, Vn = nominal voltage of batteryVs = nominal voltage of system

Total battery bank of system

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BT= Bp x Bs

V. Simulation and Analysis of frame orbody of solar car

To design solar car frame, a stress analysis was performedusing the finite element method done using ANSYS software.Modeling was done for front and rear unit frame 3D brickelement (solid 45) and five-node. Also, analysis carried outfor solar car frame which can bear maximum load and shearstresses along the each section of car measured). Themaximum load and shear stresses along the bonded adhesivelayer for glass/epoxy were measured

]

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VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSION

A. General Dimension of solar car

We find out the general dimensions of a solar car by the helpof drawing and drafting software using in an ANSYS. Atable of the solar car can thus be illustrated in table 1.

S. No. Dimensions of Length insolar car mm

1 Wheel Base 1500 mm

2 Wheel track 940 mm

3 Height of car 1400 mm

4 Ground clearance 160 mm

Table 1: A general dimension of a solar car

B. Area and Total power generated by PV cells

No of panel mounted in roof = 3, single-single panel Mounted in roof and backside of car

Total power generated by cells = No. PV cells X Power

= 20 X 24Watt= 480 Watt= 0.48 K Watt

C. General batteries required in system

All the information about the battery system and total loadis required by electric motor is given in table 2. And batteryis general used in an auto- vehicle for different purpose onpresent day. Used in a solar car battery system can bedesign a general requirement of car running (load).

Capacity of Required by load 2 Kw

Capacity of battery (Ah) 40 Ah

Batteries in parallel 1

Batteries in series 4

Total No. of battery 4

Power of batteries 480 watt

Table 2: A general batteries required in system

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D. Analysis of frame and structure of solar car wasperformed using the finite element method doneusing ANSYS software. Modeling was done forfront and rear unit frame 3D brick element (solid45) and five-node. And data is given in table

Types of Max. Von –Mises Von-Misescollision of displacement Elastic stress

solar (mm) about strain (MPa)Car the test axis

Front collision 4.431 mm 0.958E-03 47.32

Rear collision 4.630 mm 0.404E-03 62.169

Table 3: Analysis results of frame /body of solar car

And graphical shows a comparison between conventionalcars over solar car. It is comparison in two basic as shownin below

1. Fuel consumption based2. Emission level based

VII. CONCLUSION

Suitable design based analysis of solar car has been givenand results of battery bank and sizing, total area of car whichcan be used in PV array, capacity of total load and analysis ofcar body have been tabulated.It will be used for researchwork and education purpose. In future this type of car havelot of marketing value because it will be used non renewableresource and renewable energy .This type of car does notcreate any pollution so it is also have a lot of positive pointtoward nature . Only the manufacturing cost is high butmaintenance cost is almost zero. Hence this car is economicaland environmental friendly.

REFERENCES:

[1] "Alternative Energy Sources." Alternative Energy Secret.J B Chaparal Corp. Web. 24 Jun 2013.<http://www.alternativeenergysecret.com/index.html>.

[2] "How many solar cells would I need in order to provideall of the electricity that my house needs?" 07 July 2000.HowStuffWorks.com.<http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/home/question418.htm> 22 June 2013

[3] "Reduce CO2 Emissions with Solar Panels."EcoOutfitters.net. N.p., 06 Sept. 2011. Web. 26 June 2013.<http://www.ecooutfitters.net/blog/2011/09/reduce-co2-emissions-with-solar-panels/>.

[4] "Solar Energy." The NEED Project. National EnergyEducation Development Project. Web. 24 Jun 2013.

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<http://www.need.org/needpdf/infobook_activities/IntInfo/SolarI.pdf>.[5] "Solar Training, Solar Photovoltaic Training, Solar

Installer Training, Renewable Energy Education -Solar

Energy International." Solar Training, Solar Photovoltaic Training, Solar

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ECO-FRIENDLY WASHING MACHINERushank R. Guru*

*F.Y.Mechanical, College Of Engineering, Pune

ABSTRACTAfter observing the unreasonable wastage of water inhand wash of the clothes a process is thought which mayhelp to reduce water loss. The process includes washingof clothes over a surface which is a bit different than aplane one. Washing clothes by steam and with the use ofthe surface is expected to reduce water wastage.

2. 6 clothes require about 5 litres of water and 20 g of powder detergent for this purpose.

3. A 250 g detergent bar is used which would last for15 days.

4. ]Then another 16 litres of water to wash clothes.5. Brush is rugged against clothes to remove stains

and dirt.6. Then clothes are left to dry.

I. INTRODUCTION

The research paper is written in order to put attention overunreasonable wastage of water which occurs while washingclothes by hand. The paper is written after observing thechore condition in Wardha, a city in India. The samesituation is observed in various cities in India. Furthermore,similar wastage of water as mentioned in the paper can befound there. The method suggested in the paper is a simpleapplication of the known facts and is expected to savewater.The mechanism suggested in the paper is not practicallytested.

AI. STATISTICS

The city Wardha receives annual average irradiance of 5.09kWhr/m2/day. [1] This is equal to 212.0833 W/m2 .A townPavnar is located km from Wardha from where the riverWardha flows. The water of the river reaches homes ofpeople living in Wardha as tap water. People receive tapwater early in the morning from 6:00 am to 8:30 am(approximate timing). It requires 1 litre water to wash asmall cloth and 2 to 3 liters of water to wash a biggerclothes like shirt, pant etc. if 16 clothes are washed daily ina house of 4 people, 4 large and 4 small size cloth, it wouldrequire 16 liters of water daily for a single house. This doesnot include errors like use of water such as tap left open,leakage in bucket, water overload and water required forrinsing clothes. In some houses because of poor drainagesystems, water logging also create problems forsurrounding environment as well as affect soil. Because ofpoor drainage systems, in rainy season water logs andenters home.Maids use water carelessly where lot of water get wastedunreasonably while washing clothes. This is how clothesare washed

1. The clothes are first rinsed in water-detergent solution.

BI. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THISPROCESS

Use of water above required limits Use of detergents above required limits. Water logging in nearby area. Soil pollution. Water pollution. Labour work done for larger span of time thus

time consuming (as compared to certain newerways).

It takes about 1hour for this work. Skin problems. Loss of energy in non-interesting work. Sitting and washing clothes in for an hour

generates problems in muscles. Work can be irritating if stains are hard to remove

IV. ELECTRIC WASHING MACHINES

With this invention, labor work and problems associatedwith it have an end. The machine allows clothes in achamber put in a bunch. For those 16 clothes now itrequires about 25 liters of water and 20 g of detergent. Theclothes are spun in the chamber. The chamber has holes onits surface. Water comes out through these holes as clothesare spun. Thus clothes are partly dried out. After about 20min machine stops and signals that the work is done. Therehave been advances in its designs. However it stillconsumes a lot of water. The wash out of stains is still notsatisfactory. Also it consumes electricity. Also there areadvances in the type of detergents. A current inventionclaimed in this case is Xeros Beads. As claimed by StephenBurkin from University of Leeds, these beads are able toremove stains in washing machine without any extraefforts. Thus it is expected to be better stain removal thantypical detergents available in the market in India

V. NOTABLE RESULTS

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Use of liquid detergents have resulted in smaller change inph and lesser increase in concentration of These resultswere matching with those of Patterson (2004) who tested40 powder detergents and 20 liquid detergents and reportedthat liquid detergents generated less salinity and sodicity.Xul (1996) also revealed from his study that every yearmore than 2000 metric tons of washing powder was pouredinto Diachi Lake along with urban sewage causing damageto the environment. [2]While washing on the plane surface water spreads so thatthe detergent soap applied does not dissolves completely.And thus water is required again and again. In this processwater is wasted unreasonably. To prevent this washingusing steam is suggested. As steam molecules collide withthe dirt thus it becomes easy to wash with less detergent.

VI. A SUGGESTION FOR A MECHANISM

In this mechanism the steam produced by solar or ifrequired electrical heating of a black painted plate. Thesteam is allowed to pass through the pipe where at the endit emerges out at the base of the brush. The cloth is to beplaced at a surface and is then washed. Following are thespecifications of the subparts and how it reduces waterwastage.

VII. PRODUCTION OF STEAM

By statistics the city of Wardha receives 5.09 kWhr/m2/daywhich is its annual average irradiance. [1]

5.09 kWhr/m2/day =212 W/m2 approximately.

But even if sprinkles of water are sprayed on the surface ofthe black painted plate and the supplied heat is almost usedto evaporate water and not to increase the temperature ofthe bulk water, by calculation:

Latent specific heat capacity of vaporization of water =2264.76 kJ/kg Water is required at rate of 0.1 litre perminute

Therefore power required would be = 1/600*2264.76*1000 W = 3774.6 W. If water receives all theheat energy of sunlight then it would require 17.8047 m2 ofarea. This does not include heat losses and incompleteabsorption of incident sunlight. At some places parabolicmirrors can be arranged and can be converged on an areawhich evaporates a thin layer of water. With extra areasteam at higher temperature can be generated.

Q = mS(T-T0) therefore if water isavailable at temperature of 30◦Candraised to 70◦C then

power required would be 4186*1/600*40=279.066W

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Therefore 4053.666W of power is required

With ideal heat absorbers it would require approximately19.121m2 of area for getting this much completely bysunlight. With parabolic reflectors converging light at anarea steam can be generated.

VIII. THE BRUSH

The brush has a cuboidal skeleton of dimensions15cm*5cm*10 cm, 15cm*5cm*5 cm on which threads ofcoconut cover would be wound. Three unit threads ofnatural coconut would comprise of one unit thread of brushwhich would randomly wound till it develops a layer ofabout 2 cm .If directly, ropes of the same material are usedfor the function of brush the area in contact with the clothdecreases as the rope has larger diameter than required.Thus, when it is mounted gives lesser touch to the cloth.Through the hollow cuboidal skeleton, a hollow cylinder of1.2 cm inner diameter (several other sizes like 2 cm, 2.5 cmwould be available) is inserted which is threaded frominside.The similar threads are made on a rigid hollow cylinder ofsame inner diameter as that of the pipe to transfer steamthat is 1 cm and has 0.2 cm thickness. The end of the pipefixes in the brush. There would be various brushesavailable in different sizes according to the size of thecloth.The rigid cylinder fixes in the slots. There would be slots inconcentric circular fashion with thickness of 2 mm to fitthe rigid hollow cylinder in. Even the upper part of thecylinder is screwed to fit it in the slot. Clothes in daily use(shirts, pants) etc. requires stain removal quality whereaslarger pieces like blankets and bead sheets require majorlydirt removal which is not as hard as to remove stains.Therefore the sizes are suggested as different as withcertain larger area washing would be faster for largerpieces because here high velocity steam is not requiredgenerally to remove hard stains but lose dirt is to beremoved. But the smaller brush can also be used ifrequired.

The steam rate is slow with respect to required waterwithin in a minute. A shirt is expected to be washed in 30sec. Therefore with a steam supply there is a water supplyat the rate 1 litre per minute.It has been observed by the author that whenever the watersupply is manual there is wastage of water. So to preventthis there would be an automatic device placed. When acloth or a substance is detected it gives out water at a rate 1litre per min. This is similar to automatic wash basinswhich give out water when someone takes his or her handnearby.

IX. THE WASHING SURFACE

121In case of general plane surface, when the steam supply isswitched on the steam coming out may escape through theavailable space as, not all the steam incident may be absorbed by

the cloth. A part of it would transmit at first interaction andthen getting condensed at the surface the remaining wouldagain try to go back (assume that the brush is put in contactwith the cloth and rubbing action is going on). Also thereflected steam may generate pressure at the interface thusinterfering with the upcoming steam.But, here the surface has holes of 0.5 cm diameter arrangedat the vertices of a regular hexagon. Each of these holes isconnected to the two adjacent holes by a channel fromdown the surface. The channel is a circular curvature withthe least radius of curvature of 3 cm.

Its advantages:

1. When brush is over one of the holes it transferssteam to the connected holes. So when brush is inmovement this pattern prevent steam loss.

2. On the cloth liquid detergent drops are appliedbefore steam wash. So when the steam enters thecurve tubular structure where water detergentsolution already exist

It pushes the solution out of the structure from other endand it bubbles the solution thus creating movement in thesolution and thus generating micelles.So this way it is able to utilize larger part of water to formmicelles than when clothes are washed on plane surface.This is because in general process clothes are applieddetergent the water is put over it by mug and then rubbedby brush where its larger part is not used to form solutionwith detergent. Thus here it freely gets wasted.

Figure1: Pattern of holes on the washing surface.

Figure 1 shows the pattern of holes on the surface. Thevertices of the hexagon represent holes of 0.5 cm diameterand the sides represent the channels connecting them. Thechannels connect them from the bottom of the surface asshown in the Fig. 2. The curve tube has a circular crosssection with diameter 0.5 cm.

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Figure 2: Hole to hole connection at the bottom of the washingsurface.

The process:1. 16 clothes are rinsed in a 4 L detergent solution.2. Then a cloth is to be washed on the surface. So the

water supply in turned on.3. Then drops of liquid detergents are applied on the

cloth.4. The steam enters through the tube and then the

brush is rubbed against the cloth.In this process clothes are rinsed so as to wet the cloth. Thedirt which generally contains mud particles, oil dropletsand sweat sticks to the fibers of the cloth. In presence ofwater molecules these particles are surrounded by manysuch thus the larger particles of dirt are turned into smallerdirt particles. Now these smaller one are able to exitthrough the spaces available within the cloth with the flowof water. One such example is mud. But it is not same withthe oils. In oils cohesive forces are greater than adhesiveforces in case of oil water interaction. Thus detergents arerequired to dilute these particles.If a cloth is just wet, the water is not enough to dilute allthe dirt, like mud. So after rubbing with brush, the clothwould still contain certain amount of dirt. This is because,the teeth of a washing brush are not fine enough to enterthrough the available space and remove the dirt. So itsaction is limited to the surface. But the brush itself maybecome enough to clean water miscible dirt when thethickness of the cloth is in the reach of action of the toothof the brush.When steam particles are incident on the cloth which isalready wet and applied by the liquid detergent, it breaksdown the dirt into smaller one so that now it can be furtherdiluted with lesser quantity of water. Also as condensedsteam as hot water would be available, it is again used upfor washing purpose.

X. CONCLUSION

Innovations made with the use of known facts can provehelpful in saving water. There has been unreasonable andunnecessary use of water in Wardha. This wastage is not

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unpreventable and water can be saved in a large amount ifevery little care is taken while using it.

REFRENCES

[1] Solar insolation ,Synergy Enviro Engineers (2016) http://www.synergyenviron.com/tools/solar_insolati on.asp?=Nagpur%2CMaharashtra%2CIndia

[2] Geetu Goel and Surenderjit Kaur , “A Study OnChemical Contamination of Water Due To HouseholdLaundry Services” J Hum Ecol, 38(1): 65-69 (2102)Kamla-raj publucations

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank all of the team members of COEP Sunrisers for beingsupportive in all areas. I am grateful to the Director of the collegeDr. B.B.Ahuja Sir, Head of the Department of MechanicalEngineering Dr. D.N.Malkhede Sir, the Faculty Advisor of theteam Dr. G.N. Kulkarni Sir, who allowed the team to setup in thecollege and also gave the required support. Especially I wouldmention my teacher Mr.M.U.Khobragade Sir andDr.G.N.Kulkarni Sir for reviewing the paper. And I also thank allmy teachers and friends who have been an integral part forlearning.

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Optimum Performance of solar panelTeam Motorbreath

ABSTRACT

Use of non-renewable resources has to be minimised.Fossil fuels which are most widely used as energyresources are polluting and non-renewable. Tominimise the use of fossil fuels an alternative sourcehas to found which is less polluting and renewable.One of such sources is solar energy and you would liketo use it in the best possible manner .Researches hasbeen done to make solar energy equally efficient as thefossils. The paper contains different PV cells used andtheir advantages. It contains manufacturing of PV cell.Also energy efficiency factors must be carefullyconsidered while designing any solar PV systems if wewant to get the best out of your efforts and investment.

I. Types of solar panelsA. Crystalline Silicon (c-Si)

It has more percentage purity of the silicon. The moreperfectl aligned the silicon molecules are, the better thesolar cell will be at converting solar energy (sunlight) intoelectricity

B. Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

Also called single-crystalline silicon (single-crystal-Si),are quite easily recognizable by an external evencoloring and uniform look, indicating high- puritysilicon. Monocrystalline solar panels have the highestefficiency rates since they are made out of the highest-grade silicon. The efficiency rates of monocrystallinesolar panels are typically 15-20%. They are more space-efficient. Monocrystalline also live longest. But they areexpensive. If the solar panel is partially covered withshade, dirt or snow, the entire circuit can break down.Efficiency changes with the temperature.

C. Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

Which also is known as polysilicon (p-Si) and multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si). Unlike the monocrystallinepanels,polycrystalline solar panels do not require theCzochralski process.Polycrystalline solar panels tend tohave slightly lower heat tolerance than monocrystallinesolar panels. The efficiency of polycrystalline-based solarpanels is typically 13-16%.

D. String Ribbon Solar Cells

String Ribbon solar panels are also made out ofpolycrystalline silicon. String Ribbon is the name of amanufacturing technology that produces a form ofpolycrystalline silicon. Temperature-resistant wires arepulled through molten silicon, which results in very thinsilicon ribbons. Efficiency is at best on par with the low-end polycrystalline solar panels at around 13-14%.

E. Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC)

Depositing one or several thin layers of photovoltaicmaterial onto a substrate is the basic gist of how thin-film solar cells are manufactured.

Substrate :

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) Cadmium telluride (CdTe) Copper indium gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS) Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC)

Depending on the technology, thin-film module prototypeshave reached efficiencies between 7–13% and productionmodules operate at about 9%. High temperatures andshading have less impact on solar panel performance ofTFSC.

F. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)

Building integrated photovoltaics can be facades,roofs, windows, walls and many other things that iscombined with photovoltaic material.

AI. Manufacturing of solar panelsA. Purifying the silicon

The silicon dioxide of either quartzite gravel or crushedquartz is placed into an electric arc furnace. The 99 percentpure silicon is purified even further using the floating zonetechnique.

B. Making single crystal silicon

Solar cells are made from silicon boules, polycrystallinestructures that have the atomic structure of a singlecrystal. The most commonly used process for creating theboule is called the Czochralski method.

C. Making silicon wafers

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From the boule, silicon wafers are sliced one at atime using a circular saw whose inner diameter cutsinto the rod, or many at once with a multiwire saw.

D. Doping

The doping (adding impurities to) of silicon wafers withboron and phosphorous introduces a small amount ofboron during the Czochralski process. Recent way ofdoping silicon with phosphorous is to use a smallparticle accelerator to shoot phosphorous ions into theingot.

E. Placing electrical contacts

Electrical contacts connect each solar cell to another andto the receiver to produce current. The contacts must bevery thin (at least in the front) so as not to block sunlightto the cell.

F. The anti-reflective coating

Because pure silicon is shiny, it can reflect up to 35percent of the sunlight. To reduce the amount ofsunlight lost, an anti-reflective coating is put on thesilicon wafer.

G. Encapsulating the cell

The finished solar cells are then encapsulated; that is,sealed into silicon rubber or ethylene vinyl acetate.The encapsulated solar cells are then placed into analuminum frame that has a mylar or tedlar backsheetand a glass or plastic cover.

BI. Different factors that affect the efficiency

of solar panelA. Cable thickness

We generally have electrical appliances working at 220Vwhich is significantly higher compared with the usual PVsystem DC voltages of 12V, 24V or 48V. For the samewattage much higher currents are involved in the PVsystems. This brings into picture resistance losses in thewiring.

Let us see how it can be significant.

Length of the cable=l m.

Resistance per meter =r ohms/m.

Current flowing through cable=I A.

Therefore, total resistance of wire=L*R ohms.

So, voltage drop across cable=I*(L*R) V.

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Way to reduce resistance loss is to raise the systemvoltage. Doubling the system voltage reduces thevoltage drop by 1/4th. Also, increasing the thickness ofwire reduces the resistance of the wire leading todecrease in the voltage drop.

B. Temperature

Solar cells perform better in cold rather than in hotclimate and as things stand, panels are rated at 25˚Cwhich can be significantly different from the real outdoorsituation. For each degree rise in temperature above 25˚C

the panel output decays by about 0.25% for amorphouscells and about 0.4-0.5% for crystalline cells. Thus, in hotsummer days panel temperature can easily reach 70˚C or

more. What it means is that the panels will put out up to25% less power compared to what they are rated for at25˚C. Thus a 100W panel will produce only 75W inMay/June in most parts of India where temperatures reach

45˚C and beyond in summer and electricity demand ishigh. At Pandharpur in march the temperature is about 38degree celcius. Solar panels are tested under laboratoryconditions, called STC (Standard Test Conditions): at anIrradiance (light) level of 1000W/m2 with a temperatureof 25˚C. But in the real world these conditions areconstantly changing so the panel output is different fromthe lab conditions. So, another specifications are reported,called NOCT (Nominal Operating Cell Temperature). It isthe temperature reached by open circuit cells in a moduleunder the following conditions:

Irradiance (light) falling on the solar panel at 800W/m2;Air temperature of 20ºC; Wind speed at 1m/s; and thepanel is mounted with an open back (air can circulatebehind panel).

C. Shading

Ideally solar panels should be located such that there willnever be shadows on them because a shadow on even asmall part of the panel can have a surprisingly large effecton the output. The cells within a panel are normally allwired in series and the shaded cells affect the current flowof the whole panel. But there can be situations where itcannot be avoided, and thus the effects of partial shadingshould be considered while planning. If the affected panelis wired in series(in a string) with other panels, then theoutput of all those panels will be affected by the partialshading of one panel. In such a situation, an obvioussolution is to avoid wiring panels in series if possible.

D. Solar Cell’s IV Characteristics

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According to the experiments done, the value of the currentflowing through the cable is nearly constant for a certainvalue of a voltage. And after that the current value dropsabruptly.

E. Battery Efficiency

Whenever backup is required batteries are needed forcharge storage. Lead acid batteries are most commonlyused. All batteries discharge less than what go into them;the efficiency depends on the battery design and quality ofconstruction; some are certainly more efficient than others.

The energy put in a battery during charging Ein can begiven as

Ein = ICVC ΔTC where IC is the constant charge current at voltage VC for time duration ΔTC

FORMULA:

The efficiency of a solar cell is determined as the fractionof incident power which is converted to electricity and isdefined as:

Where Voc is the open-circuit voltage; where

Isc is the short-circuit current; and

where FF is the fill factor

where η is the efficiency.

The input power for efficiency calculations is 1 kW/m2 or100 mW/cm2. Thus the input power for a 100 × 100 mm2cell is 10 W and for a 156 × 156 mm2 cell is 24.3 W

Likewise after it is discharged at a constant currentID, at a voltage VD during a time ΔTD ; thedelivered energy is

Eout = IDVD ΔTD Now writing the energy efficiency asEin/Eout = ICVC ΔTC / IDVD ΔTD

There are two types of efficiencies: voltage efficiency (VD / VC) and coulomb efficiency (ID ΔTD / ICΔTC)

Since lead acid batteries are usually charged at the floatvoltage of about 13.5 V and the is charge voltage isabout 12 V, the voltage efficiency is about 0.88. Inaverage the coulomb efficiency is about 0.92. Hence,the net energy efficiency is around 0.80

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A lead-acid battery has an efficiency of only 75-85% (thisincludes both the charging loss and the discharging loss).From zero State of Charge (SOC) to 85% SOC theaverage overall battery charging efficiency is 91%- thebalance is losses during discharge. The energy lostappears as heat which warms the battery. It can beminimized by keeping the charge and discharge rates low.It helps keep the battery cool and improves its life.

Here we did not include losses in the electronic circuit ofthe battery charger which may vary between 60% and80%. Thus, the overall efficiency of the battery systemcan be much lower.

IV. About solar panels the we have used

A. ELECTRICAL DATA

Specification Value

Peak Power Watt(Pmax) : 175 W

Maximum Power Voltage(Vmp) : 35.98Amp

Maximum Power Current(Imp) : 4.87 Amp

Short Circuit Current(Isc)(A) : 5.26 Amp

Module Efficiency STC (%) : 15.04

Operating Temperature (°C) : -45°C to 85°C

Maximum safe fuse rating: 15A

B. MECHANICAL DATA

SPECIFICATION DATA Cell type Polycrystalline 6inch

Dimensions:

Module1: 1175mm X 990mm X 35mm

Weight : 14.45Kg

Front Cover : 3.2mm ARC glass

V. CONCLUSION

So, we have studied the different types of PV cells and their advantages. Also, we have tested and calculated the

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different factors that affect the efficiency of the solarpanels. The calculations lead us to the most suited andefficient solar panels for solar electric vehicle. The panelschosen for the purpose are polycrystalline solar panels.

References:

[1] Greenpeace/EREC (2008) Energy [r]evolution: asustainable world energy outlook. Greenpeace,Amsterdam and European Renewable Energy Council,Brussels.

[2] IEA (2008a) Energy TechnologyPerspectives 2008: Strategies andScenarios to 2050. International EnergyAgency, Paris.

[3] DOE (2004) US Photovoltaics IndustryRoadmap. Prepared by the Solar EnergyIndustries Association (http://www.seia.org).

[4] EIA (2009) US Data Projections - Renewable EnergyGenerating Capacity and Generation, EnergyInformation Administration database.

[5] EPIA/Greenpeace (2001) Solar Generation.European Photovoltaic Industry Association,Brussels and Greenpeace, Amsterdam.

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