Chesapeake Bay:An Introduction to an Ecosystem

Section 4: CommunitiesII-1E5: Bottom

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The organisms that live on and in the bottom sediments of the Bay form complex communities. Known as ______________, these bottom-dwellers include animals, plants and bacteria..

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benthos

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II-1E5-1

Benthic organisms often are differentiated by their habitat.

___________, like oysters, barnacles and sponges, live upon a surface.

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Epifauna

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II-1E5-2

Worms and clams, considered ____________, form their own

community structure beneath the bottom sediments, connected to the

water by tubes and tunnels.

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infauna

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II-1E5-3

The roots and lower portions of bay grasses supply the physical support for a

variety of ___________ organisms.

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epiphytic

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II-1E5-4

An _________ bar‚ and the many species it supports, is another example of a

benthic community.

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oyster

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II-1E5-5

What three animals make up benthic communities that exist on or in bare,

unvegetated substrate?

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1. Mollusks2. Worms3. Crustaceans

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II-1E5-6

What two factors affects the distribution of bottom-dwellers?

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1. Salinity2. Sediment type

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II-1E5-7

What is the best sediment for diverse benthic communities?

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a mixture of sand, silt and clay.

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II-1E5-8

Oysters need a ______________ surface, preferably another oyster shell, on which

the larval spat can attach or set.

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clean hard

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II-1E5-9

Oysters form a reef community that is important habitat for other __________ species.

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benthic

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II-1E5-10

What two condition of the water and sediments does the benthic community affect?

General terms

1. Physical2. chemical

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II-1E5-11

Some benthic animals build tubes or burrows through which they pump

water. ________ _________ _________, such as worms, plow through the

sediments in search of food.

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Infaunal deposit feeders

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II-1E5-12

Many benthic animals bind sediments together as ______________ that

remain at the bottom.

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fecal pellets

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II-1E5-13

____________, such as adult blue crabs, scurry across bottom searching for food.

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Predators

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II-1E5-14

The feeding activities of benthic animals stir the sediments, increasing the rate of

exchange of materials into the water column and increasing diffusion of

benthic animals ___________ into the sediments

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oxygen

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II-1E5-15

Explain how filter feeders, like oysters and clams, can be harmed by pollutants.

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Filter feeders pump large volumes of water through their bodies and extract food from it. As they filter water for food, they also remove sediments and organic matter, cleaning the water. Since many chemical contaminants often are present in sediments, benthic fauna often are exposed to and harmed by pollutants

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II-1E5-16

Some benthic organisms are widely distributed but others are limited more by _________ which also determines the distribution of certain benthic predators, parasites and diseases.

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salinity

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II-1E5-17

Match the benthic organism to the salinity it requires.

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ACBCA

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II-1E5-18

__ hard clams__ freshwater mussels__ soft-shelled clams__ Brackish water clams__ oysters

A. Higher saline waters

B. Mid-salinity waters C. Lower salinities

____________, a lethal parasite has decimated oyster populations of the

mid-Bay.

3 initials

MSX

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II-1E5-19

___________, a disease caused by another parasite, has decimated oyster

populations of the lower Bay.

Sounds like a skin disease

Dermo

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II-1E5-20

_______________ and _____________, which feed on oysters, are less of a

problem in upper Bay waters because of their intolerance to low salinities.

No hint

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II-1E5-21

starfishOyster drills

Label the organisms in the bethnic community

Hint – word bank Answer – click hint 1st Last Slide

II-1E5-22

__ Black-fingered mud crab__ Skilletfish__ Soft-shelled clam__ Atlantic oyster drill__ American oyster

__ A hard clam__ Whip mudworms__ Oyster spat__ Common clam worm

__ Ivory barnacle__ Skilletfish__ red ribbon worm__ Glassy tubeworm

GLEBM

AHJC

KLDF