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Polyatomic IonsSO32- Sulfite SO4

2-Sulfate HSO41- Hydrosulfuric Acid CN- Cyanide PO4

3- Phosphate HPO42- Hydrogen Phosphate H2PO4

- Dihydrogen Phosphate CO32- Caronate HCO3

-

Hydrogen Caronate !nO4- Per"anganate Cr2O#

2-Dichro"ate CrO42- Chro"ate O2

2- Pero$ide Acids %No Oxygen) H& Hydrofluoric Acid HC' Hydrochloric Acid H(r Hydroro"ic Acid H)

Hydroiodic Acid HCN Hydrocyanic Acid H2S Hydrosulfuric Acid (Contain Oxygen) HNO3Nitric Acid HNO2Nitrous Acid H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid H2SO3 Sulfurous Acid H3PO4 PhosphoricAcid HC2H3O2 Acetic AcidSolubility Rules1*!ost Nitrate Salts NO3

-are solule2)!ost Salts of Na+ ,+ and NH 4are solule3) !ost Chloride salts are s olule Notale e$ceptions are AgCl+ PCl2 Hg2Cl24)!ost sulfate salts

are solule Notale e$ceptions are (aSO4+ PSO4+ and CaSO45) !ost hydro$ide co"pounds are only slightly solule+ .he i"portant e$ceptions are NaOH and ,OH (a%OH*2and Ca%OH*2 are only"oderately solule) !ost sulfide S2-+ caronate CO3

2- + and phosphate PO43- salts are only slightly solule

!alton"s Atomic #$eo%y 1/le"ents are "ade of ato"s+ 2All ato"s of a gi0en ele"ent are identical+ 3Ato"s of an ele"ent are different than those of a different ele"ent+ 4Ato"s of any ele"entcan co"ine ith those of another ele"ent to for" co"pounds+Ato"s are in0isile in a che"ical process+ that is+ ato"s are not created or destroyed+ the things that changes is the ay the ato"sare grouped togetherOxidation Numbe% Rules

&' lementsha0e an o$idation nu"er of 2' *%ou+ I and II )n addition to the ele"ental o$idation state of + 5roup ) has an o$idation state of ,&and 5roup )) has an o$idation state of ,23' -yd%ogen usually ,&+ e$cept hen onded to 5roup ) or 5roup ))+ hen it for"s hydrides+ .& 4' Oxygen usually .2+ e$cept hen it for"s a O-O single ond+ a pero$ide+ hen it is .&5' /luo%ineis alays .& Other halogens are usually -1+ e$cept hen onded to O

Stoic$iomet%y Rules0 1 (alance 2 6rite don gi0ens 3 6rite don un7nons 4 &ollo8 "ass %g*!ols"ol9"ol ratio %fro" alanced e:uation* "ols"ass %g*1imiting Reagent P%oblem01 (alance 2 !ass !oles 3 "ol9"ol ratio eteen the reactant and li"iting reactantC$'2 Type 3: Mono-1 Di-2 Tri-3 Tetra-4 Penta-5 Hexa-6 Hepta-7 Octa-8 Conversions: 1dm3=1L 1cm3=1mL 1L=100mLP$ysical P%o+e%ties8 odor+ color+ 0olu"e+ state+ densit y+ "elting point+ and oiling point C$emical P%o+e%ties8 aility to for" ne sustances /$ (urning+ rusting+ digestion+ and grothP$ysical C$anges8 do not affect the co"position of the sustance Che"ical Change8 change in the funda"ental co"ponents of the sustance ixtu%e8 so"ething that has 0ariale co"positionPu%e Substance8 alays has the sa"e co"position /ither ele"ents %pure gold* or co"pounds %pure ater* -omogeneousixtu%eo%Solution8 sa"e throughout /$ Salt "i$ed in ater-ete%ogeneousixtu%e8 contains regions that ha0e different properties fro" other regions /$ Sand in ater !istillation8 (oiling li:uid to separate li:uid fro" dissol0ed sustance /$ Salt fro"

ater/ilt%ation8 &iltering li:uid to separate li:uid fro" un-dissol0ed solid /$ Sand fro" aterC$' 30 ;; .ho"pson %late 1s*8 ?sed cathode ray tue to sho ato"s of any ele"ent can e "ade to e"it tiny negati0e particles %Disco0ered /lectrons*6illia" .ho"pson and ;; .ho"pson8 Created Plu" Pudding !odel@ a unifor" pudding> of positi0e charge ith enough negati0e electrons scattered ithin to counteralance that positi0e charge /arnest Butherford8 Disco0ered the Nuclear Ato"- An ato" ith a dense center of positi0e charge %the nucleus* around hich tiny electrons "o0ed in a space that as otherise e"ptyHis e$peri"ent8 Directed alpha particles %positi0e* toards a thin "etal foil surrounded y a detector coated ith a sustance that produced tiny flashes hen hit ith alpha particles .here ere largedeflections

)sotopes8 Sa"e of protons+ different s of electrons+ dispro0ed Dalton .heory 2 )ons8 ato"s ith or charge &or"ed hen electrons are lost %cation* or gained %anion*C$'48 )onic8 !etal and Non-!etal+ Co0alent8 Non-!etal and Non-!etalC$'50 A0ogadro>s 8 E22F123

Scientiic Notation01814+#8#E

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C$'0 1 a"uG 1EE $ 1 -24g+ Pe%cent ield0!ass of C9 "ass of CO then $ 1---e$peri"ental %actual*9theoreticalC$'0 6idence o C$emical Reaction0%1* Color Change %2* (ules %gas* %3* Solid for"s %4* &la"e occurs %heat*C$'70olecula%0Co"plete undissociated for" Com+lete Ionic0 All strong electrolytes as ions Net Ionic0 co"ponents directly in0ol0ed S+ectato% Ions0No participate#y+es o Reactions0 Acid-(ase %H2O product*+ Precipitate+ Bedo$ %transfer of electrons*+ Synthesis %s"allig*+ Deco"position %igs"all*+ Co"ustion %O2reactant+ heat product*

Acids %No Oxygen) H& Hydrofluoric HC' Hydrochloric H(r Hydroro"ic H) Hydroiodic HCN Hydrocyanic H2S Hydrosulfuric (Contain Oxygen) HNO3Nitric HNO2Nitrous H2SO4 Sulfuric H2SO3 Sulfurous H3PO4 Phosphoric HC2H3O2 Acetic

St%ong8ases0'iOH NaOH ,OH BOH CsOH Ca%OH*2Sr%OH*2(a%OH*2%'ithiu" Hydro$ide*St%ongAcids0HCl H(r H) HNO3HClO3HC'O4H2SO4%hydrochloric acid*

8alancing Redox Reactions (&)Separate reactions (2)(alance regular ele"ents (3)OH O (4)HH %5)e- !ultiply to "a7e sa"e ()Co"ine half

reactionsIIF BASIC (7)Add OH- (based on # of H+) (7)Co"ine li7e ter"sStoic$iomet%y Rules0 1 (alance 2 6rite don gi0ens 3 6rite don un7nons 4 &ollo8 "ass %g*!ols"ol9"ol ratio % fro" alanced e:uation*"ols"ass %g*

%first g"ols you di0ide y "olar "ass to get to "ols and second g"ols you "ultiply y "olar "ass*1imiting Reagent P%oblem01 (alance 2 !ass!oles 3 "ol9"ol ratio eteen the reactant and li"iting reactant

#y+e I0!N!Gionic co"pound 5roup 1+2JAl /$8 ,Cl Potassiu" Chloride#y+e II0!N! .ransition !etals+ charge 0aries+JBo"an nu"erals /$18 &eCl3)ron%)))*Chloride /$28 )ron%))*(ro"ide &e

,2 (r.&&e(r2#y+e III P%eixes02 or "ore non"etals !ono-1 Di-2 .ri-3 .etra-4 Penta- He$a-E Hepta-# Octa-< Nano-= Deca-1/$18C2O Dicaron Pentao$ide /$28 Diiodine Heptaselenide- )2Serite outJalance the e:uation%s*CIrite out each ele"ent on its on e$cept for the%s*NIput the 2%a:*tht "a7e up the%s* SIput the%a:*tht didnt"a7e up the solid%a:*Atomic90 top on periodic taleP%otons8 Ato"ic Neut%ons8 !ass-Ato"ic lect%ons8 Protonsass90 Ato"ic neutronsAtomic ass8 (otto" P.Inde+endent 6a%iable8 you change9eing changed !e+endent 6a%iableresults cont%ol0hat doesn>t change constant0the sa"e throughout

!ensity8DG"90

KGlFFh

)f O ate-ic acid

-ite-ous acid

No o$ygen8hydro-ic acid

S)5 &)5 B?'/S1* A'' non-Lero nu"ers %1+2+3+4++E+#+

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