Charles T.tart - Mind Science - Meditation Trainig

8/15/2019 Charles T.tart - Mind Science - Meditation Trainig

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F q[m fo]es ni `ch^ [ nbcl^ q[s qbc]b* [a[ch qcnb nb_

qcmîg i` bch^mcabn* F nbche cm [ b_[fnbc_l ih_ nb[n chpifp_m

h_cnb_l nin[ffs cahilcha l_fcacih hil l_[]ncp_ [ha_l hil nb_

`l[ag_hn[ncih i` qbif_h_mm nb[n%m chpifp_^ ch [hs ech^ i`

2 u JFKA P@FBK@B



^cmmi]c[ncp_ ]ijcha mnl[n_as, Fh gs _rn_hmcp_ l_[^cha ch g[hs

`c_f^m i` m]c_h]_* ch l_fcacih* g_n[jbsmc]m* jms]bifias* jbcfim+

ijbs [h^ j[l[jms]bifias* F mfiqfs f_[lh_^ nbl__ ]lo]c[f

^cmnch]ncihm* qbc]b gcabn \_ _rjl_mm_^ [m ìffiqm8

P]c_h]_ pm, P]c_hncmg

Pjclcno[fcns pm, O_fcacih

?_fc_` pm, Acl_]n Brj_lc_h]_

P]c_h]_ pm, P]c_hncmgTcnb l_mj_]n ni m]c_h]_* F ^cm]ip_l_^ nb[n \_][om_ cn%m mo]b

[ p[fo_^ []ncpcns qcnb bcab mi]c[f jl_mnca_* jl[]nc][ffs _p_ls+ \i^s q[hnm ni \_ ]ihmc^_l_^ m]c_hnc`c], Pi q_ b[p_ g[hs ion+

mjie_h j_ijf_ ^_hscha il [nn[]echa l_fcacih qbi ]f[cg nb[n

nb_s [l_ \_cha m]c_hnc`c]* \on nb_m_ ]f[cgm i`n_h g[me mcgjf_

bog[h \_fc_`m* [llia[h]_ [h^ jl_do^c]_ nb[n ][om_ j_ijf_ ni

n[e_ kocn_ ohm]c_hnc`c] jimcncihm x mig_nbcha q_ qcff i]][+

mcih[ffs fiie [n ch ^_n[cf ch nbcm \iie, Tb_h ]oll_hn m]c_hnc`c]

nb_ilc_m [\ion nb_ jbsmc][f qilf^ nb[n qile q_ff &_p_h c` hin

j_l`_]nfs' oh^_lai [ jms]bifiac][f mbc`n ni Qb_ Qlonb* [l_ b_f^

qcnb [llia[h]_* [h^ [l_ om_^ [m [ l[ncih[f_ ni [nn[]e `[]nm [h^

\_fc_`m nb[n îh%n ]ill_mjih^ qcnb nb_g* q_ _``_]ncp_fs b[p_ [

îag[nc] l_fcacih g[^_ i` ]oll_hn m]c_hnc`c] nb_ilc_m* aQWS\%

bWa[& Qbcm ^cmnch]ncih \_nq__h m]c_h]_ [h^ m]c_hncmg* [m mi]c+

ifiacmnm niie ni ][ffcha cn \[]e ch nb_ 2.m &m__* _,a,* &?[hhcmn_l

/765' &P]bi_e [h^ Tcaachm /74.' &T_ffgonb /722''* cm p_ls

cgjiln[hn,

Pjclcno[fcns pm, O_fcacihTcnb l_mj_]n ni l_fcacih* F ^cm]ip_l_^ nb[n nb_l_ [l_ qb[n

q_

gcabn

][ff ^`W[O`g

F^W`WbcOZ

Sf^S`WS\QSa$

qbc]b

[l_

nb_

g[ch+

mjlcham jiq_lcha l_fcacih, O_fcacih cm [ mi]c[f ^_p_fijg_hn

nb[n omo[ffs mn[ln_^ qcnb cgjiln[hn* [fcp_* j_lmih[f Pjclcno[f

_rj_lc_h]_m \s nb_ ìoh^_lm i` nb_ l_fcacih, ?on* nii i`n_h* nb_

c^_[m [h^ chdoh]ncihm mojjim_^fs liin_^ ch nbim_ _rj_lc_h]_m

b[p_ ainn_h mi `[l `lig nb_ ilcach[f Pjclcno[f _rj_lc_h]_m* [h^

JFKA P@FBK@B u P



ainn_h mi [fn_l_^ \s il^ch[ls mi]c[f [h^ j_lmih[f h__^m* [m ni

\_]ig_ [ p_ls ^cmniln_^ [h^ j[nbifiac][f Psmn_g ch^__^, Fn%m [

fiha q[s* ìl _r[gjf_* `lig G_mom% chdoh]ncih ni fip_ ih_

[hinb_l ni nb_ [ff+nii+]iggih Hcff nb_ b_[nb_hm [nncno^_

nb[n b[m nii i`n_h g[hc`_mn_^ ch iol ]ofnol_,Qb_m_ nqi ^cm]ip_lc_m* nb[n m]c_h]_ cm hin nb_ m[g_ [m m]c+

_hncmg [h^ nb[n mjclcno[fcns cm hin nb_ m[g_ [m l_fcacih* [l_

b[l^fs ohcko_ ni g_* i` ]iolm_* \on mch]_ gs mnloaaf_ q[m

[``_]ncha [S$ nb_ j_lmih[f oh^_lmn[h^cha i` nb_m_ q[m cgjil+

n[hn ni g_, ?_][om_ gs mnloaaf_ \_nq__h m]c_h]_ [h^ l_fcacih

q[m mcgcf[l ni nb[n i` mi g[hs i` om ni^[s* nb_m_ ^cmnch]ncihm

[l_ cgjiln[hn ni om [ff,

Qb_l_ cm [ a_hoch_ m]c_hnc`c] _hn_ljlcm_* ][llc_^ ion ch

[]]il^[h]_ qcnb nb_ ai[fm [h^ jlch]cjf_m i` qb[n F fce_ ni ][ff

SaaS\bWOZ aQWS\QS$ qbc]b cm ^cm]omm_^ ch nbcm \iie* f_[^cha ni

qilecha bsjinb_m_m* n_hn[ncp_ ]ih]fomcihm* [fq[sm mo\d_]n ni

òlnb_l n_mn [a[chmn ^[n[* ch]fo^cha nb_ ^[n[ i` _rj_lc_h]_,

Qb_l_ cm a_hoch_ Pjclcno[f chkocls qbc]b* ][llc_^ ion qcnb

bogcfcns* [ ko[fcns omo[ffs ^__g_^ _mm_hnc[f ni Pjclcno[f ^_p_f+

ijg_hn* [fmi f_[^m ni qilecha bsjinb_m_m* n_hn[ncp_ ]ih]fo+

mcihm* OZeOga mo\d_]n ni òlnb_l n_mn [a[chmn ^[n[* ch]fo^cha

nb_ ^[n[ i` _rj_lc_h]_, F `ch^ nb_m_ nqi []ncpcnc_m ]igj[nc+

\f_ ch jlch]cjf_ x [h^ [m F g_hncih_^ [\ip_* F ][h m[s nb[n

F%g ]igìln[\f_ ][ffcha gsm_f` \inb [ lcailiom m]c_hncmn [h^

[ Pjclcno[f m__e_l,

Qb_h nb_l_ cm nb_ l_fcacih i` m]c_hncmg p_lmom nl[^cncih+

[f l_fcacih* qbc]b qcff [fq[sm b[p_ g[hs ]ih`fc]nm qcnb _[]b

inb_l* ]ih`fc]nm i`n_h gincp[n_^ ih \inb mc^_m \s `_[l [h^

[ha_l* chm_]olcns [h^ l_[]ncih ni ]bcf^bii^ ^cm[jjichng_hnm,

Fh \inb ][m_m qb[n mbiof^ \_ bS\bObWdS e]`YW\U Vg^]bVSaSa'

PSZWSTa$ nb_ \_mn q_ ][h î ìl nb_ ncg_ \_cha \on mo\d_]n* qcnb

bogcfcns* ni òlnb_l n_mn* \_]ig_ Qlonbm qbc]b [l_ ^_`_h^_^

[a[chmn j_l]_cp_^ E_l_ms, Tb_h j_ijf_ [l_ jms]bifiac][ffs

[h^ cffiac][ffs _gincih[ffs [nn[]b_^ ni nb_cl \_fc_`m* nb_s qcff

[fq[sm \_ nbl_[n_h_^ \s inb_lm qbi îh%n mb[l_ nb_g,

+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

?_fc_` pm, Acl_]n Brj_lc_h]_ Kiq* qbs [g F m[scha mi go]b [\ion l_fcacih* mjclcno[fc+

ns [h^ m]c_h]_ ch [ \iie nb[n ì]om_m ih g_^cn[ncih [h^ gch^+

òfh_mm< Qbcm \lcham om ni nb_ nbcl^ ^cmnch]ncih F mfiqfs

f_[lh_^* nb[n \_fc_` cm hin nb_ m[g_ [m ^cl_]n _rj_lc_h]_, Lol

T_mn_lh l_fcacihm [l_ a_h_l[ffs kocn_ [onbilcn[lc[h, Qbcm cm nb_

Qlonb ?_fc_p_ cn [h^ fcp_ \s nb_ Oof_m* il ai ni E_ff F` sio

îo\n* c` sio ko_mncih* nb[n%m [ mch Nocn_ [mc^_ `lig [ff nb_

h[mns jms]bifiac][f ]ihm_ko_h]_m nbcm [nncno^_ \lcham [\ion

qb_h cn%m ìl]_^ ih ]bcf^l_h il [ôfnm* cn%m ]igjf_n_fs ch]ig+

j[nc\f_

qcnb

nb_

\[mc]

m]c_hnc`c]

[nncno^_,

Qbcm

m]c_hnc`c]

[nncno^_

[mmog_m q_%l_ jl_nns cahil[hn [\ion nb_ h[nol_ i` l_[fcns* \on

nb[n q_ ][h `ch^ ion gil_ [h^ gil_ [\ion [ff i` l_[fcns

nblioab ^cm]cjfch_^ chp_mnca[ncih, Fn%m [h [nncno^_ nb[n q[hnm ni

`ch^ ion,

J_^cn[ncih [h^ gch^òfh_mm jl[]nc]_m* iol ì]om ch nbcm

\iie* [l_ hin î]nlch_m il l_fcaciom nlonbm* _r]_jn ch nb_ p_ls

gchil m_hm_ nb[n cn%m \_fc_p_^ nb[n \_]igcha gil_ gch^òf qcff f_[^ ni \_nn_l ion]ig_m ch fc`_ nb[h \_cha chm_hmcncp_ [h^

cahil[hn, F nbche nb[n%m [h _mm_hnc[f qilecha \_fc_` c` q_ [l_ ni

gip_ ih `lig qb_l_ q_ [l_8 [`n_l [ff* c` q_ \_fc_p_ gch^òf+

h_mm qih%n b_fj om q_ qih%n nls cn [h^* mol_ _hioab* cn qih%n

b_fj om x qbc]b î_mh%n n_ff om [hsnbcha, J_^cn[ncih [h^

gch^òfh_mm

jl[]nc]_m

[l_

[SbV]Ra

ìl

^cm]ip_lcha

òh^[g_h+n[f nlonbm [\ion siolm_f` [h^ [\ion l_[fcns T]` g]càSZT& J_nbi^m

ìl a_nncha gil_ ^cl_]n ehiqf_â_* RObO$ chmn_[^ i` \_cha m[ncm+

`c_^ qcnb \_fc_`m [h^ nb_ilc_m acp_h sio \s [onbilcnc_m,

J_nbi^m nb[n sio b[p_ ni ^ÒQbWQS [h^ m__ qb[n b[jj_hm* hin

\_fc_`m ni bif^ il l_d_]n,

>fnbioab nb_l_ b[p_ \__h T_mn_lh g_^cn[ncih [h^ gch^+

òfh_mm g_nbi^m* [m l[nb_l _min_lc] j[lnm i` Go^[cmg [h^

@blcmnc[hcns* q_ b[^ jl_nns go]b fimn g_^cn[ncih [h^ gch^+

òfh_mm jl[]nc]_m [m [ ]ofnol_ ohncf nb_ chòmcih i` qile[\f_

g_nbi^m `lig B[mn_lh ]ofnol_m* mn[lncha ch nb_ 4.m [h^

]ihnchocha nblioab ni^[s, Qbcm cm hin ni m[s* i` ]iolm_* nb[n

=:>5 B4:6>46

_ ,



B[mn_lh_lm ][h%n \_ [m mno]e [h^ \fch^_^ ch l_fcaciom \_fc_`m [m

q_ ][h, F b[p_ \__h [ Pno^_hn &hin nb_ \_mn Pno^_hn* \s [hs

g_[hm* \on [ jl_nns m_lciom ih_' i` B[mn_lh Pjclcno[f g_^cn[+

ncih [h^ gch^òfh_mm g_nbi^m ìl m_p_l[f ^_][^_m, Tbcf_ F

mncff jlcg[lcfs m__ gsm_f` [m [ m]c_hncmn* [h^ ]_ln[chfs hin [h []]igjfcmb_^ g_^cn[nil il [ gsmnc]* F b[p_ f_[lh_^ _hioab

ni \_ [\f_ ni n_[]b nb_ \[mc] g_nbi^m ch q[sm nb[n qile ìl

gi^_lh T_mn_lh_lm* _mj_]c[ffs nb_ m]c_hnc`c][ffs nl[ch_^ [h^

ch]fch_^, >h^* acp_h nb_ j_lp[mcp_h_mm i` m]c_h]_ nblioabion

gi^_lh* afi\[f ]ofnol_* eS O`S OZZ aQWS\bWTWQOZZg W\QZW\SR$ eVSbVS`

eS Q]\aQW]caZg Y\]e Wb ]` \]b& Pi nbcm \iie cm chn_h^_^ ni \_

b_fjòf ni _p_lsih_* hin domn nbim_ qbi [l_ mi]c[ffs c^_hnc`c_^

[m m]c_hncmnm,

F` sio [l_ j_lmih[ffs ]olciom [\ion siolm_f`* nb_ qilf^*

fc`_* c` sio qiof^ fce_ ni m__ om ^_p_fij [ \_nn_l m]c_hnc`c]

oh^_lmn[h^cha i` nb_ gch^* i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* nb_h F nbche sio

qcff `ch^ nbcm \iie hin ihfs chn_ff_]no[ffs mncgof[ncha* \on

jl[]nc][ffs om_òf, Mon [mc^_* ìl hiq* nb_ l_fcaciom \_fc_`m nb[n g[s b[p_ \__h ìl]_^ ih sio [m [ ]bcf^* nb[n sio g[s mncff

[]ncp_fs bif^ il l_[]n [a[chmn* il g[s bif^ ch nb[n mj_]c[f

P[\\[nb ]igj[lng_hn, Mon [mc^_* ìl hiq* nb_ m]c_hncmnc] [h^

g[n_lc[fcmnc] î]nlch_m nb[n [onig[nc][ffs ^_hs [hs l_[fcns ni

siol Pjclcno[f mc^_* qb[n_p_l nb[n g[s \_, Qls ]iff_]ncha siol

iqh ^[n[ \s f_[lhcha [h^ jl[]nc]cha nb_ \[mc] g_^cn[ncih [h^

gch^òfh_mm jl[]nc]_m jl_m_hn_^ b_l_* [h^ m__ ìl siolm_f`

qb[n cn%m [ff [\ion,

>m g_hncih_^ [\ip_* nbcm \iie cm nb_ ion]ig_ i` [ jl_+]ih+

`_l_h]_ qilembij ih g_^cn[ncih [h^ gch^òfh_mm jl[]nc]_ nb[n

F a[p_ ch >jlcf /776 [n nb_ Rhcp_lmcns i` >lctih[%m nbcl^ Qiq[l^

> P]c_h]_ i` @ihm]ciomh_mm @ih`_l_h]_, Dcpcha nbcm qilembij

q[m [h chn_l_mncha _rj_lcg_hn ìl g_, Js mno^_hnm q_l_ [fgimn

_r]fomcp_fs qilecha m]c_hncmnm* il j_ijf_ qcnb [ mnliha _hioab

chn_l_mn ch nb_ m]c_hnc`c] mno^s i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm ni nl[p_f ni

>lctih[ [h^ j[s ìl [ `cp_+^[s @ih`_l_h]_ ih m]c_hnc`c]* m]bif[l+

fs [h^ jbcfimijbc][f [nn_gjnm ni oh^_lmn[h^ ]ihm]ciomh_mm,

- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

F b[p_ mig_nbcha i` [h clihc] m_hm_ i` bogil* [h^ F ilca+

ch[ffs nbioabn i` ][ffcha nb_ qilembij J_^cn[ncih [h^

Jch^òfh_mm ìl nb_ P]c_hnc`c][ffs E[h^c][jj_^* [m F [g p_ls

[q[l_ `lig gs iqh _rj_lc_h]_ [h^ qile qcnb inb_lm nb[n m]c+

_h]_ ][h mi _[mcfs nolh chni nb_ ]illimcp_* ohb_[fnbs jm_oî+me_jnc]cmg i` m]c_hncmg, P]c_hncmnm g[s b[p_ [h _mj_]c[ffs b[l^

ncg_ a_nncha \_sih^ nb_m_ b[\cnm, >m F l_`f_]n_^* nbioab* [h^

qcnb aii^ [^pc]_ `lig gs qc`_ Go^s* F l_[fct_^ nbcm q[m [

jiil* c` bogiliom* ncnf_, M_lb[jm [ ]igjligcm_* J_^cn[ncih

[h^ Jch^òfh_mm ìl nb_ P]c_hnc`c][ffs Q[f_hn_^-E[h^c+

][jj_^< >`n_l [ff* nb_ nl[chcha ch ^cm]cjfch_^ nbchecha [h^

[]ncih* [h^ nb_ chh[n_ ]olcimcns nb[n ^l[qm gimn m]c_hncmnm ni

mo]b [ jli`_mmcih ch nb_ `clmn jf[]_* [l_ ^_`chcn_ [^p[hn[a_m, F

_h^_^ oj qcnb L\m_lpcha nb_ Jch^8 ?[mc] Ql[chcha ch Pecff_^

J_[hm* qbc]b q[m j_l`_]n ìl Qo]mih FFF* [m g[hs j_ijf_

mno^scha nb_ gch^ [l_ \_achhcha ni l_]iahct_ nb[n a_nncha [

l_[ffs m]c_hnc`c] oh^_lmn[h^cha cm hin [ mcgjf_ g[nn_l i` \_nn_l

^[n[ nb[h domn [hsih_ hinc]cha qb[n ai_m ih ch nb_cl iqh

gch^ [h^ nbchecha nb_s b[p_ i\m_lp_^ nb_ O_[f Mb_hig_h[ i`

D_h_l[f Jch^, Fn qcff ch^__^ l_kocl_ gil_ mecffòf q[sm i`

i\m_lpcha nb_ gch^ nb[h q_ il^ch[lcfs b[p_* [h^ mecffòf

g_[hm cm [ ]f[mmc][f ^_m]lcjncih i` g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_m,

Qb_ qilembij q[m [ al_[n mo]]_mm* \inb `lig gs pc_q

[m

nb_

n_[]b_l

[h^

`lig

nb_

l_jilnm

i`

nb_

2.)

mno^_hnm,

Qb_

m]c_hnc`c][ffs ch]fch_^ x jl[]nc][ffs [ff i` om T_mn_lh_lm x î

ch^__^ b[p_ n[f_hnm ìl nbcm ech^ i` f_[lhcha* [m q_ff [m \fi]em,

F b[p_ e_jn nb_ chìlg[f qilembij mnsf_ ch nbcm \iie* [m mi

g[hs j_ijf_ jl_`_l nb[n* \on b[p_ [^^_^ ]f[lc`c][ncihm [h^

chìlg[ncih ih l_miol]_m,

Aih%n \_ ^cm]iol[a_^ c` chcnc[ffs f_[lhcha g_^cn[ncih [h^

gch^òfh_mm ch fc`_ cm b[l^ ìl sio, Fn%m _[ms ìl mig_ j_ijf_*

\on cn q[m _mj_]c[ffs b[l^ ìl g_* qcnb [h ip_lfs []ncp_* ip_lfs

me_jnc][f gch^* s_n F _p_hno[ffs f_[lh_^ _hioab nb[n g_^cn[+

ncih [h^ gch^òfh_mm [l_ mig_ i` nb_ gimnp[fo_^ j[lnm i` gs

fc`_, F` sio f_[lh nb_m_ \[mc] g_^cn[ncih [h^ gch^òfh_mm

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ .

n_]bhcko_m* j_lb[jm sio%ff \_]ig_ [ \_nn_l m]c_hncmn, M_lb[jm

sio%ff \_]ig_ [ \_nn_l j_lmih, M_lb[jm sio%ff b[p_ mig_ mjcl+

cno[f _rj_lc_h]_m x j_lb[jm sio qih%n, M_lb[jm sio%ff domn

\_]ig_ gil_ jl[]nc][f* chn_ffca_hn [h^ m_hmcncp_ nblioab [

]f_[l_l j_l]_jncih i` qb[n []no[ffs ai_m ih ch siol iqh gch^

[h^ ch nb_ qilf^, Qb[n%m g[chfs qb[n%m b[jj_h_^ ni g_* \on

nb[n%m g_* hin sio, >h^ j_lb[jm , , , qbi ehiqm qb[n sio

gcabn f_[lh [m sio \_]ig_ [ gil_ mecff_^ i\m_lp_l i` siol

iqh gch^ [h^ m_f`<

?on sio qih%n ehiq ohf_mm sio acp_ cn [ aii^ nls Ji^_lh

m]c_h]_ [lim_ [m [ l_[]ncih ni nb_ [onbilcn[lc[h [nncno^_m i` nb_

@bol]b* qbc]b m[c^ nb[n c` sio q[hn_^ ni ehiq Qlonb* domn

l_[^ nb_ []]_jn_^ P]lcjnol_m* \_fc_p_ qb[n nb_ [jjlip_^

[onbilcnc_m m[c^, P]c_h]_ ]f[cg_^ nb_ lcabn ni ai ion [h^ []no+

[ffs fiie [n ^[n[ Qb_ [onbilcnc_m m[c^ nb[n nb_ b_[pc_l [ \i^s

q[m* nb_ `[mn_l cn `_ff, P]c_h]_ q_hn ion [h^ fiie_^ [n []no[f

`[ffcha \i^c_m [h^ ^cm]ip_l_^ nb[n* ih]_ sio lof_^ ion [cl `lc]+

ncih ch fcabn i\d_]nm* [ff \i^c_m `_ff [n nb_ m[g_ l[n_,T_ b[p_ [ fin i` ijchcihm* l_]_cp_^ nlonbm [\ion nb_ gch^

`lig [onbilcns `caol_m* g[hs i` nb_g ]ih^cncih_^ chni om

qb_h q_ q_l_ ]bcf^l_h \on mncff ij_l[ncha ni^[s, Qb_ mecff_^

g_[hm i` g_^cn[ncih [h^ gch^òfh_mm ch fc`_ acp_ om [ ]b[h]_

ni `ch^ ion qb[n%m l_[ffs nb_l_ ìl iolm_fp_m* [h^ kocn_ il^c+

h[ls j_ijf_

][h

ai

[ fiha

q[s

x

c`

nb_s

f_[lh

[h^

nls,

>m E_hls Cil^ cm mojjim_^ ni b[p_ m[c^* Qbim_ qbi nbche

nb_s ][h [h^ nbim_ qbi nbche nb_s ][h%n [l_ \inb lcabn,

<\abWbcbS ]T GÒ\a^Sà]\OZ CagQV]Z]Ug

COZ] 4Zb]$ 6OZWT]`\WO

=cZg$ *(((

&% _ =:>5 B4:6>46



COL CZJXUT ::: EUWQXOUV

8ii^ gilhcha

Qbcm cm nb_ qilembij ih g_^cn[ncih [h^ [q[l_h_mm

`il nb_ m]c_hnc`c][ffs ch]fch_^, E_l_ cm nb_ i``c]c[f

^_m]lcjncih i` qb[n q_%l_ [\ion ni^[s8

Qb_ @ihm]ciomh_mm Pno^c_m Mlial[g

[n nb_ Rhcp_lmcns i` >lctih[

Ml_m_hnm

CZJXUT PT/ CU\HWK 2 BJPLTJL UM 4UTXJPUZXTLXX &..-

Ml_+@ih`_l_h]_ Tilembij

Lh

L\m_lpcha nb_ Jch^8 ?[mc] Ql[chcha ch Pecff_^ J_[hm

Tcnb

Al, @b[lf_m Q[ln

Fh nb_ f[mn @_hnols* jms]bifiacmnm nlc_^ ni ^_p_fij [

m]c_h]_ i` nb_ gch^ omcha chnlimj_]ncp_ ^[n[ [h^ `[cf_^,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &&



> g[dil l_[mih ìl nbcm `[cfol_ cm nb[n nb_ il^ch[ls gch^

b[m fcnnf_ mecff [n i\m_lpcha cnm_f`, Qb_ hilg[f mn[n_ i`

]ihm_hmom ]ihm]ciomh_mm cm fce_ [ pclno[f l_[fcns* a_h_l[n+

cha [jj[l_hnfs l_[f _rj_lc_h]_m \[m_^ ih ]ofnol[f ]ih^c+

ncihcha [h^ i`n_h ^cmnilncha j_l]_jncih ni Pojjiln nb_m_

m]_h[lcim, Qbcm qilembij qcff chnliô]_ j[lnc]cj[hnm ni

nbl__ \[mc] n_]bhcko_m ìl ][fgcha nb_ gch^ &]ih]_hnl[+

ncp_ g_^cn[ncih'* ^_p_fijcha ^__j_l oh^_lmn[h^cha i`

nb_ gch^ &chmcabn g_^cn[ncih'* [h^ \_]igcha [\f_ ni

i\m_lp_ ^__j_l g_hn[f jli]_mm_m oh^_l il^ch[ls fc`_ ]ih+

^cncihm &Dol^dc_l``c[h m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha', Qb_ _gjb[mcm cm

ih f_[lhcha []no[f mecffm, Qb_m_ mecffm ][h g[e_ om \_nn_l

m]c_hncmnm* cgjlip_ iol [\cfcns ni i\n[ch []no[f ^[n[ [\ion

]ihm]ciomh_mm* [h^ [jjfs ni j_lmih[f _`ìlnm mo]b [m

mnl_mm l_ô]ncih* [h^ ]f_[l_l l_[fcns ]ihn[]n, Mlcil l_[^cha

i` Q[ln%m \iiem JOYW\U I-j [h^ ?WdW\U bVS @W\RTcZ ?WTS

qiof^ \_ b_fjòf* \on cm hin l_kocl_^,

Pi c` sio%l_ ch nb_ qliha qilembij* sio%l_ hin p_ls gch^+

òf [h^ sio%p_ `fohe_^ nbcm ]iolm_ [fl_[^s* qcnbion _p_h b[p+cha b[^ ni nls [hsnbcha

Gomn ec^^cha F ehiq nb[n F nlcjj_^ ip_l nb_ loa ]igcha oj

ihni nbcm jf[nìlg [ gchon_ [ai* mi _p_ls\i^s qbi m[q nb[n

b[m aii^ l_[mih hin ni []kocl_ [hs ^_fomcihm [\ion biq

[q[l_ F []no[ffs [g,

Jch^òfh_mm cm qih^_lòf mno`` ni nbche [\ion, F ][h l_][ff

lc^cha ch gs ][ljiif oj ni R@ A[pcm ih]_, F b[^ mig_ qih+

^_lòf c^_[m [\ion nb_ h[nol_ i` gch^òfh_mm* g[^_ mig_

hin_m ih gs f[jnij [h^* [m F ain ion i` nb_ p[h* F q[m n_ffcha

mig_ j_ijf_ [\ion nb_m_ qih^_lòf chmcabnm chni gch^òf+

h_mm F%^ b[^, >h^ F nlcjj_^ ip_l ih_ i` nb_ ]ih]l_n_ \[llc_lm

ch nb_ j[lecha fin x F q[mh%n j[scha [nn_hncih ni qb[n F q[m

[]no[ffs îcha

Qb[n%m [ òhhs [h_]în_* \on cn jl_m_hnm ih_ i` nb_ gimn

cgjiln[hn nbcham nb[n F%ff b[p_ ni e__j ]igcha \[]e ni ip_l

[h^ ip_l [h^ ip_l [a[ch, GV]cUVba OP]cb PSW\U []`S [W\RTcZ O`S

\]b bVS aO[S Oa OQbcOZZg PSW\U []`S [W\RTcZ

&' _ =:>5 B4:6>46



Kiq ô_ ni nb_ h[nol_ i` iol mi]c_ns ni^[s* F cg[ach_ x

_cnb_l mig_ncg_m \_][om_ i` j_lmih[f chpifp_g_hn il ni \_

mojjilncp_ ni [ `lc_h^ x _p_ls\i^s b_l_ b[m \__h ni [h

>f]ibifc]m >hihsgiom g__ncha il ehiqm [\ion >> g__ncham,

Pi F nbioabn F qiof^ Pn[ln nbcm qilembij \s chnliô]cha

gsm_f` ch >> mnsf_,

Ec Js h[g_ cm @b[lf_s [h^ bV]cUVba [l_ gs ^loa i`

[\om_, Qbioabnm a_n g_ bcab F fip_ nb_g [h^ F ][h%n a_n

_hioab i` nb_g Pig_ ech^m i` nbioabnm [l_ \_nn_l nb[h inb+

_lm* fce_ [\mnl[]n ]ih]_jnm* [h^ _mj_]c[ffs bVS]`WSaM Lb \is* F

][h l_[ffs a_n bcab ih nb_ilc_m

T_ p_ls go]b fcp_ ch [ qilf^ i` nbioabn* qbc]b cm aii^ ch

[ fin i` q[sm x _r]_jn nb[n q_%l_ l_[ffs ][llc_^ [q[s \s

nbioabnm nii go]b i` nb_ ncg_, Lh_ i` nb_ ]ihm_ko_h]_m i`

nbcm \_cha ][llc_^ [q[s cm nb[n cn cgj[clm iol l_[fcns ]ihn[]n,

T_ bVW\Y q_%l_ ch nio]b qcnb qb[n%m aicha [lioh^ om [h^ qcnb

iolm_fp_m* \on go]b i` nb_ ncg_ qb_h q_ nbche nb[n* q_%l_

[]no[ffs mcahc`c][hnfs fimn ch ]ih]_jnm [h^ \_fc_`m* ch bij_m [h^

`_[lm [\ion qb[n%m aicha ih* ]ih]_jnm [h^ \_fc_`m [h^ bij_m

[h^ `_[lm [\ion \inb ionmc^_ _p_hnm [h^ chmc^_ _p_hnm, >m [

]ihm_ko_h]_* q_ a_h_l[n_ ]ihm_ko_h]_m* qb[n B[mn_lh_lm

qiof^ ][ff YO`[O$ il ni jon cn ch gil_ mnl[cabnìlq[l^ n_lgm*

q_ î mnojc^ nbcham8 c` sio îh%n l_[ffs ehiq qb[n%m aicha ih

[lioh^ sio* nb_ []ncihm sio n[e_* \[m_^ ih ^cmniln_^ ]ih]_j+

ncihm* \[m_^ ih fcpcha ch siol b_[^ chmn_[^ i` ch l_[fcns* f_[^

ni nlio\f_,

F%p_ qil^_^ nb_ ^_m]lcjncih i` ni^[s%m qilembij ^c``_l_hnfs

nb[h F omo[ffs î, F i]][mcih[ffs f_[^ qilembijm ih g_^cn[+

ncih* il ih ch]l_[m_^ [q[l_h_mm ch _p_ls^[s fc`_* [h^ nb_

j_ijf_ qbi ]ig_ [l_ jlcg[lcfs j_ijf_ qbi [l_ chn_l_mn_^ ch

mig_ ech^ i` Pjclcno[f ^_p_fijg_hn* il ch mig_ ech^ i` jms+]bifiac][f m_f`+cgjlip_g_hn, Qb[n g[s \_ nlo_ ni^[s \on nb_

i``c]c[f Qiq[l^ > P]c_h]_ i` @ihm]ciomh_mm x Qo]mih FFF

^_m]lcjncih q_%l_ b_l_ oh^_l cm nb[n q_%l_ j_ijf_ chn_l_mn_^ ch

nb_ m]bif[lfs [h^ m]c_hnc`c] mno^s i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* mi q_%l_ [ff

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &(

m]c_hncmnm [h^ m]bif[lm, >h cgjfc][ncih nb[n q_%l_ [ bcab_l

]f[mm i` j_ijf_ nb[h domn il^ch[ls ìfem, V_m<

"4TTW`[ObWdS O\R O[caSR `Sa^]\aSa T`][ e]`YaV]^ Ô`bWQWÔ\ba#

Le[s* nb[n%m qb[n F q[hn_^ ni b_[l, Kiq F%g aicha ni qile

qcnbch nb[n `c]ncih* j[lnc[ffs \_][om_ cn%m nlo_* [h^ [fmi \_][om_* [m [ l_mofn i` gs iqh qile ip_l nb_ s_[lm* F%p_ ]ig_

ni m__ nb[n \_cha \inb [ aii^ m]c_hncmn [h^ \_cha mig_ih_

chn_l_mn_^ ch Pjclcno[f jms]bifiac][f aliqnb [l_ kocn_ ]igj[n+

c\f_, Qb_l_ cm hin [h chb_l_hn ]ih`fc]n \_nq__h nb_ nqi [m

g[hs j_ijf_ m__g ni nbche, Fh^__^ nb_s ][h \_ msh_lacmnc] x

[h^ nb[n%m nb_ \[mcm F%g aicha ni qile `lig ni^[s,

F%g aicha ni acp_ sio mig_ \[]ealioh `clmn x nb_ qbs

ni x [h^ nb_h q_%l_ aicha ni mj_h^ [ aii^ ^_[f i` iol ncg_

nia_nb_l jl[]nc]cha p[lciom ech^m i` n_]bhcko_m* nb_ biq ni,

Qb_l_ qcff \_ [ fin i` _gjb[mcm ih n_]bhcko_m* \_][om_ F îh%n

q[hn ni acp_ sio domn mig_ gil_ bcab jlii` c^_[m ìl sio ni

a_n chn_ff_]no[ffs ^lohe ih, F q[hn ni acp_ sio mig_ []no[f

jl[]nc]_m sio ][h n[e_ big_ qcnb sio* qile qcnb ni ^_p_fij

siol iqh gch^òfh_mm [\cfcnc_m* [h^ \_ach ni a_n [ fcnnf_ ^cl_]n

ehiqf_â_ i` qb[n cm \_cha n[fe_^ [\ion qb_h q_ n[fe [\ion

gch^òfh_mm,

&) _ =:>5 B4:6>46



492@C6A &

P]c_h]_ [h^ J_^cn[ncih

>l_ @igj[nc\f_

Bmm_hnc[f P]c_h]_ p_lmom P]c_hncmg

Qb_ \[]ealioh^ `l[g_qile F q[hn ni l_gch^ sio [\ion

cm qb[n F ][ff _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_* qbc]b F qcff _h^ oj ^cm+

ohaocmbcha `lig qb[n gimn j_ijf_ gcmn[e_hfs nbche

m]c_h]_ cm* qbc]b n_h^m ni \_ aQWS\bWa[&Bmm_hnc[f m]c_h]_ cm \[mc][ffs [ ìol+mn[a_ jli]_mm, Fn Pn[lnm

ion qcnb ]olcimcns [\ion nb_ qilf^* [\ion siolm_f`* [\ion [hs

j[lnc]of[l mo\d_]n sio%l_ chn_l_mn_^ ch* ]ig\ch_^ qcnb [ ]_l+

n[ch [giohn i` bogcfcns, Fn%m ]olcimcns jfom nb_ `[]n nb[n sio

l_[fct_ nb_l_ [l_ [ fin i` nbcham sio îh%n ehiq nb[n sio%^ fce_

ni ehiq,

F` sio nbche sio ehiq _p_lsnbcha [\ion nb_ [l_[ sio%l_

chn_l_mn_^ ch* nb_h sio%l_ hin chni chp_mnca[ncha [hsnbcha, Vio

g[s \_ chni nlscha ni ]ihpch]_ inb_l j_ijf_ i` nb_ lcabnh_mm

i` siol jimcncih* ni ]l[g siol nlonb îqh l_fo]n[hn nbli[nm*

il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n* [h^ qbcf_ cn g[s fiie _rn_lh[ffs fce_

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &*

qb[n g[hs j_ijf_ nbche cm m]c_h]_* cn%m hin l_[f m]c_h]_, Pi

_mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_ Pn[lnm ion qcnb ]olcimcns [h^ bogcfcns,

D_nncha nb_ A[n[

Dcp_h nb[n l_]iahcncih [h^ nb_ gincp[ncih ni f_[lh* nb_ `clmn [h^ gimn cgjiln[hn mn_j ch nb_ jli]_mm i` _mm_hnc[f

m]c_h]_ cm a_nncha nb_ RObO& Di ion nb_l_ [h^ i\m_lp_ qb[n []no+

[ffs ai_m ih, F` cn%m [h [l_[ ch nb_ _rn_lh[f qilf^* ionmc^_

cgg_^c[n_ chn_lh[f _rj_lc_h]_* i\m_lp_ cn, F` sio%l_ chn_l_mn+

_^ ch mig_ [mj_]n i` \in[hs* ìl _r[gjf_* îh%n domn nbche

[\ion cn* ai ion [h^ fiie [n nb_ jf[hnm, F` sio%l_ chn_l_mn_^

ch nb_ q[s siol gch^ qilem* chmn_[^ i` domn nbchecha [\ion cn*

nls ni mig_biq ^_p_fij [ q[s ni i\m_lp_ biq siol gch^

[]no[ffs qilem,

Fh [ff i` nb_m_ ][m_m* \_][om_ sio b[p_ [ ]_ln[ch [giohn i`

bogcfcns* sio ai ion [h^ a_n nb_ ^[n[ \on sio [fmi l_[fct_* F%g

jli\[\fs hin nb_ qilf^%m \_mn i\m_lp_l, Fn g[s \_ F îh%n fiie

[n nbcham p_ls ][l_òffs, F gcabn _p_h \_ \c[m_^ [\ion mig_

nbcham, Qbcm gomn \_ [ j_lmih[f oh^_lmn[h^cha* hin domn [ ]ih+

]_jn, Js qc`_* ìl _r[gjf_* n_ffm g_ F%g [ n_llc\f_ i\m_lp_l, Pb_

cm [\mifon_fs [g[t_^ [n biq F ][h a_n \s ch m]c_h]_ qb_h F

][h%n `ch^ nbcham ch nb_ biom_ qb_h mb_ m[sm nb_s [l_ lcabn ch

`lihn i` g_, Le[s* \on F îh%n ]f[cg ni \_ [ aii^ i\m_lp_l ch

[ff [l_[m i` fc`_ Pi sio b[p_ il ^_p_fij mig_ oh^_lmn[h^cha

nb[n sio%l_ hin nb_ qilf^%m \_mn i\m_lp_l8 biq ][h sio

cgjlip_ siol [\cfcns ni a_n \_nn_l ^[n[* ni m__ qb[n%m l_[ffs

aicha ih<

Fh nb_ jbsmc][f m]c_h]_m* nbcm ko_mncih cm omo[ffs [hmq_l_^

\s qilecha ni chp_hn chmnlog_hnm ìl m__cha nbcham gil_ ]f_[l+

fs, Pi sio chp_hn [ g[ahc`scha af[mm* ìl _r[gjf_* [h^ mo^+

^_hfs sio ][h m__ `ch_ [mj_]nm i` nb_ mnlo]nol_ i` jf[hnm qbc]b

sio ]iof^h%n b[p_ m__h qcnb siol h[e_^ _s_, Cil [ jms]bifia+

c][f j[l[ff_f f_n%m m[s sio%l_ chn_l_mn_^ ch nb_ jms]bifias i`

[aal_mmcih qb_h j_ijf_ [l_ ch \[lm, >`n_l nlscha ni g[e_

i\m_lp[ncihm ìl [ qbcf_* sio l_[fct_ nb[n mig_ncg_m nbcham

&+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

b[jj_h nii `[mn [h^-il ]igjf_rfs ìl sio ni i\m_lp_ qb[n%m

aicha ih p_ls ]f_[lfs* mi g[s\_ sio b[p_ ni m_n oj [h^ nl[ch [

n_[g i` i\m_lp_lm* _[]b i` qbig cm ihfs fiiecha [n ih_ [mj_]n

i` nb_ []ncih, Qb_h _[]b ih_ ][h i\m_lp_ nb[n ih_ j[ln go]b

gil_ ]f_[lfs qcnbion a_nncha ^cmnl[]n_^ \s nb_ l_mn i` nb_

[]ncih, Vio jon nb_m_ p[lciom i\m_lp[ncihm `lig siol chmnlo+

g_hn nia_nb_l [h^ sio ][h f_[lh mig_nbcha,

F` sio%l_ chn_l_mn_^ ch nb_ jms]bifias i` siol iqh gch^*

g[s\_ sio ][h ^_p_fij mig_ ech^ i` chmnlog_hn nb[n acp_m

sio ]f_[l_l []]_mm ni nb_ ^[n[ i` siol iqh gch^, Qb[n%m [

g[dil j[ln i` iol qile nia_nb_l ni^[s,

Qb_ g[ch n_]bhcko_m F%g aicha ni n_[]b sio ni^[s x

qbc]b q_ qcff ][ff &[' Q]\QS\bÒbWdS [SRWbObW]\$ &\' W\aWUVb']^S\%

W\U c^'dWÔaaO\O [SRWbObW]\$ [h^ &]' aSZT%`S[S[PS W\U'aSZT%]PaS`%

dObW]\ W\ _p_ls^[s fc`_ x [l_ nbl__ g[dil n_]bhcko_m ni _h[\f_

sio ni a_n [ ]f_[l_l c^_[ i` qb[n%m aicha ih ch siol iqh gch^,

Qb_ilctchaLe[s* sio `ch^ q[sm i` a_nncha nb_ ^[n[* sio nls ni m__ [m

go]b [m jimmc\f_ [\ion qb[n_p_l j[ln i` nb_ qilf^ sio%l_

chn_l_mn_^ ch* n[e_ aii^ hin_m ih cn l[nb_l nb[h ^_j_h^cha ih

siol g_gils* mig_biq msmn_g[nct_ qb[n sio%p_ m__h* [h^

sio%p_ ain ^[n[, Qb[n%m nb_ gimn cgjiln[hn j[ln i` nb_ _mm_h+

nc[f

[mj_]n

i`

m]c_h]_*

\on

m]c_h]_

î_mh%n

mnij

nb_l_

\_][om_*

\s [h^ f[la_* q_ îh%n ][l_ nb[n go]b [\ion qb[n nb_ ^[n[ cm,

T_ q[hn ni ehiq qb[n nb_ ^[n[ g_[hm, JVg î_m nbcm jf[hn

aliq ch nbcm j[lnc]of[l `[mbcih* hin nb_ q[s cnm h_cab\ilcha

jf[hnm aliq< JVg R] F a_n [acn[n_^ ch ]_ln[ch ech^m i` mcno[+

ncihm [h^ gs h_cab\il b[l^fs _p_h hinc]_m nb_g* mb_ mn[sm mi

][fg< JVg î_m gs gch^ ai i`` ch nbcm ech^ i` _gincih[f

fiij qb_h inb_l j_ijf_%m gch^m îh%n m__g ni l_[]n ch nb_

m[g_ q[s ni nb_ m[g_ Pcno[ncih<

Pi nb_ m_]ih^ mn_j ch _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_ cm ni bVS]`WhS$ ni nls

ni `caol_ ion nb_ oh^_lfscha l_[mihm nb_ ^[n[ nolhm ion nb_ q[s

cn î_m* nb_ ][om_m \_bch^ nb_ jb_hig_h[, Qb_ \[mc] lof_ cm ni

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &,



nls ni nb_ilct_ Z]UWQOZZg& &Ll ni _rjl_mm nb_ nb_ils fiac][ffs ch

cnm `ch[f ìlg* hi g[nn_l qb[n g_hn[f jli]_mm_m ain sio nb_l_,'

Fn nolhm ion nb_l_ [l_ finm i` ^c``_l_hn fiac]m* i` ]iolm_* \on c`

sio%l_ aicha ni jc]e [ fiac] &^c``_l_hnc[f ][f]ofom* ìl _r[gjf_'

sio

om_

cn

]ihmcmn_hnfs*

ìffiq

cnm

lof_m*

[h^

mi

sio

nb_ilct_

fiac][ffs [\ion siol ^[n[, Vio î nb[n ohncf nb_ gig_hn i`

>b[ ]ig_m* nb_ gig_hn qb_h sio m[s >b[ Qb[n%m qbs

nbcham [l_ nb[n q[s

Qb_ _rj_lc_h]_ i` chmcabn [h^ ^cm]ip_ls cm [ qih^_lòf

gig_hn ch fc`_ Fn%m ih_ i` nb_ gimn m[ncm`scha nbcham ch _rcm+

n_h]_ qb_h sio `caol_ ion qbs nbcham b[jj_h nb_ q[s nb_s

î, Qb[n%m [fmi qbs F%g [ nbioabn[bifc], F fip_ nb[n gig_hn

i` chmcabn

Kiq \inb _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_ [h^ l_[f jms]bifiac][f [h^

Pjclcno[f aliqnb [^^ [ pcn[f ^cm]cjfch_ l_kocl_g_hn [n nbcm

jichn, Qb_s \inb b[p_ [ l_]iahcncih i` qb[n F fce_ ni ][ff nb_

c\WdSàOZ ^`W\QW^ZS ]T ÒbW]\OZWhObW]\& Fh l_nlimj_]n* sio ][h n[e_

[hs m_n ch nb_ qilf^ i` i\m_lp[ncihm* i` `[]nm* i` _rj_lc_h]_m [h^ ]ig_ oj qcnb mig_ c^_[ nb[n m__gm ni `cn nb_g nia_nb_l

jf[omc\fs* _p_h c` nb_s [l_ hin ]ihh_]n_^ ch l_[fcns, T_ [l_ [ff

qilf^ ]f[mm l[ncih[fct_lm, T_ ][h [fq[sm ]ihh_]n nbcham ch

mig_ q[s nb[n m__gm jf[omc\f_, >h^ nb[n%m p_ls m[ncm`scha* \on

nb_ ^cm]cjfch_ cm ni l_]iahct_ nb[n siol qih^_lòf nb_ils*

qbc]b g[s \_ g[nb_g[nc][f* _f_a[hn [h^ fiac][f* qbc]b g[s

ch]iljil[n_ [ff nb_ ]oll_hnfs jijof[l \ottqil^m x Lb* F

i\m_lp_^ nb[n ^[n[ \_][om_ i` ko[hnog `fo]no[ncihm ch nb_

]b[inc] n_hmil `c_f^m i` nb_ giljbia_h_nc] l_mih[h]_ p_]nilm

x g[s hin \_ lcabn, Fn g[s b[p_ [ff nb_ nbcham nb[n g[e_ cn

[ mi]c[ffs []]_jn[\f_* l_[ffs bin mioh^cha nb_ils* \on nb[n cm

hin mo``c]c_hn, Fn ]iof^ \_ &[m sio f_[lh ch l_nlimj_]n' [ l[ncih+

[fct[ncih9 F _gjb[mct_ [a[ch* sio ][h [fq[sm ]ig_ oj qcnb

mig_ chn_ff_]no[f `l[g_qile nb[n g[e_m [jj[l_hn m_hm_ i`

mig_nbcha,

&- _ JFKA P@FBK@B



Q_mncha* Q_mncha* Q_mncha

@ihmn[hnfs l_g_g\_lcha nb[n nb_ils cm [fq[sm m_]ih^[ls

ni* [fq[sm ni \_ doâ_^ \s ^[n[* cm [ pcn[f ^cm]cjfch_ ch m]c_h]_

[h^ mbiof^ \_ [ pcn[f ^cm]cjfch_ ch Pjclcno[f [h^ jms]bifiac][f

aliqnb x \on i`n_h cn cm hin* ch \inb [l_[m, Pi qb_h ]ih+

`lihn_^ \s [ qih^_lòf m_n i` c^_[m* [ qih^_lòf nb_ils* sio

m[s* Le[s* b_l_%m gs al_[n mioh^cha nb_ils* b_l_%m gs fiac]

nb[n jonm _p_lsnbcha nia_nb_l, Cch_ @ihncho_ ni qile qcnb

fiac] [h^ g[e_ jl_^c]ncihm [\ion nbcham F b[p_h%n i\m_lp_^,

Qb_h ai ion \[]e chni qb_l_ F a[nb_l gs _rj_lc_h]_* gs ^[n[*

[h^ n_mn

ni

m__

c`

nb_

jl_^c]ncihm

]ig_

nlo_,

Cil _r[gjf_* F jimnof[n_ [ ohcp_lm[f nb_ils i` al[pcn[ncih

qb_l_\s _p_ls g[n_lc[f i\d_]n qcff \_ ^l[qh niq[l^ [hs inb_l

i\d_]n* [h^ F g[e_ [ jl_^c]ncih nb[n qb_h F f_n ai i` nbcm j[l+

nc]of[l ][mm_nn_ n[j_ \ir* qbc]b F%p_ h_p_l ^lijj_^ \_ìl_*

cn qcff `[ff, "6GG R`]â bO^S P]f$ Wb TOZZa&# >b* ih]_ [a[ch gs

nb_ils qilem

F%p_ \__h q[cncha ìl nb_ ^[s nbcm _r[gjf_ `[cfm Qb[n%m

aicha ni \_ kocn_ _r]cncha* \on mi `[l nb[n if^ nb_ils i` ohc+

p_lm[f al[pcn[ncih b[m \__h p_ls l_fc[\f_,

T_ b[p_ mig_ nb_ilc_m nb[n qile p_ls q_ff, Qb_s jl_^c]n

nbcham ch [ fin i` mcno[ncihm, Qbcm _r[gjf_ q[m [ mj_]c`c]* h_q

jl_^c]ncih, Ki\i^s%m _p_l ^lijj_^ nbcm j[lnc]of[l n[j_ \ir ch

nbcm j[lnc]of[l liig, Lh nb_ inb_l b[h^* cn%m jl_nns nlcpc[f* q_%l_ mi om_^ ni nb[n ech^ i` nbcha qilecha, ?on nbcm cm nb_ ^cm+

]cjfch_ nb[n cm _mm_hnc[f ch m]c_h]_, Fn m[sm hi g[nn_l biq m[ncm+

`c_^ sio [l_ qcnb siol nb_ils* hi g[nn_l biq go]b sio `__f

sio ehiq nb_ Qlonb* hi g[nn_l biq _f_a[hn cn cm* sio%p_ ain

ni g[e_ jl_^c]ncihm [\ion h_q nbcham sio b[p_h%n i\m_lp_^

s_n O\R U] ]cb O\R bSab bVS[& P__ c` cn qilem, F` cn î_m jl_^c]n

]ill_]nfs* aii^* sio%ff `__f p_ls m[ncm`c_^, F` cn î_mh%n qile*

siol nb_ils cm ch nlio\f_, Fn î_mh%n g[nn_l biq i\pciomfs nlo_

cn cm* c` siol nb_ils m[sm F` >* nb_h ?* [h^ sio m_n oj > [h^ ?

î_mh%n b[jj_h* siol nb_ils%m ch nlio\f_,

Kiq g[s\_ mig_ncg_m [ gchil gi^c`c][ncih i` nb_ nb_ils

=:>5 B4:6>46

_ &.



qcff î nb_ nlc]e* \on g[s\_ mig_ncg_m hi gi^c`c][ncih i` nb_

nb_ils* hi qilecha qcnbch nb[n `l[g_qile i` \_fc_` [h^ fiac]

qcff î [hsnbcha ni l_]ih]cf_ jl_^c]ncih [h^ i\m_lp[ncih* [h^

sio%p_ ain ni ]ig_ oj qcnb [ qbif_ h_q nb_ils, Fn%m \[]e ni

nb_ \[mc] ^[n[* ni ]ig_ oj qcnb mig_ qbif_ h_q q[sm i` nbchecha [\ion nb_g,

Qb_ Pi]c[f Acg_hmcih i` P]c_h]_8 @ihm_hmo[f S[fc^[ncih

>m F%p_ ^_m]lc\_^ nb_ jli]_mm i` m]c_h]_ mi `[l* cn ][h \_

îh_ \s [ mifcn[ls ch^cpcô[f, F%p_ m[c^ nbcm \[mc] i\m_lp[ncih+

nb_ils+jl_^c]ncih-n_mncha ]s]f_ mbiof^ b[jj_h qcnbch nb_ Pjcl+

cno[f ^cm]cjfch_m [h^ nb_ jms]bifiac][f aliqnb ^cm]cjfch_m nii*

[m q_ff [m ch _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_* \on cnm hin ]f_[l nb[n cn [fq[sm

î_m, >a[ch nb[n ^__j chn_ff_]no[f [h^ _gincih[f m[ncm`[]ncih

i` >b F%p_ `caol_^ cn [ff ion cm mi m[ncm`scha cn ][h mnij òl+

nb_l g_hn[f []ncpcns* qb_nb_l nb[n `caolcha cn ion b[m \__h

mig_ ech^ i` l_[mihcha jli]_mm [jjfc_^ ni nb_ ^[n[ i` nb_

_rn_lh[f qilf^ il i` siol iqh _rj_lc_h]_* il qb_nb_l cn%m [

l_mofn i` mig_ gsmnc][f _rj_lc_h]_* mig_ [fn_l_^ mn[n_ _rj_lc+

_h]_* qb_l_ nb_ fcabn b[m mo^^_hfs mnlo]e [h^ hiq sio ehiq

nb[n sio oh^_lmn[h^ _p_lsnbcha, Qb_ `[]n nb[n q_%l_ bog[h*

qb_nb_l q_%l_ òh]ncihcha [m [ m]c_hncmn il hih+m]c_hncmn*

g_[hm q_ l_[ffs î n_h^ ni mnij [n nb[n jichn i` m[ncm`scha

oh^_lmn[h^cha,

Qb_h* i` ]iolm_* q_ a_n _gincih[ffs [nn[]b_^ ni iol qih+

^_lòf chmcabn, T_ îh%n q[hn cn ni \_ qliha il nlcpc[f* [h^ mi

q_ g[s _h^ oj ]ihmnlc]ncha iol fc`_ mi q_ îh%n loh chni [hs

mcno[ncihm qb_l_ iol nb_ils gcabn hin j[mm nb_ n_mn i` g[echa

]ill_]n jl_^c]ncihm, T_ `[ff ch fip_ qcnb iol nb_ilc_m, Pi* ìl

_r[gjf_* f_n%m m[s sio b[p_ [ gsmnc][f _rj_lc_h]_ [h^ Y\]e$ ^__j ch siol b_[ln* nb[n* m[s* Iip_ cm nb_ ihfs l_[f ìl]_ ch nb_

ohcp_lm_, Kiq sio q[fe oj ni [ mnl[ha_l ih nb_ mnl__n [h^

_hnbomc[mnc][ffs m[s* Iip_ cm _p_lsnbcha Pb_ mf[jm siol `[]_

[h^ q[fem [q[s, T_ff* [n nb_ p_ls f_[mn* nb_ nb_ils h__^m mig_

'% _ =:>5 B4:6>46



gi^c`c][ncihm* Le[s* fip_ g[s \_ cgjiln[hn \on nb_l_ [l_

mig_ [^domng_hnm h__^_^* mig_ inb_l `[]nilm nb[n h__^ ni \_

\lioabn ch, >h^ g[s\_ nb_ nb_ils cm qliha hi g[nn_l biq

[jj_[fcha il i\pciomfs nlo_ cn cm,

Fh Pjclcno[f nl[^cncihm mo]b [m ?o^^bcmg* nb_ jli\f_g

qcnb iol `[ffcha ch fip_ qcnb iol nb_ilc_m qiof^ \_ l_`_ll_^ ni

\s nb_ n_]bhc][f n_lg [nn[]bg_hn, Vio a_n [nn[]b_^ ni [ j[l+

nc]of[l ]ih]_jn* [ j[lnc]of[l m_n i` \_fc_`m* [ j[lnc]of[l _gi+

ncih[f _rj_lc_h]_ x [h^* `lig nb_ j_lmj_]ncp_ i` nb_ jms]bif+

ias i` ?o^^bcmg* [ff [nn[]bg_hn f_[^m ni nlio\f_, Fn î_mh%n

g[nn_l c` cn%m [nn[]bg_hn ni [ qih^_lòf c^_[ p_lmom [ mc]e_hcha

c^_[* [nn[]bg_hn f_[^m ni nlio\f_,

Le[s* mi m]c_h]_ [m F%p_ ^_m]lc\_^ cn* Pjclcno[f aliqnb [m F%p_

^_m]lc\_^ cn* ][h \_ îh_ ih nb_ ch^cpcô[f f_p_f, Qbcm cm qb[n

ih_ j_lmih ][h î [h^ cn%m îh_ [m [ ]ihncho[f* ]s]fc][f

jli]_mm, Vio Pn[ln ion l_[ffs cahil[hn \on ]olciom* sio g[e_

mig_ i\m_lp[ncihm* sio ]ig_ oj qcnb mig_ c^_[m nb[n g[e_

mig_ m_hm_ i` nb_ i\m_lp[ncihm* sio n_mn nb_g, Pig_ i` nb_

jl_^c]ncihm qile* mig_ i` nb_g îh%n* mi nb_h sio ai \[]e ni

nb_ ^[n[, Qb_h sio ]ig_ oj qcnb [ \_nn_l nb_ils nb[n g[e_m

gil_ ]ill_]n jl_^c]ncihm* _n], >m ncg_ ai_m ih sio al[ô[ffs

g[e_ \_nn_l [h^ \_nn_l i\m_lp[ncihm i` qb[n_p_l cn cm sio%l_

chn_l_mn_^ ch [h^ sio ]ig_ oj qcnb \_nn_l [h^ \_nn_l

c^_[m-nb_ilc_m ni jon cn nia_nb_l, Qbcm cm ih_+j_lmih m]c_h]_ il

ih_+j_lmih aliqnb,

Qb_ jli\f_g qcnb nbcm cm nb[n _[]b ih_ i` om cm ohîo\n+

_^fs mnl[ha_fs [h^ ohcko_fs `f[q_^ il \c[m_^ ch q[sm nb[n

[l_ [fgimn cgjimmc\f_ ìl om ni m__ iolm_fp_m, Qi ]igj_hm[n_*

m]c_h]_ \_]ig_m [ mi]c[f _hn_ljlcm_ [h^ Pjclcno[f aliqnb g[s

\_]ig_ [ mi]c[f _hn_ljlcm_, Vio [^^ [h _mm_hnc[f ìolnb mn_j ni

nb_m_ nbl__ inb_l Pn_jm i` ^[n[+nb_ils+jl_^c]ncih* h[g_fs nb_

mn_j i` òff ]iggohc][ncih qcnb siol j__lm, T_ ][h ^_`ch_

siol j__lm [m \_cha j_ijf_ sio nbche ehiq mig_nbcha

[\ion siol [l_[ i` chn_l_mn* j_ijf_ qbim_ ijchcihm sio b[p_

l_mj_]n ìl,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ '&



Pi qb_h sio i\m_lp_ nbcham* sio n_ff inb_l j_ijf_* siol

j__lm* SfOQbZg qb[n sio i\m_lp_^, Qb_s ][h nb_h ai ion [h^

n[e_ [ fiie, Qb_s gcabn nb_h m[s* F q_hn ion [h^ ^c^ nb[n

_rj_lcg_hn il q_hn ni nb[n jf[]_ il ^c^ nb[n g_^cn[ncih n_]b+,

hcko_ [h^ F ^c^h%n hinc]_ nb[n nbcha sio l_jiln_^ ni g_ [n [ff, Egg T_ff* g[s\_ nb_l_ cm mig_nbcha _fm_ sio h__^ ni mj_]+

c`s ch il^_l ìl inb_lm ni \_ [\f_ ni i\m_lp_ qb[n sio l_jiln+

_^, Ll g[s\_ siol il inb_lm% i\m_lp[ncihm q_l_ `f[q_^9 nb_l_

q[m mig_ ech^ i` mbiln]igcha il \c[m,

Ll mig_ih_ _fm_ gcabn m[s* F i\m_lp_^ nbim_ nbcham sio

l_jiln_^ [m ^[n[ qcnb gs h_q moj_l+ôj_l chmnlog_hnm* [h^ F

][h acp_ sio [ gil_ jl_]cm_ l_jiln i` _r[]nfs qb[n cn q[m sio

i\m_lp_^, Pi \s [^^cha nb_ ]iggohc][ncih jli]_mm ni i\m_l+

p[ncih* inb_l j_ijf_ _rj[h^ siol iqh i\m_lp[ncihm* siol iqh

_rj_lc_h]_m* [h^ []n [m [ \l[e_ ih jimmc\f_ \c[m_m sio g[s

b[p_, Qb_ m[g_ nbcha ][h b[jj_h qb_h sio î siol nb_ilct+

cha* qb_h sio _rjf[ch nb_ fiac] i` siol nb_ils ni inb_l j_i+

jf_, Pig_ih_ _fm_ g[s nb_h m[s* T_ff nb[n q[m jl_nns aii^ [n `clmn* \on nb_h ch nbcm _ko[ncih sio m[c^ 0 ) 0 : 1, Pch]_ sio

m[c^ sio q_l_ omcha nb_ fiac] i` il^ch[ls [lcnbg_nc]* nb[n î_m

hin ]igjon_, Pi inb_l j_ijf_ g[s ][n]b siol _llilm ch nb_

fiac] i` siol nb_ils* [h^-il nb_s g[s m[s* >b S_ls aii^,

Kiq F ][h [^^ [ ]b[im nb_ils j_lmj_]ncp_ ni nbcm j[lnc]of[l

nbcha [h^ cn _rjf[chm gil_, Viol nb_ils hiq b[m [ qbif_ h_q

^cg_hmcih [^^_^ ni cn,

Cil Pjclcno[f aliqnb* q_ [fmi ]ig_ oj qcnb nb_ilc_m [h^

oh^_lmn[h^cham \[m_^ ih iol _rj_lc_h]_m-i\m_lp[ncihm* mi q_

][h b[p_ nb_ m[g_ mi]c[f ^cg_hmcih qcnb nb_ l_kocl_g_hn ni ai

ion [h^ n_mn siol jl_^c]ncihm nb[n [l_ \[m_^ ih siol oh^_l+

mn[h^cha, Lnb_l j_ijf_ ][h n_mn siol nb_ils%m cgjfc][ncihm-

jl_^c]ncihm ch ^c``_l_hn* gil_ _rn_hmcp_ q[sm nb[h sio ][h* inb_l j_ijf_ ][h ]iggohc][n_ \[]e ni sio [h^ ]ig_ oj

qcnb inb_l ]ih`clg[ncihm sio gcabn hin b[p_ nbioabn [\ion, Pi

sio a_n [ ^_]c^_^ mi]c[f [^p[hn[a_ ch nb[n siol ch^cpcô[f [\cf+

cnc_m [l_ \inb gofncjfc_^ [h^ ]b_]e_^ \s nb_ [\cfcnc_m i` g[hs,

'' _ =:>5 B4:6>46

Pi m]c_h]_ [h^ Pjclcno[f aliqnb \_]ig_ [ mi]c[f jli]_mm,

Fhmn_[^ i` domn sio [fih_ îcha siol \_mn* \on j_lb[jm \_cha

m_lciomfs \fi]e_^ \s \c[m_m [h^ ^cmnilncihm sio îh%n _p_h

ehiq sio b[p_* inb_l j_ijf_ nls cn ch [ p[lc_ns i` q[sm [h^ nb[n

b_fjm ]igj_hm[n_ ìl qb[n siol j[lnc]of[l mbiln]igcham gcabn \_, Fh nb_ ][m_ i` Pjclcno[f aliqnb* ìl chmn[h]_* sio g[s

f_[lh mig_ g_^cn[ncih n_]bhcko_* jl[]nc]_ cn ìl [ qbcf_ [h^

b[p_ mig_ qih^_lòf _rj_lc_h]_m, I_nm n[e_ [ ]f[mmc][f n_[]b+

cha mnils `lig W_h ?o^^bcmg,

> Pno^_hn b[^ \__h jl[]nc]cha ìl m_p_l[f s_[lm qcnb [ g_^+

cn[ncih n_]bhcko_ i` mchaf_+gch^_^ ]ih]_hnl[ncih ih nb_

\l_[nb, Tbcf_ jl[]nc]cha ih_ ^[s* b_ q[m mo^^_hfs nl[hmjiln+

_^ ni nb_ b_[p_h l_[fgm @i^m [h^ ai^^_mm_m [jj_[l_^ [h^

\iq_^ îqh ni bcg* `fiq_lm l[ch_^ `lig nb_ [cl [h^ mq__n

m]_hnm q[`n_^ \s* [h^ b_ eh_q b_ q[m ?f_mm_^ [h^ @bim_h

>`n_l b_ ][g_ ion i` cn* b_ l[h oj ni nb_ W_h g[mn_l [h^

\l_[nbf_mmfs nif^ nb_ W_h g[mn_l [\ion cn >m b_ q[m q[rcha ih

lb[jmi^c][ffs* nbioab* nb_ W_h g[mn_l chn_llojn_^ [h^ m[c^* Br]om_ g_* q_l_ sio [q[l_ i` siol \l_[nbcha [ff i` nbcm ncg_<

, , , Ki< Di \[]e [h^ jl[]nc]_ gil_* l_g_g\_l ni e__j siol

ì]om ih siol \l_[nb,

Mf_[m_ \_ ]f_[l nb[n F [g hin ^_p[focha ohomo[f* mjclcno+

[f _rj_lc_h]_m ch a_h_l[f b_l_ \s l_]iohncha nbcm n_[]bcha

mnils, Po]b _rj_lc_h]_m* ch inb_l ]ihn_rnm* ][h \_ pcn[f aliqnb

Pn_jm ìl [ j_lmih* [h^ gs Q>PQB q_\ mcn_% cm chn_h^_^ ni

l_mj_]n [h^ `[]cfcn[n_ nb_ mb[lcha i` mo]b _rj_lc_h]_m, ?on qcnb+

ch nb_ ]ihn_rn i` nlscha ni f_[lh ni ]ih]_hnl[n_* ^cmnl[]ncih cm

^cmnl[]ncih* _p_h c` cn m__gm qih^_lòf,

Lnb_l j_ijf_ ][h []n [m [ q[s i` e__jcha sio ì]om_^* [m

[ ]b_]e nb[n sio%l_ ìffiqcha ^cl_]ncihm, Tb_nb_l nb[n ]b_]e

cm ch nb_ ^cl_]ncih i` `l__îg+^_jlcpcha gch^ ]ihnlif* ni

domn \lc_`fs chnliô]_ [ ^cg_hmcih q_ qcff ]ig_ \[]e ni f[n_l*

il qb_nb_l cn%m ch nb_ ^cl_]ncih i` ]f_[lfs ch]l_[mcha nb_ òff

l[ha_ i` siol ehiqf_â_ x q_ff* nb[n [h chn_l_mncha [h^ pcn[f

ko_mncih Fh [ Pjclcno[f ^cm]cjfch_* [ n_[]b_l g[s ch^__^ b_fj

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ '(

sio e__j qc^_hcha siol bilctihm x ch W_h* l[jnoliom _rj_lc+

_h]_m qcnb ai^m [h^ ai^^_mm_m [l_ m__h [m [ ^cp_lmcih nb[n ][h

nolh chni [ m_lciom nl[j* e__jcha nb_ Pno^_hn `lig l_[f _hfcabn+

_hg_hn x il* ih nb_ h_a[ncp_ mc^_* g[s mo\nfs* [h^ mig_ncg_m

hin mi mo\nfs* h[lliq siol _rj_lc_h]_ mi nb[n sio mnij aliqcha,Le[s* F%p_ acp_h sio [h chnliô]ncih ni nb_ _mm_hnc[f

m]c_h]_ \[]ealioh^ F%g \lchacha ni iol qile ni^[s, Bmm_hnc[f

m]c_h]_ cm ni a_n ion nb_l_ [h^ m__ qb[n b[jj_hm* i\m_lp_* a_n

nb_ `[]nm* a_n nb_ ^[n[ qb_nb_l cn%m ionmc^_ mno`` il siol iqh il

inb_lm% _rj_lc_h]_, Qb_h sio ai [h^ `caol_ ion qb[n nb[n%m [ff

[\ion* nb_ilct_* nls ni \_ fiac][f [\ion siol nbchecha* [h^

e__j cn oj ohncf sio `__f sio oh^_lmn[h^, Lh]_ sio oh^_l+

mn[h^* îh%n \_ m[ncm`c_^ qcnb nb[n >b[ `__fcha* nbioab9 n_mn

nb_ ]ihm_ko_h]_m i` nb_ fiac] i` siol nb_ils, F` nb_s îh%n

qile* ]ig_ oj qcnb [ h_q nb_ils* [h^ c` nb_s î qile* `ch_

H__j qilecha qcnb cn [h^ l_`ch_ cn,

Kiq nb_l_ cm [h chn_l_mncha jms]bifiac][f _p_hn nb[n b[j+

j_hm nb[n%m j[lnc]of[lfs cgjiln[hn ni oh^_lmn[h^ qcnb [ m]c_h+nc`c][ffs ilc_hn_^ alioj fce_ nbcm, Pig_ncg_m* qcnbch m]c_h]_*

q_ a_n [ nb_ils nb[n cm l_[ffs* l_[ffs aii^* [ moj_l nb_ils, Lh_

nb_ils* ih_ h_q q[s i` oh^_lmn[h^cha nbcham* mo^^_hfs g[e_m

mi go]b m_hm_ ion i` [fgimn _p_lsnbcha ]ihmc^_l_^ cgjiln[hn

ch nb_ `c_f^ nb[n j_ijf_ hiq ìla_n nb[n nb_ _mm_h]_ i` m]c_h]_

cm nb[n nb_ ^[n[ cm OZeOga qb[n%m gimn cgjiln[hn* nb[n nb_ilc_m

[l_ cgjiln[hn \on OZeOga mo\d_]n ni n_mn, Fhmn_[^ nb_s cgjfc]cn+

fs `__f nb[n nb_s hiq ehiq nb_ G`cbV&

E_l_* F%ff ^lij nbcm n[j_ ][mm_nn_ \ir [a[ch, Le[s* qbs î_m

nbcm `[ff< F%g mol_ nb_ qil^m nb[n [onig[nc][ffs ]ig_ ni [ fin

i` j_ijf_%m gch^m cm cn `_ff \_][om_ i` nb_ Lj_l[ncih i` nb_ I[q

i` Dl[pcns* qcnb [ ][jcn[f I ih nb[n f[q, Tb_h [ moj_l nb_i+

ls ]ig_m [fiha* qb_h nb_ ÔÒRWU[$ [m Qbig[m Hobh &Hobh

/740' ][ff_^ cn* ]ig_m [fiha* q_ g[e_ [ mo\nc_ \on p_ls

cgjiln[hn jms]bifiac][f Pn_j qb_l_ q_ ìla_n nb[n `[]nm* ^[n[*

_rj_lc_h]_* [l_ jlcg[ls* [h^ chmn_[^ q_ hiq \_]ig_ ech^ i`

[llia[hn, T_ [l_ mi mg[ln* q_ `caol_^ ion nb_m_ òh^[g_hn[f

') _ =:>5 B4:6>46



f[qm i` nb_ ohcp_lm_

Kiq [ j[l[^cag î_m [ fin i` aii^ ìl [ `c_f^ i` m]c_h]_

ch g[hs q[sm, > nb_ils nb[n i\pciomfs qilem p_ls q_ff n_h^m

ni nb_h ncabnfs ì]om m]c_hncmnm% _`ìlnm ch nb[n `c_f^* mi nb_s ][h

chp_mnca[n_ jb_hig_h[ ch cgg_hm_ ^_n[cf* qbc]b `l_ko_hnfs

[fmi f_[^m ni al_[n jlial_mm, Hobh ][ff_^ nb_ mn[a_ [`n_l [ j[l[+

^cag ^_p_fij_^ ìl [ `c_f^* f_[^cha ni m]c_hnc`c] []ncpcns qcnb+

ch nb_ aoc^cha `l[g_qile i` nb_ j[l[^cag* \]`[OZ aQWS\QS& Qb_

j[l[^cag _rjfc]cnfs [h^ cgjfc]cnfs ì]om_m j_ijf_ ih mcahc`c+

][hn jli\f_gm ch nb_ `c_f^ ni l_`ch_* l[nb_l nb[h b[pcha nb_cl

_`ìlnm \_ m][nn_l_^,

Qb_ h_a[ncp_ mc^_ i` j[l[^cag[nc] m]c_h]_ ]ig_m* `clmn*

`lig nb_ [nncno^_ i` [llia[h]_* qb_nb_l nb[n [nncno^_ cm ]ih+

m]ciom [h^ _rjfc]cn il oh]ihm]ciom [h^ cgjfc]cn, Q[echa nb[n

[nncno^_ i` ehiqcha Qlonb* F hiq cgjfc]cnfs il _rjfc]cnfs nbche*

Pch]_ F oh^_lmn[h^ _p_lsnbcha cgjiln[hn [\ion &gs j[ln i`'

O_[fcns* c` sio g_hncih [hsnbcha ni g_ nb[n î_mh%n i\pciomfs

g[e_ m_hm_ qcnbch gs j[l[^cag* sio%l_ _cnb_l cahil[hn il mig_ ech^ i` ìif* [h^ F îh%n b[p_ ni q[mn_ gs ncg_ fcmn_hcha

ni sio, Qb_ j[l[^cag[nc] [nncno^_ cm hin kocn_ nb[n i\pciom

gimn i` nb_ ncg_ \on nb[n%m nb_ _``_]n cn b[m, Fn h[lliqm j_ijf_%m

ij_hh_mm ni fiie [n [ff [mj_]nm i` l_[fcns, Qb_ `[]n nb[n j_ijf_

g[echa ]f[cgm nb[n îh%n g[e_ m_hm_ qcnbch nb_ j[l[^cag

mig_ncg_m nolh ion ni \_ cahil[hn il ìifm l_chìl]_m nbcm

[nncno^_ nb[n q_ [fl_[^s ehiq _p_lsnbcha cgjiln[hn [h^ [hs+

ih_ qbi g[e_m ]f[cgm nb[n îh%n `cn nb_ j[l[^cag [cab \_

gcmn[e_h il [ ìif,

Qb_ m_]ih^ jli\f_g cm nb[n nb_ j[l[^cag h[lliqm siol

j_l]_jncih \_][om_ cn%m \__h mi mo]]_mmòf, Fn ^_`ch_m qb[n%m

cgjiln[hn ni chp_mnca[n_ òlnb_l [h^ qb[n%m hin cgjiln[hn*

qb[n%m nlcpc[f [h^ g[s \_ cahil_^, Fn ^_`ch_m ]_ln[ch jli\+f_gm* [h^ a_nncha `ch_l [h^ `ch_l mifoncihm i` nb_g &qcnbch nb_

j[l[^cag' \_]ig_m nb_ ]il_ qile i` nb_ ^cm]cjfch_* [h^ cn

g[e_m inb_l nbcham nlcpc[f il higch[ffs i` hi cgjiln[h]_

qb[nmi_p_l, Qb[n* ]iojf_^ qcnb nb_ n_h^_h]s ni [onig[nc]

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ '*



[llia[h]_* _mm_hnc[ffs g_[hm [ j[l[^cag cm [ nl_g_hîomfs

h[lliq ì]omcha, Vio%p_ ain [ n_f_m]ij_ il [ gc]lim]ij_* [m cn

q_l_, Tcnbch nbim_ chmnlog_hnm% `c_f^m sio m__ p_ls* p_ls q_ff*

\on sio n_h^ hin ni m__ nbcham ionmc^_ nb_cl `c_f^m i` pc_q [n

[ff, F` j_ijf_ g_hncih nbcham ionmc^_ nbim_ `c_f^m* sio n_h^ ni jcns nb_m_ jiil ìifm nb[n îh%n b[p_ [ hc]_ gc]lim]ij_ il n_f+

_m]ij_ fce_ sio* qbi îh%n ehiq [hsnbcha,

Le[s* q_ [l_ [ff g_g\_lm i` `c_f^m i` ehiqf_â_ îgc+

h[n_^ \s p[lciom j[l[^cagm, T_ [l_ [ff cgg_lm_^ ch g[hs j[l+

[^cagm* \inb chn_lfi]echa [h^ ohl_f[n_^* mcgjfs \s \_cha

g_g\_lm i` T_mn_lh ]ofnol_* hin ni g_hncih [hs mj_]c`c]

m]c_hnc`c] ^cm]cjfch_ q_%p_ \__h nl[ch_^ ch, >h^ \s [h^ f[la_*

q_ îh%n ehiq q_ b[p_ nb_g8 j[l[^cagm n_h^ ni \_]ig_

oh]ihm]ciom,

Tb_h F niie jbsmc]m ch bcab m]biif [h^ @iff_a_* hi ih_

n[oabn g_ [\ion nb_ bVS]`g i` al[pcns* \on nb[n%m l_[ffs qb[n nb_

mi+][ff_^ I[q i` Dl[pcns []no[ffs cm, Qb_ c^_[ nb[n g[mm_m b[p_

[h chb_l_hn [nnl[]ncih ìl _[]b inb_l* nb[n cm [ nb_ils, Fn g[e_m _r]_ff_hn m_hm_ ion i` _hilgiom g[mm_m i` ^[n[* \on cn%m [ nb_+

ils [h^* ch jlch]cjf_* cn%m mo\d_]n ni gil_ n_mnm, ?on hi\i^s

_p_l n[oabn g_ nb[n, Qb_s n[oabn g_ [\ion nb_ I[q i` Dl[pcns*

[h^ i\pciomfs sio ][h%n b[p_ [hs _r]_jncihm ni nb_ I[q,

T_ b[p_ j[l[^cagm ch nb_ m_hm_ i` b[\cnm i` nbchecha* q[sm

ch qbc]b iol gch^ [onig[nc][ffs ì]om_m ch ]_ln[ch ^cl_]ncihm

oh^_l ]_ln[ch ]cl]ogmn[h]_m [h^* \s [h^ f[la_* nb_m_ b[\cnm*

nb_m_ cgjfc]cn j[l[^cagm* ]ig_ ni m__g h[nol[f, T_ îh%n

_p_h ehiq q_ b[p_ nb_m_ b[\cnm, Qb[n%m domn nb_ h[nol[f q[s

ni nbche,

B[lfs Mms]bifias [m [ P]c_h]_ i` Jch^

Lol jl_m_h]_ [n nbcm Qiq[l^ > P]c_h]_ i` @ihm]ciomh_mm

@ih`_l_h]_ ch^c][n_m nb[n q_ q[hn [ m]c_h]_ i` gch^, Tb_h

jms]bifias mn[ln_^ ion [m [ h_q `c_f^ ch nb_ f[mn @_hnols* cn q[m

aicha ni \_ [ m]c_h]_ i` gch^, Fn q[m aicha ni ìffiq nb_ lof_m

i` _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_, T_ qiof^ a_n mig_ nl[ch_^ i\m_lp_lm qbi

'+ _ =:>5

B4:6>46

qiof^ i\m_lp_ ]_ln[ch [mj_]nm i` nb_ q[s nb_ gch^ òh]ncihm

[h^ l_jiln ih nb_g* nbom a_h_l[ncha iol ^[n[, T_ qiof^ nb_h

]ig_ oj qcnb nb_ilc_m ni _rjf[ch nb_m_ i\m_lp[ncihm* ai ih ni

n_mn [h^ l_`ch_ nb_ nb_ilc_m [h^ mi ìlnb* ìffiqcha nb_ jli]_mm

i` _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_,Tb[n b[jj_h_^< Qbcm [nn_gjn `[cf_^ gcm_l[\fs, T_ _h^_^

oj b[pcha jligch_hn f[\il[nilc_m* g[hs ch D_lg[hs* qbi

b[^ nb_cl nl[ch_^ chnlimj_]ncp_m* nb_cl i\m_lp_lm* qbi qiof^

m[s* Qb_ n[mn_ i` ]bi]if[n_ cm mgiinb* [h^ [hinb_l f[\il[ni+

ls qbim_ chnlimj_]ncp_m qiof^ m[s nb[n nb_ n[mn_ i` ]bi]if[n_

cm i\pciomfs \ogjs, &Qb_m_ [l_ hin []no[f _r[gjf_m* domn nb_

ech^ i` nbcha nb[n b[jj_h_^,'

Kiq* cn%m b[l^ ni ^_p_fij [hs m]c_h]_ c` j_ijf_ ][h%n [al__

ih nb_ \[mc] ^[n[, F` sio ][h%n mn[ln ion qcnb ]f_[l [h^ l_fc[\f_

i\m_lp[ncihm i` qb[n%m ion nb_l_* siol nb_ilctcha [\ion cn

î_mh%n g[e_ [ff nb[n go]b m_hm_, Fhnlimj_]ncp_ jms]bifias*

iol `clmn gi^_lh [nn_gjn ni ]l_[n_ [ m]c_h]_ i` gch^* `[cf_^*

[h^ q[m l_jf[]_^ \s lcac^ ?_b[pcilcmg* qbc]b _mm_hnc[ffs

^_]l__^* Fahil_ _p_lsnbcha nb[n ai_m ih chmc^_ nb_ gch^ [h^

q_%ff fiie ihfs [n biq j_ijf_ \_b[p_, L\m_lp[ncihm i` \_b[p+

cil [l_ l_fc[\f_ \on l_jilnm i` _rj_lc_h]_ [l_ hin* mi q_ ][h

\ocf^ [ m]c_h]_ i` \_b[pcil, ?on chnlimj_]ncih cm bij_f_mm,

L\m_lpcha \_b[pcil cm ch^__^ `[l gil_ l_fc[\f_ nb[h nlscha

ni i\m_lp_ _rj_lc_h]_8 sio ][h a_n [ boh^l_^ j_l]_hn [al__+

g_hn ih qb_nb_l il hin F fc`n oj nbcm n[j_ \ir [h^ jon cn îqh

[n nbcm ncg_* \on jli\[\fs `[l f_mm nb[h [ boh^l_^ j_l]_hn

[al__g_hn ih qb[n F l_[ffs g_[hn ni cffomnl[n_ \s îcha nb[n,

Pno^scha \_b[pcil b[m \__h l_[ffs om_òf* nb_l_ cm hi îo\n

[\ion nb[n, ?on qb_h sio m[s mno^scha \_b[pcil cm nb_ ]\Zg

nbcha sio ][h jimmc\fs \_ m]c_hnc`c] [\ion [h^ ]ig_ oj qcnb [

qilnbqbcf_ jms]bifias [\ion* nb[n%m mcffs, Vio%p_ nbliqh ion nii g[hs i` nb_ gimn chn_l_mncha nbcham ch fc`_,

Pi qb[n b[jj_h_^ qcnb nb_ _[lfs chnlimj_]ncihcmnm< Tbs

^c^ nbcm `clmn [nn_gjn [n [ T_mn_lh m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm `[cf<

F [g [q[l_ i` m_p_l[f jli\f_gm qb_h F fiie \[]e ih nb[n

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ ',

bcmnils, Cil ih_ nbcha* nb_s \_fc_p_^ nb_s q_l_ b[pcha chnli+

mj_]ncih îh_ ih p[lciom jb_hig_h[ \s nl[ch_^ i\m_lp_lm,

Tb[n q[m [ bÒW\SR i\m_lp_l< Pig_ih_ qbi b[^ l_]_cp_^

/.+0. biolm i` jl[]nc]_ ch biq ni i\m_lp_ mig_ j[lnc]of[l

jb_hig_hih, >l_ nb_s l_[ffs nl[ch_^<F` sio fiie `lig nb_ j_lmj_]ncp_ i` [h B[mn_lh jms]bifiac+

][f nl[^cncih* ?o^^bcmg* qb_l_ j_ijf_ qile ih i\m_lpcha nb_

gch^ qcnb n_]bhcko_m nb[n q_%l_ aicha ni Pn[ln n[fecha [\ion

[h^ jl[]nc]cha ch [ `_q gchon_m* nb_s q_l_ hin, Qb_ a_h_l[f

aoc^_fch_ F%p_ ainn_h `lig m_p_l[f _rj_lc_h]_^ n_[]b_lm i`

?o^^bcmn g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ cm nb[n [`n_l j_lb[jm 3*... biolm

i` \[mc] g_^cn[ncih nl[chcha* [ j_lmih cm a_nncha chni [ jimcncih

ni []no[ffs \_ach ni i\m_lp_ mig_nbcha qilnbqbcf_* chmn_[^ i`

\_cha ][oabn oj ch nb_cl iqh ^_fomcihm Lol _[lfs chnlimj_]+

ncihcmn i\m_lp_lm l_[ffs b[^ hi ]f_[l c^_[ biq ni i\m_lp_ nb_cl

gch^m9 nb_s q_l_ nin[ffs ohnl[ch_^ \s ?o^^bcmn Pn[h^[l^m,

I_n g_ om_ [hinb_l [h[fias ni \lcha nb[n jichn big_* nii,

Qbcm cm [ Echô [h[fias* qbc]b m[sm nb[n ch nb_ ^_jnbm i` iol gch^m [l_ al_[n nl_[mol_m x \on nb_l_ cm [ jli\f_g ch a_nncha

nb_g, Lol gch^m [l_ fce_ [ f[e_ ih qbc]b [ mnilg cm \fiqcha,

Qb_ q[n_lm [l_ ]ihmn[hnfs [acn[n_^, Tb_h sio nls ni fiie

nblioab nb_ mol`[]_ i` nb_ f[e_ ni m__ nb_ nl_[mol_m ch nb_

^_jnbm* sio a_h_l[ffs ][h%n m__ nb_g* il sio g[s mig_ncg_m

a_n [ gig_hn[ls* \on a_h_l[ffs ^cmniln_^* afcgjm_ i` nb_g

\_][om_ i` nb_ [acn[ncih i` nb_ q[n_l, Tb[n sio nbche cm b_l_ cm

[]no[ffs ip_l nb_l_* mct_ [h^ mb[j_ [l_ ^cmniln_^* _n], Ki q[s

[l_ sio aicha ni ]f_[lfs m__ nb_ nl_[mol_m ch nb_ ^_jnbm ohncf

sio f_[lh ni mncff nb_ q[p_m \s ][fgcha nb_ mnilg, Rhncf sio

f_[lh ni mncff nb[n ch]l_^c\f_ [acn[ncih nb[n cm il^ch[ls ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm* [acn[ncih nb[n cm mi b[\cno[f sio b[l^fs _p_h hinc]_

cn* sio ][h ìla_n [\ion i\m_lpcha nb_ l_[ffs qilnbqbcf_ mno``* nb_ nl_[mol_m nb[n [l_ chmc^_ siol gch^,

Pi nb_l_ q[m ih_ g[dil `[cfcha i` chnlimj_]ncp_ jms]bifi+

as, Qb_s b[^ hi c^_[ biq go]b nl[chcha cn niie* hil biq ni

nl[ch j_ijf_ ni \_ach ni [ffiq [ h_q ech^ i` ^_jnb i\m_lp[+

'- _ =:>5 B4:6>46



ncih i` iol iqh gch^m ni \_ jimmc\f_,

P_]ih^fs* nb_l_ q[m [ g[dil jli\f_g i` \c[m, F g_hncih_^

[ `_q gchon_m [ai nb[n b[pcha [ Pjclcno[f g_hnil ][h \_ [ p_ls

b_fjòf ]iggohc][ncih jli]_mm* fce_ nb_ òff [h^ bih_mn ]ig+

gohc][ncihm jli]_mm ch _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_* nb[n g[s b_fj sio ni

_rj[h^ siol bilctihm [m sio ^cm]ip_l nbcham [\ion siol iqh

gch^* il nb[n cn g[s []n [m [ ìlg i` nbioabn ]ihnlif* [m [ ìlg

i` Cila_n nb[n _rj_lc_h]_* ]ih]_hnl[n_ ih nbcm _rj_lc_h]_

\_][om_ cn cm î]nlch[ffs ]ill_]n* il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n, T_

b[^ [ mcgcf[l \c[m jli\f_g ch _[lfc_l chnlimj_]ncp_ jms]bifias,

O_g_g\_l go]b i` cn q[m îh_ ch D_lg[hs* [ bcabfs [onbilc+

n[lc[h ]ofnol_ [n nb_ ncg_, Qb_ chnlimj_]nilm q_l_ f[\il[nils

[mmcmn[hnm qilecha ìl E_ll Ai]nil Mli`_mmil Dl_[n J[h* qbi

b[^ bcm iqh nb_ilc_m [\ion qb[n mbiof^ \_ i\m_lp_^, Qi m[s

nb[n \c[m gcabn b[p_ \__h ]iggohc][n_^ [n ncg_m [m ni qb[n

nb_s q_l_ mojjim_^ ni m__* cm jli\[\fs ni jon cn gcf^fs,

Pi* q_ b[p_ nqi _mm_hnc[f _f_g_hnm ni nbche [\ion nb_h c`

q_%l_ aicha ni _mn[\fcmb [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm ^S` aS& F îh%n g_[h mig_ inb_l `c_f^ nb[n nb_h _rjf[chm ]ihm]ciomh_mm OeOg$

\on [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm ^S` aS$ qb_l_ ^cl_]n* chn_lcil

i\m_lp[ncih i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm cm nb_ jlcg[ls `c_f^ i` ^[n[, Qb_

`clmn cm nb[n q_%p_ ain ni ]on îqh nb_ [acn[ncih i` il^ch[ls*

_p_ls^[s ]ihm]ciomh_mm mi nb[n q_ b[p_ [ ]b[h]_ i` m__cha

j[mn nb_ mol`[]_ i` nb_ f[e_* [h^ nb_ m_]ih^ cm nb[n q_ b[p_ ni \_

p_ls ][l_òf i` ]l_[ncha \c[m_m* il hin l_]iahctcha [fl_[^s _rcmn+

cha \c[m_m* nb[n [l_ aicha ni ^cmniln qb[n cn cm q_ g[h[a_ ni m__,

Le[s* q_%p_ b[^ nii go]b nb_ils ìl [ qilembij nb[n

chn_h^m ni _gjb[mct_ _rj_lc_hnc[f qile* \on F q[lh_^ sio* F%g

[ nbioabn[bifc] ?on F%g mol_ F%g hin nb_ ihfs nbioabn[+

bifc] ch nb_ liig* mi cn%m \__h cgjiln[hn ni _mn[\fcmb [ \[mcm

ìl m]c_hnc`c][ffs ilc_hn_^ j_ijf_ ni `ch^ cn f_acncg[n_ [h^ m_h+mc\f_ ni qile qcnb g_^cn[ncih [h^ gch^òfh_mm, F ][h%n b_fj

a_nncha ]ih]_jno[f [n ncg_m* [h^ F qcff ohîo\n_^fs mb[l_

gil_ ]ih]_jno[f g[n_lc[f qcnb sio i`` [h^ ih [ff nblioab nb_

^[s* \on f_n%m []no[ffs \_ach hiq qcnb mig_ jl[]nc]_,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ '.



@E>MQBO 0

4UTJLTYWHYP[L =LKPYHYPUT

:wg [mmogcha gimn i` sio [l_ l_f[ncp_fs h_q il nin[ffs h_q

ni mig_nbcha fce_ g_^cn[ncih, F` sio%l_ [ l_[ffs [^p[h]_^

g_^cn[nil sio%l_ aicha ni \_ ^cm[jjichn_^ ch g_

Fn%m òhhs* qb_h nb_ Qo]mih FFF @ih`_l_h]_ jlial[g ][g_

ion* ih_ i` gs g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm* qbi F nbche cm ih_ i` nb_

\_mn g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm ch nb_ qilf^* ][ff_^ g_ oj* [h^ m[c^

F m[q sio qcff \_ acpcha [ qilembij ih g_^cn[ncih [h^

gch^òfh_mm, Qbcm cm Pbcht_h Vioha* qbi F qcff l_]igg_h^

[hsncg_ [m [ g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_l, F nbioabn Lb \is Qb_ l_[f

n_[]b_l b[m ][oabn g_ `[echa cn Pi F nif^ bcg T_ff fiie*

sio ehiq* qb_h sio%l_ [lioh^, F%g domn [ Pno^_hn* \on ìl nb_

g[h ch nb_ mnl__n* F [g [ jl_nns aii^ g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_l,

Fh `[]n* []no[ffs F%g [h _mj_]c[ffs aii^ g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_l

ìl hipc]_m qb_h cn ]ig_m ni nb_ RWTTWQcZbWSa i` f_[lhcha g_^c+

n[ncih* \_][om_ F%p_ _rj_lc_h]_^ nb_g [ff* \on hi ih_ qiof^

_p_l ][ff g_ [ l_[ffs aii^ il n[f_hn_^ g_^cn[nil, F%p_ mnloaaf_^ [n

f_hanb ni a_n nb_ fcnnf_ \cn i` ehiqf_â_ i` g_^cn[ncih nb[n

=:>5 B4:6>46 !(&

F b[p_* mi F ][h m[s nbcham [\ion nb_ ^c``c]ofnc_m nb[n j_ijf_

_rj_lc_h]_ nb[n g[s \_ g_[hchaòf,

>ff lcabn* f_n%m gip_ ih nb_h, F%g aicha ni n_[]b nbl__

g[dil n_]bhcko_m ni^[s, Lh_ i` nb_g cm Q]\QS\bÒbWdS [SRWbO%

bW]\& Qbcm cm nb_ \[mc] koc_ncha [h^ ì]omcha _r_l]cm_, Qbcm cm nb_ ih_ ni ]on îqh nb[n l[acha g_hn[f mnilg mi sio Pn[ln ni

b[p_ [ ]b[h]_ i` fiiecha [n qb[n%m oh^_lh_[nb nb_ mol`[]_ i`

il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciomh_mm, Fh m]c_hnc`c] n_lgm* cn%m ]f_[hcha nb_

chmnlog_hn* [m cn q_l_* mi sio b[p_ [ ]b[h]_ [n g[echa om_òf

i\m_lp[ncihm chmn_[^ i` domn fiiecha [n [ff nb_ ômn ih siol

gc]lim]ij_ f_hm, @ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih cm [fmi p_ls om_òf

ch g[hs inb_l q[sm* \on F%g jcn]bcha cn ni^[s jlcg[lcfs ch

n_lgm i` g[echa \_nn_l i\m_lp[ncihm jimmc\f_,

Qb_ m_]ih^ n_]bhcko_ qbc]b F%ff jli\[\fs a_n chni nbcm

gilhcha [fmi cm ]^S\W\U c^ [SRWbObW]\$ ]iggihfs ehiq ch

Bhafcmb [m chmcabn g_^cn[ncih, Lh]_ sio b[p_ mn[ln_^ ni ][fg

îqh nb[n mnilg ih nb_ mol`[]_* qb[n î sio fiie [n< Eiq î

sio fiie nblioab nb_ mol`[]_ ni m__ qb[n sio ][h m__<F` nb_m_ nqi n_]bhcko_m q_l_ nb_ ihfs nbcham F n[oabn sio

ni^[s* sio%^ b[p_ [ ]iojf_ i` p_ls chn_l_mncha niifm ch fc`_,

Qb_s qiof^ \_ mo``c]c_hn ni Pn[ln sio qilecha ih [ m]c_h]_ i`

]ihm]ciomh_mm, F m[s FbO`b$ \_][om_ F b[p_ hi ^_fomcihm nb[n

[hs\i^s cm fc[\f_ ni \_]ig_ [h _rj_ln g_^cn[nil [m [ l_mofn i`

[ ih_ ^[s qilembij* \on ni^[s%m qile qcff acp_ sio [h c^_[ i`

nb_ ^cl_]ncih sio ]iof^ ai [h^ sio%ff b[p_ niifm nb[n ]iof^

mn[ln sio ih nb_ jimmc\cfcns i` ]l_[ncha [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciom+

h_mm* _cnb_l domn ìl siolm_f`* ch n_lgm i` oh^_lmn[h^cha siol

iqh gch^ [h^ m_f` \_nn_l [h^ fcpcha [ \_nn_l fc`_ [m [ ]ihm_+

ko_h]_* il ch \_achhcha ni ]ihnlc\on_ ni [ f[la_l mi]c[f _hn_l+

jlcm_ i` ^cm]cjfch_^ i\m_lp_lm []no[ffs [\f_ ni i\m_lp_ nb_cl

iqh gch^m gil_ ]f_[lfs* mn[lncha ni mb[l_ nb_cl i\m_lp[ncihm*

[h^ ]ihnlc\oncha ni [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm ch [ gil_ a_h+

_l[f m_hm_,

Viol qile qcnb domn nb_m_ nqi g_^cn[ncp_ n_]bhcko_m

qiof^ c^_[ffs \_ îh_ mcnncha ch [ koc_n jf[]_* omo[ffs [fih_ il

(' _ =:>5 B4:6>46

qcnb inb_l j_ijf_ qbi [l_ \_cha koc_n [h^ g_^cn[ncp_, Dcp_h

biq ch]l_^c\fs bollc_^ [h^ mnl_mm_^ ion _p_ls hilg[f j_l+

mih ch >g_lc][ cm hiq[^[sm* n_[]bcha [hs\i^s [ n_]bhcko_

qb_l_ sio ][h mcn mncff [h^ \_ chn_lh[ffs koc_n_l ìl [ `_q

gchon_m [ ^[s cm qih^_lòf Fn%m l_[ffs aii^ ìl siol b_[fnb,Brn_lh[f koc_n cm al_[n* \on F%p_ h_p_l \__h chn_l_mn_^ ch fcp+

cha ch [ gih[mn_ls* [h^ gimn j_ijf_ [l_ hin* mi nb_ ko_mncih

[lcm_m* biq î sio [jjfs nbcm [\cfcns gil_ a_h_l[ffs< Vio ][h

f_[lh ni koc_n siol gch^ [h^ nb_h m__ nbcham gil_ ]f_[lfs* mi

biq î sio [jjfs cn ch _p_ls^[s fc`_< Fh iol [`n_lhiih P_mmcih

F%ff ì]om jlcg[lcfs ih n_[]bcha sio biq ni mn[ln [jjfscha

nb_m_ mecffm q_ qile qcnb nbcm gilhcha [m j[ln i` siol _p_ls+

^[s fc`_, >m j[ln i` n_[]bcha nbcm* `lig nbcm jichn ih* chmi`[l [m

F ][h l_g_g\_l ni î cn* F%ff \_ jl[]nc]cha [ ech^ i` g_^cn[ncih

[m F mn[h^ b_l_ n[fecha ni sio* l[nb_l nb[h domn \_cha fimn ch gs

omo[f nbioabn[bifc] bcha_, Qi nb_ _rn_hn ni qbc]b F [g [\f_

ni î nbcm* gs bij_* \[m_^ ih gs jl_pciom _rj_lc_h]_* cm nb[n

F%ff \_ [\f_ ni acp_ sio mig_nbcha _rnl[* mig_nbcha p_ls ^c`+`c]ofn ni n[fe [\ion* nb[n qcff b_fj siol f_[lhcha, Qb[n cm* F qcff

\_ gi^_fcha gch^òfh_mm ch _p_ls^[s fc`_ [m go]b [m F ][h,

?[mc] @ih]_hnl[ncp_ J_^cn[ncih

O_g_g\_l* nb_ \[mc] jli\f_g cm nb_ ihaicha* b[\cno[f [ac+

n[ncih i` nb_ il^ch[ls gch^, Tb_h gimn j_ijf_ [l_ n[oabn

]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih* cn cm p_ls ]iggih ìl nb_g* [`n_l

nb_s nls cn ìl [ qbcf_* ni m[s mig_nbcha fce_* F%g hin mol_ F

fce_ nbcm mno``, Fn g[e_m gs gch^ l[]_ [h^ ai ]l[ts Qb_h nb_s

b[p_ ni f_[lh ìl nb_gm_fp_m* il \_ nif^ nb[n* \[m_^ ih qb[n

j_ijf_ qbi [l_ gil_ _rj_lc_h]_^ oh^_lmn[h^* Ki* g_^cn[+

ncih î_m hin g[e_ siol gch^ l[]_ [h^ ai ]l[ts, Viol gch^

l[]_m [h^ ai_m ]l[ts [ff nb_ ncg_9 nb[n%m siol %hilg[f% mn[n_, Fn q[m nb_ []n i` fiiecha [n cn [h^-il nlscha ni mfiq cn îqh nb[n

g[^_ sio [q[l_ i` mig_nbcha nb[n%m b[jj_hcha [ff nb_ ncg_,

Hhiqcha nb[n* sio g[s \_ [\f_ ni î mig_nbcha [\ion cn,

Pi \[mc] ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih cm ni ][fg [h^ koc_n nb_

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ ((

gch^, F [g n_gjn_^ ni m[s mncff nb_ gch^* \on nb[n%m `[l nii

[\mifon_ [ q[s i` jonncha cn [h^ _l_]nm ohh_]_mm[ls \[llc_lm,

Qb_ \[mc] chmnlo]ncihm [l_ p_ls mcgjf_, Ccb g]c` [W\R ]\ ]\S

bVW\U O\R YSS^ Wb bVS`S& Qb[n%m cn Qb_ []no[f jl[]nc]_ l_kocl_m [

fcnnf_ \cn gil_ mecff, Fn l_kocl_m [ fcnnf_ \cn gil_ chmnlo]ncih,Qi jl[]nc]_ koc_ncha [h^ ì]omcha siol gch^* cn%m omo[ffs

kocn_ b_fjòf ni koc_n [h^ l_f[r siol \i^s [h^ siol _hpclih+

g_hn ni \_ach qcnb, Tb_h sio a_n aii^ [n cn* sio ][h jl[]nc]_

g_^cn[ncih ih nb_ K_q Vile mo\q[s, J_[hqbcf_* [hs ech^ i`

[acn[n_^ Pcno[ncih g[e_m g_^cn[ncih ]ihmc^_l[\fs gil_ ^c``c+

]ofn \_][om_ iol gch^m [l_ mi ^lcp_h \s iol m_hmils cgjl_m+

mcihm, F` nb_l_ [l_ [ fin i` nbcham b[jj_hcha ionmc^_* sio îh%n

b[p_ go]b i` [ ]b[h]_, Pi nb_ a_h_l[f chmnlo]ncihm ìl n_[]b+

cha j_ijf_ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih [l_9 `clmn* a_n ch [ koc_n

jf[]_, Kin qb_l_ nb_ jbih_%m aicha ni lcha* hin qb_l_ nb_

l[^ci il QS cm jf[scha* hin qb_l_ j_ijf_ [l_ aicha ni q[fe ch

[h^ n[fe ni sio* \on qb_l_ sio ][h \_ oh^cmnol\_^ ìl nb_

j_lci^ i` jl[]nc]_, Qb[n g_[hm ]fimcha nb_ îil* n_ffcha siol `[gcfs* c` sio%l_ îcha nbcm [n big_* F%g mills* Jiggs il

A[^^s cm hin [p[cf[\f_ ìl nb_ h_rn nq_hns gchon_m ìl [hs+

nbcha mbiln i` [ fc`_ nbl_[n_hcha _g_la_h]s, V_m* F mncff fip_ sio*

\on F h__^ nb_ ncg_ [fih_* ie[s< Qb_ mi]c[f jl[]nc][fcns j[ln

b[m ni \_ qile_^ ion,

Qb_ m_]ih^ j[ln i` koc_ncha siol _hpclihg_hn cm ni l_ô]_

nb_ ncg_ jl_mmol_ i` [ bollc_^* m]b_ôf_^ fc`_, S_ls `_q i` om

b[p_ nb_ forols i` m[scha* Le[s F%ff domn mcn îqh [h^ Pn[ln ni

g_^cn[n_ ìl [m fiha [m F `__f fce_ cn, T_ b[p_ [h [jjichng_hn

]igcha oj ch b[f` [h biol il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n* mi ncg_

h__^m ni \_ e_jn nl[]e i`, Tb_h sio a_n l_f[ncp_fs jl[]nc]_^ [n

g_^cn[ncih* cn%m hi \ca ^_[f ni Fhn_llojn nb_ g_^cn[ncih ìl [

gig_hn ni fiie [n siol q[n]b ih]_ ch [ qbcf_, Tb_h sio%l_

chcnc[ffs nlscha ni f_[lh ni g_^cn[n_* nb[n%m p_ls ^cmnl[]ncha ni

î, Bmj_]c[ffs \_][om_ ih_ i` nb_ g[dil ^cmnl[]ncihm siol gch^

qcff nbliq [n sio qcff \_ ]ihmn[hn nbioabn%m [\ion Eiq fiha

b[p_ F \__h îcha nbcm< D__ cn gomn \_ ncg_ ni mnij* mol_fs nb_

() _ =:>5 B4:6>46



`c`n__h gchon_m [l_ oj Dcpcha ch ni qillscha [\ion ]b_]echa

nb_ ncg_ cm [ q[s i` ch]l_[mcha nb_ mnilg ih nb_ mol`[]_ i` nb_

f[e_ [h^ mi _hb[h]cha nb_ ^cmnl[]ncihm,

Qb_ mcgjf_mn mifoncih ni nb_ ncgcha jli\f_g cm b[pcha

mig_ ech^ i` ncg_l qb_h sio%l_ jl[]nc]cha \s siolm_f`, Qbcm n[e_m [ g[dil fi[^ i`` siol gch^, M[lecha g_n_l ncg_lm il ^ca+

cn[f q[n]b_m qcnb [f[lg òh]ncihm il ncgcha òh]ncihm [l_ l_[^+

cfs [p[cf[\f_,

Fn%m [fmi [ aii^ c^_[* ohf_mm [ fc`_+nbl_[n_hcha _g_la_h]s

]ig_m [fiha* ni m_n [ ncg_ \_ìl_ sio Pn[ln g_^cn[ncha [h^

mnc]e ni cn, Lnb_lqcm_ sio qcff i`n_h \_ nin[ffs ][llc_^ [q[s \s

nbioabnm ih nb_ il^_l i` T_ff F nbche nb_ \_mn j[ln i` nbcm

g_^cn[ncih cm ip_l* F gcabn [m q_ff a_n oj [h^ qlcn_ nb[n j[j_l

hiq, Ll T_ff a__* F%p_ îh_ nbcm _hioab ni ^_m_lp_ [ \l_[e,

Qb[n cm* siol ^cm]cjfch_ qcff \_ oh^_l]on \s [ff nb_ l[ncih[fct[+

ncihm siol gch^ qcff ]l_[n_ ni î mig_nbcha _fm_ nb_ chmn[hn cn

a_nm oh]igìln[\f_ qcnb g_^cn[ncih, Pi ]l_[ncha [ fcnnf_ ^cm]c+

jfch_ nb[n m[sm* F%p_ m_n nb_ ncg_l ìl `c`n__h gchon_m* F [g hin aicha ni a_n oj ìl `c`n__h gchon_m hi g[nn_l biq \[^ &il biq

aii^' cn a_nm

Pi sio%p_ cmif[n_^ siolm_f` mi]c[ffs [h^ jbsmc][ffs* sio%l_

ch [ l_[mih[\fs koc_n jf[]_* [h^ sio%p_ m_n [ ncg_l, Pi `[l mi

aii^, >m [hinb_l [c^* cn%m a_h_l[ffs [fmi _[mc_l ni jl[]nc]_ g_^+

cn[ncih ch [ alioj i` fce_+gch^_^ g_^cn[nilm, Kin ihfs \_+

][om_ mig_\i^s _fm_ cm l_mjihmc\f_ ìl e__jcha nl[]e i` nb_

ncg_8 nb_l_ [l_ [ hog\_l i` nbcham [\ion mcnncha mollioh^_^

\s inb_l j_ijf_ qbi [l_ g_^cn[ncha nb[n [l_ b_fjòf, Pig_

j_ijf_ gcabn q[hn ni nb_ilct_ [n nb_ ion_l fcgcnm [\ion [

giljbia_h_nc] `c_f^ [ f[ Pb_f^l[e_ &Pb_f^l[e_ /766'* mig_

gcabn q[hn ni n[fe ch n_lgm i` mi]c[f [h^ jms]bifiac][f `[]+

nilm* \on nb_ cgg_^c[n_ m_hmils l_[fcns cm nb[n nb_l_ [l_ nbim_

inb_l j_ijf_ mcnncha nb_l_* l_gch^cha om nb[n* Lb F%g hin

b_l_ ni nbche qbc]b i` nb_ nbclns+m_p_h mcgofn[h_iom j[j_lm

F q[hn_^ ni ai b_[l nb_ gimn [n Qo]mih FFF nigilliq* F%g

b_l_ ni g_^cn[n_ x il [n f_[mn ni nls ni f_[lh ni g_^cn[n_,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ (*



Pi alioj mcno[ncihm [l_ b_fjòf,

L` ]iolm_ [ff alioj mcno[ncihm b[p_ [ bimn i` jms]bifiac][f

[h^ mi]c[f ^sh[gc]m nb[n g[s a_n p_ls ]igjfc][n_^ [h^ g[s

b_fj il bch^_l siol f_[lhcha* ^_j_h^cha ih nb_ alioj sio a_n

chpifp_^ qcnb, T_%ff m[p_ nb[n jl[]nc][f jli\f_g ìl f[n_l,Le[s* mi sio%p_ koc_n_^ siol _hpclihg_hn \s n_gjil[lcfs

_fcgch[ncha nb_ h__^ ni ^_[f qcnb inb_l j_ijf_* il \s \_cha

qcnb [ alioj nb[n cm îcha nb_ m[g_ nbcha sio%l_ îcha* jl[]+

nc]cha g_^cn[ncih, Vio%p_ n[e_h ][l_ i` nb_ ncg_ jli\f_g \s

m_nncha [ ncg_l il \s [ffiqcha mig_ih_ qbi cm lohhcha nb_

alioj m_mmcih ni n[e_ ][l_ i` nb_ ncgcha ìl sio, F%ff j_lìlg

nb[n òh]ncih ìl om ni^[s, Qb_ h_rn mn_j i` koc_ncha cm ][fgcha

[h^ koc_ncha siol \i^s,

Lh_ i` nb_ gimn \[mc] lof_m ch g_^cn[ncih* ohncf sio a_n

p_ls aii^ [n cn* cm ni mcn mncff, ?on siol \i^s qcff m[s F` F îh%n

m]l[n]b nbcm cn]b* F%ff ^c_ [h^ cn qcff l_[ffs \_ ]ihpch]cha, Lb*

mig_ mg[ff j[ln i` siol gch^ g[s l_g_g\_l nb[n hi ih_ b[m

[]no[ffs _p_l ^c_^ `lig [h cn]b* \on nb_ nbioabn nb[n sio

gcabn ][h m__g n_llc\fs ]ihpch]cha [n nb_ ncg_

Ll* siol \i^s qcff m[s* F%g _rj_lc_h]cha [ n_llc\f_ j[ch

Js f_am [l_ aicha ni mf__j F nbche nb_ \fii^ `fiq cm ]onncha

i``* F nbche a[hal_h_ cm m_nncha ch F%ff h_p_l a_n oj `lig b_l_9

gs f_am qcff ^lij i``, T_ff* nb_ q[s [ fin i` j_ijf_* _mj_]c[f+

fs ch nb_ B[mn* g_^cn[n_* nb_cl f_am î _h^ oj aicha ni mf__j*

_mj_]c[ffs c` nb_s mcn ch [ ]limm+f_aa_^ jimnol_ il nb_ òff finom

jimnol_, Jimn nl[^cncih[f B[mn_lh g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm m[s nb[n

hi\i^s b[m _p_l ^c_^ `lig nb_cl f_am aicha ni mf__j il `lig

nb_ jchm [h^ h__^f_m j[chm [m nb_ \fii^ lomb_m \[]e ch qb_h

sio a_n oj, Qbcm g[s \_ gs j_lmih[f il T_mn_lh \c[m* \on F

îh%n fce_ nb[n, F n[e_ [ gil_ jl[ag[nc] [h^ îqh big_ [nnc+

no^_, Vio ehiq* nb_ aii^ Iil^ jon [ff nbim_ \fii^ p_mm_fm ch

gs f_a [h^ Ecm Fhn_hncih q[m nb[n \fii^ mbiof^ `fiq nblioab

nb_g Fn%m b_[fnbc_l nb[n q[s, Pi F jl_`_l ni n_ff j_ijf_ ni

]biim_ g_^cn[ncih jimnol_m nb[n [l_ hin n_mnm i` _hôl[h]_*

nb[n [l_ hin aicha ni ][om_ ohh_]_mm[ls &il b[lgòf' j[ch,

(+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46



?i^cfs j[ch ch g_^cn[ncih cm [ nlc]es nbcha, Viol \i^s ][h

_[mcfs ^cmnl[]n sio qcnb j[ch nb[n m]l_[gm ìl W[[SRWObS

l_mjihm_m ni l_gip_ nb_ j[ch* qbc]b cm ]igjf_n_fs ch]igj[n+

c\f_ qcnb mcnncha mncff [h^ ì]omcha siol gch^, Jimn i` nb_m_

j[chm* ch l_[f qilf^ n_lgm* [l_ [\mifon_fs nlcpc[f, ?on nb_s n_h^

ni \_ g[ahc`c_^ ohncf nb_s m__g domn [\mifon_fs billc\f_ [h^

sio [cab î mig_nbcha [\ion nb_g* W[[SRWObSZg&

Qi nb_ ^_al__ ni qbc]b sio ][h f_[lh ni mcn mncff [h^

ì]om_^ nblioab nbim_ j[chm* sio ][h ^_p_fij al_[n ]ih]_h+

nl[ncp_ mecff, F` nb_ j[ch cm [jj[l_hnfs nii al_[n* sio ][h []no[f+

fs* [m [ gil_ [^p[h]_^ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_* g[e_ nb_ j[ch nb_

i\d_]n i` g_^cn[ncih, T_%ff n[fe [\ion g_^cn[ncih ìl j[ch

]ihnlif mig_ncg_ f[n_l ni^[s, ?on f_[lhcha ni mcn nblioab nb_m_

[]no[ffs nlcpc[f* _p_h nbioab m__gchafs billc\f_* j[chm qcff

n_[]b sio [ fin [\ion ^_[fcha gil_ _``_]ncp_fs qcnb oh[pic^+

[\f_ j[chm ch fc`_ x [h^ q_ [ff î b[p_ mig_ oh[pic^[\f_

j[chm ch fc`_* ohìlnoh[n_fs,

F` sio l_[ffs nbche [ j[ch cm [ mcah i` a_hoch_ jbsmc][f ^[g[a_ i]]ollcha* nb_h nb_ lof_ cm ni gch^òffs [^domn siol

jimnol_* [h^ nb_h ai \[]e ni g_^cn[ncha cgg_^c[n_fs, >h^ c`

sio%l_ îcha nbcm gil_ nb[h ih]_ [ gchon_* sio%l_ [fgimn

]_ln[chfs `[echa cn Qb_l_ cm p_ls fcnnf_ fce_fcbii^ sio ][h l_[f+

fs a_n chni [ ^[ha_liom jbsmc][f ^cmnilncih i` \i^s jimcncih

nb[n i`n_h, J[s\_ _p_h gil_ nb[h ih]_ [ m_mmcih cm nii go]b,

Vio b[p_ ni doâ_ qb_h cn%m [ l_[f h__^ [h^ qb_h cn%m [ b[\cn

i` `câ_ncha nb[n [pic^m g_^cn[ncha,

Pi ch n_lgm i` jbsmc][f jimnol_ ni^[s* q_%l_ aicha ni om_

nb_ T_mn_lh jimcncih i` mcnncha ch [ ]b[cl* mch]_ q_%l_ [ff mcnncha

ch ]b[clm hiq [hsq[s, F` sio a_n l_[ffs chpifp_^ ch g_^cn[ncih

jl[]nc]_ [h^ q[hn ni mn[s qcnb nb_ ]b[cl gi^[fcns* sio%ff jli\+

[\fs _p_hno[ffs q[hn ni `cr oj siol ]b[cl ni \_ gil_ ]igìln+[\f_, Jimn ]b[clm x nbcm cm gs j_lmih[f ijchcih x [l_

^_mcah_^ ìl j_ijf_ qbi b[p_ [ mnliha m_hm_ i` pcmo[f [_m+

nb_nc]m [h^ hi `__fcha ìl nb_cl \i^c_m [n [ff, F ][h%n \_fc_p_ nb_

hog\_l i` ]b[clm F%p_ m[n ch nblioabion gs fc`_* nb[n fiie_^

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ (,

l_[f jl_nns \on q_l_ ch]l_^c\fs oh]igìln[\f_

Jimn ]b[clm* ìl chmn[h]_* [l_ ^_mcah_^ ìl [ mct_ i` j_lmih

nb[n sio [l_ hin, Qb_h nb_l_ [l_ jli\f_gm qcnb nb_ mcnncha jim+

nol_ ch a_h_l[f, Mbsmcifiacmnm n_h^ ni n_ff sio nb[n* ch _pifo+

ncih[ls n_lgm* nb_ ojlcabn jimnol_ cm hin \__h òffs _hach__l_^

s_n, Pi`n ]ombcihm sio mche chni g[e_ cn qilm_, > b[l^ ]ombcih

cm l_[ffs b_fjòf, F` sio b[p_ [ mi`n ]ombcih* sio%l_ hin `clgfs

mojjiln_^ [h^ sio b[p_ ni j[s gil_ [nn_hncih ni hin ncfncha

mc^_q[sm qbcf_ mcnncha ih cn, > qii^_h* mnl[cabn+\[]e_^ ]b[cl

cm _r]_ff_hn ìl g_^cn[ncih ìl gimn j_ijf_* j_lb[jm qcnb domn

[ p_ls mg[ff [giohn i` j[^^cha ih cn* il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n,

PQRABKQ8 <![ aWbbW\U VS`S W\ O ZWbbZS Ô\WQ PSQOcaS < VSO` g]c

O\R ]bVS` ^S]^ZS bOZY OP]cb bVS W[^]`bO\QS ]T aWbbW\U OPa]ZcbSZg abWZZ

O\R _cWSb$ O\R < bVW\Y !BV [g 6]R$ <![ U]W\U b] USb W\b] bVWa [SR%

WbObW]\ O\R bVS\ <![ U]W\U b] VOdS b] Q]cUV,% 4\g Ô`bWQcZO` `SOa]\

T]` bVOb

Qb_ Iil^m i` H[lg[ qcff hin_ nb[n ]ioab ch nb_cl g[mn_l

fia [h^ sio%ff \_ johcmb_^ ìl cn ch g[hs fc`_ncg_m ni ]ig_

Kiq m_lciomfs* g[s [ ]ioab ôlcha g_^cn[ncih \_ nb_ qilmn

nbcha nb[n _p_l b[jj_hm ni sio F` sio ainn[ ]ioab* sio ainn[

]ioab, Le[s< Vio ][h g[e_ nb_ ]ioab qilm_* i` ]iolm_ , , ,

b_l_%m biq sio g[e_ cn qilm_, >m sio `__f nb_ ]ioab ]igcha

ih* nls ni a_n l_[ffs j[hc]e_^ [\ion nb_ `[]n nb[n sio%l_ hin

aicha ni \_ [\f_ ni ]ihnlif cn* nb_h nls [h^ nls [h^ nls ni ]ih+

nlif cn* qcnbion mo]]__^cha* mi qb_h cn `ch[ffs b[jj_hm sio `__f

l_[ffs n_llc\f_, Cclgfs \_fc_p_ nb[n _p_ls\i^s ch nbcm liig qcff

\_ mh[jj_^ ion i` [ `[hn[mnc] g_^cn[ncih _rj_lc_h]_ \_][om_

g]c ]ioab_^, Gomn [m F [g [\ion ni l_[]b _hfcabn_hg_hn* sio%ff

]ioab Bp_h qilm_* cn qcff `__f mi aii^ ni b[p_ ]ioab_^ [h^

l_fc_p_^ nb[n nc]efcha* [h^ nb[n qcff g[e_ sio `__f l_[ffs aocfns

\_][om_ sio hin ihfs loch_^ _p_lsih_ _fm_%m g_^cn[ncih* sio

`_fn aii^ [\ion cn

Ll sio ][h domn ]ioab qb_h sio h__^ ni [h^ a_n \[]e ni

îcha nb_ g_^cn[ncih, F l_]igg_h^ nb_ f[nn_l q[s, >h^ j_l+

b[jm ìl mig_ i` nbim_ gcf^ ]ioabm* cn gcabn \_ chn_l_mncha ni

(- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

g[e_ nb_ nbli[n m_hm[ncihm nb_ i\d_]n i` siol g_^cn[ncih* ch

nb_ ij_hcha oj mnsf_ q_%ff n[fe [\ion f[n_l* [h^ m__ qb[n b[j+

j_hm* l[nb_l nb[h []no[ffs ]ioabcha,

F mig_ncg_m ec^ j_ijf_ qb_h F î qilembijm [\ion

nbcham fce_ nbcm, > fin i` j_ijf_* ch]fo^cha g_* [l_ chn_l_mn_^ ch

l_[]bcha _hfcabn_hg_hn, M_lmih[ffs F ehiq F%g `[l `lig

qb[n_p_l _hfcabn_hg_hn cm* [h^ F îh%n l_[ffs ehiq qb[n

_hfcabn_hg_hn cm* \on F [g [h _rj_ln ih S\RO`YS\[S\b& F%p_ b[^

gil_ nb[h `c`ns s_[lm i` j_lmih[f jl[]nc]_ [h^ Mli`_mmcih[f

mno^s i` _h^[le_hg_hn Hhiqcha biq ni a_h_l[n_ bcab f_p_fm

i` _h^[le_hg_hn* F `caol_ nb[n nb_ f_mm i` nb[n mno`` nb[n q_ î*

nb_ f_mm _h^[le_hg_hn q_ a_h_l[n_* nb[n gip_m om ch nb_ ^cl_]+

ncih i` qb[n_p_l _hfcabn_hg_hn cm F` sio îh%n g[e_ hicm_*

cn%m h[nol[ffs koc_n_l, Pi c` sio l_[ffs b[p_ ni ]ioab* ]ioab, F`

sio b[p_ ni gip_* gip_ &gch^òffs' [h^ a_n cn ip_l qcnb [h^

nb_h ai lcabn \[]e ni nb_ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_* îh%n qills

[\ion nb_ `[]n nb[n sio gip_^ il ]ioab_^ il qb[n_p_l,

Bp_lsnbcha sio [^^ [\ip_ qb[n cm mcgjfs h_]_mm[ls ni î nb_

[]ncih [h^ nb_h ]ig_ \[]e ni nb_ jl[]nc]_ cm domn nb[n go]b

gil_ ^cmnl[]ncih* nb[n go]b gil_ _h^[le_hg_hn,

PQRABKQ8 <a\!b bVS bS\RS\Qg b] RWaQW^ZW\S g]càSZT W\ O\g eOg

OZa] O RWabÒQbW]\ T`][ bVS ^`]T]c\RS` ^c`^]aSa ]T [SRWbObW]\3

Rfncg[n_fs cn cm [ ^cmnl[]ncih* \on cn%m [ h_]_mm[ls ih_ ìl

nb_ oh^cm]cjfch_ gch^* nb_ mn[n_ q_%l_ mn[lncha `lig, Clig

nb_ pc_q i` nb_ bcab_mn g_^cn[ncih Psmn_gm* _p_lsnbcha F n_[]b

sio ni^[s qcff l_[ffs \_ [ bcab_l ìlg i` \ih^[a_* \on cn cm [

h_]_mm[ls mn_j ni _p_hno[ffs a_nncha nin[f `l__îg* nin[f hih+

ô[f _hfcabn_hg_hn,

PQRABKQ8 JVg R] eS \SSR b] PSZWSdS g]c eVS\ g]c aOg a][S%

bVW\U ZWYS bVOb3

Tbs î sio h__^ ni \_fc_p_ g_< ?_][om_ F%g oj `lihn ih

nb_ jf[nìlg [h^ sio%l_ îqh nb_l_ ch nb_ [o^c_h]_< ?_][om_

F%p_ \__h ][mn ch nb_ lif_ i` [h [onbilcns `caol_< ?_][om_ [m [

nbioabn[bifc] F m_lp_ gs gcr_^ ^lchem p_ls hc]_fs< Fn%m [ aii^

ko_mncih,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ (.

Ki\i^s h__^m ni \_fc_p_ [ mchaf_ nbcha F m[s ni^[s

Bp_lsnbcha F m[s ni^[s cm \s q[s i` Pncgof[ncih, @b_]e p[lciom

j[lnm ion ìl siolm_f` n_mn nb_m_ c^_[m F acp_ sio, Ql_[n nb_g m]c+

_hnc`c][ffs [m nb_ilc_m ni \_ n_mn_^, >l_ nb_s om_òf< Cch_* om_

nb_g ohncf nb_s mnij \_cha om_òf, F` nb_s [l_ hin om_òf* îh%n \_fc_p_ [ qil^ F%p_ m[c^ F ]iof^ \_ kocn_ ^_fo^_^, ?on F%g

_hdischa gsm_f` ch gs ^_fomcihm* F%ff m[s nb[n

A_fomcihm ohîo\n_^fs _rcmn ch nb_ p[lciom g_^cn[ncp_ nl[+

^cncihm* [m q_ff [m ch _[]b i` iol ch^cpcô[f fcp_m, Lh_ i` gs

\cnm i` jl[]nc][f [^pc]_ cm c` sio _p_l a_n chpifp_^ qcnb [hs ech^

i` g_^cn[ncih alioj nb[n ][h%n f[oab [n cnm_f`* f_[p_ I[]e i`

bogil cm [ p_ls \[^ mcah,

I_n%m b[p_ [ `cp_+gchon_ Pnl_n]b \l_[e \_ìl_ q_ []no[ffs

Pn[ln, T_ n_h^ ni a_n mn[f_ [m q_ff [m chn_ff_]no[ffs ]ihmncj[n_^

qb_h q_ mcn [h^ fcmn_h ìl nii fiha, >m [ a_h_l[f ncj* [ fcnnf_

jbsmc][f _r_l]cm_ il Pnl_n]b domn \_ìl_ [hs g_^cn[ncih P_mmcih

][h b_fj `l_mb_h siol gch^,

)% _ =:>5 B4:6>46



492@C6A (

@WHJYPJL/

4UTJLTYWHYP[L =LKPYHYPUT

Kiq F% g aicha ni n[e_ sio nblioab \[mc] ]ih]_hnl[ncp_

g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_* mi `ch^ [ ]igìln[\f_ jimnol_ ni mcn

ch, Vio%l_ aicha ni îm_ siol _s_m* mi c` sio%l_ gil_

]igìln[\f_ qcnb siol af[mm_m i`` qbcf_ siol _s_m [l_ ]fim_^*

n[e_ nb_g i``,

Kin_ b] ESORS`1 Vio qcff \_ ij_hcha siol _s_m ni l_[^ nb_

^cl_]ncihm9 sio ][h î nb[n kocn_ q_ff, Qb_ _ffcjm_m &, , ,' ch^c+

][n_ fiha j[om_m \_nq__h chmnlo]ncihm* mi sio ][h l_f[r chni

nb_ chmnlo]ncihm ,, , l[nb_l nb[h domn bollscha ih `lig m_hn_h]_

ni m_hn_h]_* [m q_ omo[ffs î qb_h l_[^cha, Q[e_ siol ncg_,

D_n [ `__fcha ìl ìffiqcha _[]b chmnlo]ncih ni [n f_[mn mig_

^_al__ \_ìl_ aicha ih qcnb nb_ h_rn, Qbcm `clmn jl[]nc]_ mbiof^

\_ mjl_[^ ion ip_l /.+/3 gchon_m* mi nb_l_%m hi h__^ ni lomb,

3LNPT 7PWXY @WHJYPJL UM 4UTJLTYWHYP[L =LKPYHYPUT/

@fim_ siol _s_m ,,, Gomn n[e_ [ ^__j \l_[nb* [h^ nb_h f_n cn

ion [h^ domn l_f[r [m sio î mi ,,, Qb_l_%m hi h__^ ni \_ [n [ff

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ )&



n_hm_ ch \[mc]* ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih,

Kiq F%p_ nif^ sio [h cgjiln[hn nbcha cm mcnncha mncff* \on

jl[]nc][ffs* ch nb_ `clmn `_q gchon_m qb_h sio `clmn mcn* [`n_l [

gchon_ il mi sio g[s ^cm]ip_l mig_ fcnnf_ [^domng_hn il nqi

sio ][h g[e_ nb[n qcff m_nnf_ sio gil_ nbilioabfs ,,, mi nb[n `clmn gchon_ il nqi ][h \_ om_^ ìl [ fcnnf_ gil_ m_nnfcha,

Qb_ \[mc] []ncih ch ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih cm ni `ch^ ih_

i\d_]n ni `cr siol [nn_hncih ih [h^ ni jon cn nb_l_ , , , [h^ nb_h*

qb_h_p_l sio `ch^ siol [nn_hncih b[m q[h^_l_^ `lig nb[n

i\d_]n* ni a_hnfs \lcha cn \[]e ni nb[n i\d_]n, Qb_ _gjb[mcm

\_cha ih US\bZg & & &

T_%ff om_ [ ]f[mmc][f g_^cn[ncih i\d_]n ìl ]ih]_hnl[ncp_

g_^cn[ncih* h[g_fs nb_ h[nol[f `fiq i` siol \l_[nb,

M[lnc]of[lfs* q_%ff om_ nb_ P_hm[ncih i` gip_g_hn ch siol ]b_mn

[h^ \_ffs [m nb_ jlcg[ls nbcha ni ^cl_]n iol [nn_hncih ni , , ,

Pi [m F n[fe [h^ aoc^_ sio* \lcha siol [nn_hncih ni siol

\_ffs , , , [h^ domn hinc]_ nb[n siol \_ffs _rj[h^m [h^ ]ihnl[]nm

, , , Tb[n sio%l_ \[mc][ffs ni î cm ni j[s ij_h+gch^_^ [nn_h+ncih ni nb_ m_hm[ncihm a_h_l[n_^ \s siol \_ffs _rj[h^cha , , ,

[h^ ]ihnl[]ncha , ,,

Kiq nb_l_ cm hi h__^ ni nls ni g[e_ [hsnbcha mj_]c[f ion

i` nbcm, Vio îh%n b[p_ ni ]ihm]ciomfs \l_[nb_ ch mig_ j[lnc]+

of[l ech^ i` j[nn_lh , , , Gomn ai qcnb nb_ h[nol[f `fiq , , ,

F` sio `ch^ siol gch^ nlc_m ni chn_l`_l_ qcnb nb_ h[nol[f

j[nn_lh* nlscha ni `ch^ mig_ \_nn_l il jlij_l j[nn_lh i`

\l_[nbcha* domn \_ [q[l_ i` nb[n [nn_gjn i` chn_l`_l_h]_ ,,, [h^

nb_h l_f[r , , , [h^ ìffiq nb_ h[nol[f _rj[hmcih [h^ ]ihnl[]+

ncih i` siol \_ffs , , ,

Qb_l_ [l_ hi mbiof^m il ioabnm b_l_ , , , Qb_ P_hm[ncih ch

siol \_ffs mbiof^h%n `__f fce_ [hsnbcha ch j[lnc]of[l , , , il hin

`__f fce_ [hsnbcha ch j[lnc]of[l , , , Qb_l_ [l_ hi ioabnm nb[n cn

ioabn ni \_ il ioabn hin ni \_ , , , fomn _rj_lc_h]_ qb[n_p_l

nb[n P_hm[ncih cm [n _[]b gig_hn, , ,

F` sio `ch^ nb[n siol gch^ b[m q[h^_l_^* mi sio%l_ nbche+

cha [\ion mig_nbcha* il j[scha [nn_hncih ni mig_nbcha inb_l

)'

#

=:>5

B4:6>46

nb[h nb_ _rj[hmcih [h^ ]ihnl[]ncih i` siol \_ffs* qb_h sio

l_[fct_ nb[n* domn US\bZg \lcha siol [nn_hncih \[]e ni nb_ ko_m+

ncih i`8 Tb[n î nb_ m_hm[ncihm ch siol \_ffs `__f fce_* `WUVb

\]e &

>h^ c` siol gch^ b[m q[h^_l_^ [a[ch* [a[ch* domn a_hnfs \lcha cn \[]e,,,

"8\R 9Wàb CÒQbWQS ]T 6]\QS\bÒbWdS @SRWbObW]\#

>ff lcabn* hiq q_%ff _h^ nbcm alioj jl[]nc]_ j_lci^* mi ij_h

siol _s_m* qcaaf_ siol \i^s [ fcnnf_* nolh ih siol hilg[f

gch^* [h^ f_n g_ a_n mig_ ko_mncihm, F%^ j[lnc]of[lfs fce_ ni

b_[l `lig j_ijf_ qbi b[p_ b[^ ^c``c]ofns îcha nbcm* mi F ][h

`ch_ noh_ nb_ chmnlo]ncihm,

PQRABKQ8 < eOa e]\RS`W\U$ < QO\ TSSZ [g P]Rg O\R < b`g \]b b]

Q]\QS\bÒbS ]\ O\gbVW\U SZaS$ O\R Z bVW\Y < b]bOZZg PZO\YSR ]cb [g

[W\R$ gSb Z aSS TSObc`Sa& < R]\!b Y\]e eV] bVSg O`S$ ]` eVOb bVSg

O`S$ Pcb Z aSS TSObc`Sa&Pi sio b[p_ pcmo[f cg[a_m i` `[]_m ]igcha oj qb_h sio

î nbcm<

PQRABKQ8 KSa&

Cil f_[lhcha ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih* nb_ cgjiln[hn

nbcha cm ni e__j j[scha [nn_hncih ni siol i\d_]n i` g_^cn[ncih*

nb_ \l_[nb ch iol ][m_ hiq, M_lb[jm `[]_m qcff ]ig_* `[]_m qcff

ai, Mc]nol_m g[s ]ig_* jc]nol_m g[s ai, M[chm g[s ]ig_*

j[chm g[s ai,

PQRABKQ8 9OQSa O`S a] W\bS`SabW\U <a\!b Wb aWU\WTWQO\b bVOb <![

aSSW\U Ô`bWQcZO` TOQSa3

Fh n_lgm i` ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih* qb_l_ nb_ ai[f cm ni

f_[lh ni ì]om jlij_lfs* [hsnbcha nb[n [lcm_m* inb_l nb[h j[scha

[nn_hncih ni siol \l_[nb* cm [ ^cmnl[]ncih, Aih%n acp_ pifohn[ls

_h_las ni nb_ ^cmnl[]ncih, Lh nb_ inb_l b[h^* îh%n TWUVb

^cmnl[]ncihm, Aih%n m[s ni siolm_f`* >b Fn%m [ ^cmnl[]ncih* F%p_

ain ni g[e_ nbim_ `[]_m ai [q[s F%p_ ain ni hin j[s [nn_hncih

ni nb[n Qb[n%m []no[ffs mbc`ncha siol ]ih]_hnl[ncih ni qb[n

=:>5 B4:6>46

_ )(



sio%l_ ]ih]_jno[fctcha [m [h i\mn[]f_* chmn_[^ i` e__jcha cn ih

nb_ chn_h^_^ ì]om i` nb_ g_^cn[ncih* nb_ \l_[nb ch nbcm ][m_,

F` `[]_m ]ig_* f_n nb_g ]ig_, Qb_h a_hnfs f_n nb_g ai, F` nb_

ai^m [h^ ai^^_mm_m ]ig_ [h^ \iq îqh ni sio* e__j nl[]e i`

siol \l_[nbcha, Fn%m p_ls nlc]es ni nls ni ìl]_ nbcham ion i` ]ih+ m]ciomh_mm* cn%m go]b gil_ mnl[cabnìlq[l^ ni domn e__j a_hnfs

jonncha nb_ [nn_hncih \[]e ih nb_ i\d_]n i` g_^cn[ncih, Aicha

nb[n* ^cmnl[]ncihm n_h^ ni ai ih nb_cl iqh,

PQRABKQ8 6O\ KBH W\RWQObS V]e [SRWbObW]\ O\R aSZT%Vg^\]aWa

`SZObS b] SOQV ]bVS`3

@igj[lcha nbcm ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ qcnb

m_f`+bsjhimcm cm hin _[ms, Qi \_ach qcnb* ch nb_ l_[f qilf^ j_i+

jf_ om_^ nb_ n_lg g_^cn[ncih ch [ p_ls ch^cm]lcgch[n_ q[s ni

]ip_l [ fin i` jl[]nc]_m* [fnbioab F%g nlscha ni \_ gil_ jl_]cm_

ni^[s, Qb_h nb_ n_lg bsjhimcm cm [fmi om_^ ni ]ip_l [h [qòf

fin i` nbcham* [h^ m_f`+bsjhimcm cm [fmi om_^ ni ]ip_l [ fin i`

nbcham, Pi sio ][h `ch^ jf_hns i` ip_lf[j ch nb_ q[s p[lciom

j_ijf_ om_ nb_m_ n_lgm [n p[lciom ncg_m,?on b_l_%m ih_ g[dil ^c``_l_h]_, Fh nl[^cncih[f bsjhimcm

nb_l_ cm [h [onbilcns `caol_* mig_ih_ qbi ehiqm qb[n%m aii^

ìl sio, Qbcm [onbilcns* nb_ bsjhincmn* aoc^_m nb_ mo\d_]n chni

[ l_f[r_^* moaa_mnc\f_ mn[n_ ni nls ni jliô]_ mj_]c`c] \_b[pcilm

[h^ _rj_lc_h]_m* il ch nb_l[j_onc] om[a_* ni `cr mig_nbcha ch

j[lnc]of[l, Fh g_^cn[ncih nb_ [onbilcns `caol_* c` sio g[e_

g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm chni [onbilcns `caol_m* cm ihfs [h [onbilc+

ns chmi`[l [m mb_ ][h n_[]b sio biq ni î cn g]càSZT$ biq ni

g_^cn[n_* [h^ î_m hin b[p_ finm i` mj_]c`c] [hmq_lm [m ni

qb[n%m aii^ ìl sio, Qbcm qcff \_ [h _p_h \caa_l ^cmnch]ncih

qb_h q_ a_n ni ij_hcha oj* il chmcabn* g_^cn[ncih,

Qb_l_ cm [ ]ih]_hnl[ncih i` [nn_hncih ch chô]cha bsjhimcm

il chô]cha m_f`+bsjhimcm* [h^ cn%m nlo_ nb[n nb_ q[s mig_ j_i+ jf_ jl[]nc]_ m_f`+bsjhimcm* cn mioh^m gil_ fce_ [ g_^cn[ncp_

jli]_ôl_ nb[h [ bsjhinc] n_]bhcko_ &Cligg [h^ M`_c`_l

/76/', ?on \[mc][ffs* bsjhimcm cm p_ls ai[f ilc_hn_^* qcnb

ai[fm i` [ miln p[fo_^ ch il^ch[ls fc`_* mo]b [m fimcha q_cabn*

)) _ =:>5 B4:6>46

mnijjcha mgiecha* \_cha ][fg_l* [h^ nb_ fce_, J_^cn[ncih cm

\[mc][ffs f_[lhcha ni mncff nb_ il^ch[ls gch^* _mj_]c[ffs ch ]ih+

]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih* ni ]l_[n_ [ alioh^ `lig qb_l_ sio ][h

i\m_lp_ ìl siolm_f`* ch [ ^__j q[s* qb[n ai_m ih* biq nb_

gch^ \[mc][ffs òh]ncihm* l[nb_l nb[h ehiqcha nb_ [hmq_lm [m ni biq nb_ gch^ qilem [h^ qb[n%m ^_mcl[\f_* biq ni `cr cn*

[b_[^ i` ncg_, Pi c` [hs i` sio [l_ aii^ [n m_f`+bsjhimcm* îh%n

î cn hiq qbcf_ q_ [l_ jl[]nc]cha ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih,

Fn%m [ qih^_lòf mecff sio ][h \_ jlio^ i`* qcnb g[hs cgjil+

n[hn om_m* \on nb[n%m hin qb[n q_%l_ îcha hiq,0

PQRABKQ8 7c`W\U bVS ^ÒQbWQS < eOa bVW\YW\U OP]cb ^ÒgS`$

e]`Ra$ O\R Z \]bWQSR aS\aObW]\a W\ [g bV`]Ob O\R Q]\QS\bÒbSR ]\

bVS[& <b U]b eO`[$ bVOb eOa W\bS`SabW\U& GVS\ [g PSZZg U]b eO`[ a]

< Q]\QS\bÒbSR bVS`S O\R ZWYSR bVS FS\aObW]\$ Wb eOa SOaWS` b] T]Qca

]\ bVWa eO`[bV W\ [g PSZZg T]` O eVWZS bVO\ ]\ [g P`SObVW\U& JOa

< USbbW\U a][SeVS`S$ ]` RWabÒQbW\U [gaSZT3

V_m* nbim_ q_l_ [ff ^cmnl[]ncihm, O_g_g\_l nb_ gch^ cm mi

qih^_lòf [n ^cmnl[]ncha cnm_f`* ch _p_ls^[s fc`_ [m q_ff [m ch

g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ Qb_ gch^ qcff l_[^cfs ]ig_ oj qcnb

g[hs gil_ cgjiln[hn m__gcha nbcham sio ]iof^ \_ îcha

nb[h ìffiqcha nb_ mcgjf_ chmnlo]ncihm ni ì]om siol gch^ ih

ih_* mcgjf_ nbcha fce_ nb_ \l_[nb, Qb_l_ [l_ hi _h^ ni nb_

gil_ cgjiln[hn ai[fm nb_ gch^ ][h ]l_[n_ gig_hn ni

gig_hn B[]b gig_hn[ls ^cmnl[]ncih* _[]b gig_hn[ls

nbioabn* m[sm Qbcm cm qb[n sio ioabn ni \_ îcha* hiq

Qb_s%l_ ^cmnl[]ncihm x domn e__j ]igcha \[]e ni nb_ \l_[nb

m_hm[ncihm ch nb_ \_ffs,

PQRABKQ8 JVg Wa bVS [W\R ZWYS bVOb3

Tbs cm nb_ gch^ fce_ nb[n< >ff nb_ m[a_m nblioabion nb_

[a_m b[p_ [me_^ nb[n ko_mncih

PQRABKQ8 GVOb!a eVg <![ OaYW\U g]cT_ff* F%g aicha ni j[lnfs îâ_ nb[n nioab ih_ [h^ ^l[q

gs [hmq_l `lig nb_ m[a_m qbi m[s* Qb[n%m mcgjfs nb_ q[s cn

cm, Qb_ gch^ a_h_l[n_m ih_ nbioabn [`n_l [hinb_l [h^ cn qcff

a_h_l[n_ [ boh^l_^ tcffcih jfom i` nb_g ch nbcm fc`_ncg_, >h^

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ )*

c` sio \_fc_p_ ch l_ch][lh[ncih* nb_l_ [l_ ogjn__h tcffcih* tcf+

fcih nb[n q_hn ih \_ìl_ nb[n* [h^* ohf_mm sio î mig_nbcha

fce_ a_nncha _hfcabn_h_^* [hinb_l ogjn__h tcffcih* tcffcih

]igcha oj

P_lciomfs* nb_ jichn `lig nb_ g_^cn[ncih nl[^cncihm cm nb[n sio ][h%n _``_]ncp_fs ^_[f qcnb nb_ gch^ \s `caolcha ion qbs cn

nbioabn qb[n cn nbioabn, Cil chmn[h]_* c` sio a_n ^cmnl[]n_^ \s

nbioabnm ôlcha g_^cn[ncih* [ ]iggih nbcha j_ijf_ î cm ni

nls ni `caol_ ion eVg nbcm j[lnc]of[l nbioabn ^cmnl[]n_^ g_,

T_ff* sio b[p_ hiq mn[ln_^ îqh [h ch`chcn_ j[nb* \_][om_

\_ìl_ nb[n nbioabn nb_l_ q[m [hinb_l nbioabn* [h^ [ jl_pciom

nbioabn* [h^ nb_l_ q_l_ nbioabnm [\ion nb_ nbioabnm [h^

nbioabnm [\ion nb_ nbioabnm [\ion nb_ nbioabnm* OR W\TW\Wbc[&

Tb_h sio%l_ ^cmnl[]n_^ \s nbioabnm sio ]_ln[chfs ][h nls ni

`caol_ ion qbs* \on \s nb_ ncg_ sio ]ig_ ni [h [jj[l_hnfs m[n+

cm`[]nils [hmq_l &il domn fim_ nl[]e [h^ `ch[ffs l_g_g\_l sio

q[hn_^ ni g_^cn[n_' cn%m gchon_m il b[f` [h biol f[n_l \_ìl_

sio ]ig_ \[]e ni ì]omcha ih nb_ \l_[nb x qbc]b cm qb[n nb_

g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ q[m mojjim_^ ni \_ [\ion >ff nb[n ncg_

b[m \__h mj_hn ch il^ch[ls nbchecha* hin ch jl[]nc]cha g_^cn[+

ncih, Fn%m go]b _[mc_l ni domn f_n nbioabn ai,

Vio ][h ch^__^ m[s* [m sio ^c^* nb[n cn%m [m c` nb_ gch^ b[m

[ mnliha [h^ []ncp_ gincp[ncih ni hin \_ mncff, Qb_ ]ihmn[hn

g_hn[f

[h^

_gincih[f

[acn[ncih

cm

qb[n

q_

ehiq

[m

il^ch[ls

]ihm]ciomh_mm, Qbcm il^ch[ls gch^ mj[]_ x cn%m ][ff_^ aO[aOÒ

ch ?o^^bcmg il [OgO ch Echôcmg x cm ]ihmc^_l_^ [ mn[n_ i`

cffomcih ch nb_ Pjclcno[f nl[^cncihm, Pj_[echa [m [ jms]bifiacmn*

F%g hin kocn_ mi ^cmgcmmcp_ i` il^ch[ls gch^* nbioab,

Ll^ch[ls* \oms* gihe_s+gch^ b[m cnm om_òf [h^ ^_`_hmcp_

òh]ncihm, Cil [ff nb_ &om_f_mm' mo``_lcha nbcm [acn[ncih b[m ]l_+

[n_^ ch iol fcp_m* cn b[m om_òf [mj_]nm, T_%l_ mncff [fcp_ ni^[s

[`n_l [ff Qb_h nii nb_ _rj_lc_h]_ i` g_hn[f koc_n cm ohehiqh

ni om* g[s\_ cn%m ^[ha_liom< Pi nb_l_%m mig_ h[nol[f ]fchacha

ni b[\cno[f g_hn[f []ncpcns, Fn%m nb_ ^_pcf q_ ehiq l[nb_l nb[h

nb_ ^_pcf q_ îh%n ehiq* mi nb_l_ cm [ fin i` gincp[ncih ni mn[s

)+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46



qcnb cn,

Qb_l_ sio a_n chni nb_ qbif_ [l_[ i` ]ihh_]ncihm \_nq__h

jms]binb_l[js [h^ aliqnb jms]bifiac_m [h^ g_^cn[ncp_ jl[]+

nc]_m* qbc]b q_%l_ ihfs \_achhcha ni f_[lh mig_nbcha [\ion, F

qcff [pic^ aicha îqh nb[n j[nb [n nb_ gig_hn* \on* s_m* _p_hno[ffs sio ][h a_n mi aii^ [n ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih

nb[n sio ][h jliô]_ [ mn[n_ qb_l_ sio b[p_ hi nbioabnm ìl

jlifiha_^ j_lci^m i` ncg_, Qb[n cm [ mn[n_ nb[n cm a_h_l[ffs

^_m]lc\_^ [m _rnl_g_fs \fcmmòf,

F%ff n_ff sio [ mnils [\ion [ ]iff_[ao_ i` gch_* >f[h

T[ff[]_,

>f[h

q[m

[

Qc\_n[h

?o^^bcmn

gihe

ìl

g[hs

s_[lm

\_ìl_ b_ ][g_ \[]e ni nb_ T_mn ni `chcmb oj bcm Mb,A, E_

q[m ih]_ n_ffcha g_ [h^ mig_ inb_l ]iff_[ao_m [\ion biq

b_ l_[ffs fce_^ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih, E_ b[^ \__h ih [

mcr+gihnb* mifcn[ls ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih l_nl_[n, Lh [ nl[+

^cncih[f l_nl_[n fce_ nbcm* b_ mn[s_^ ch [ fcnnf_* ^[le* qchîqf_mm

bon [h^ g_^cn[n_^ [ff ^[s [h^ [ff hcabn fiha, Qb_ l_nl_[n moj+

jiln j_ijf_ mbip_^ ìi^ nblioab [ fcnnf_ m_n i` \[``f_m* mi [m ni

hin ni ^cmnol\ g_^cn[nilm qcnb [hs fcabn il mcabn il mioh^ i`

[hinb_l bog[h \_cha* ôlcha nb_ mcr+gihnb l_nl_[n, Lh]_

_p_ls `_q q__em bcm g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_l qiof^ ]ig_ [h^ n[fe

ni bcg ni m__ biq cn q[m aicha il acp_ jichn_lm* \on nb[n q[m

cn ìl il^ch[ls bog[h ]ihn[]n,

>f[h

q[m

n_ffcha

om

nbcm

mnils

[m j[ln

i`

[

^cm]ommcih

i`

nb_

^cmnol\[h]_m i` nb_ il^ch[ls gch^* [h^ biq ^c``c]ofn nb_s [l_

ni ]ihnlif, E_ l_jiln_^ nb[n ih_ q__e ôlcha bcm l_nl_[n b_

b[^ mi go]b ^cmnol\[h]_ ch bcm gch^ nb[n b_ \lie_ nb_ p_ls

mnlc]n lof_ i` h_p_l ]igcha ion i` bcm bon, E_ f_`n bcm bon ni ai

fiie ìl bcm n_[]b_l ni a_n gil_ chmnlo]ncih* \_][om_ b_ ]iof^

hin e__j bcm gch^ ì]om_^ [h^ [\mifon_fs `l__ i` nbioabn ìl

gil_ nb[h nqi biolm [n [ ncg_ \_ìl_ [ nbioabn chnlo^_^,

Qb_ l_mn i` om qbi b_[l^ nbcm mnils domn liff_^ ih nb_ `fiil

f[oabcha* ni >f[h%m jottf_g_hn, >f[h* sio jiil aos* ihfs

nqi biolm qcnbion [h chnlo^cha nbioabn T_ b[^ [ff jl[]n+

c]_^ g_^cn[ncih ni p[lciom ^_al__m [h^ i`n_h ìoh^* ch iol

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ ),



_rj_lc_h]_* nb[n nqi aSQ]\Ra qcnbion [ ^cmnol\cha nbioabn q[m

j[l ìl nb_ ]iolm_* [h^ nqi [W\cbSa qiof^ \_ [h [g[tchafs

koc_n g_^cn[ncp_ gch^ ?on* >f[h jlin_mn_^* nb_ if^_l gihe ch

nb_ h_rn bon ]iof^ î mcr biolm ch ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih

\_ìl_ b_ b[^ [ ^cmnl[]ncha nbioabn >f[h b[^ ainn_h mi aii^ [n ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih nb[n b_ niie g_hn[f koc_n ìl*

al[hn_^* [h^ F nbche cn niie bcg [ qbcf_ ni l_[fct_ b_ q[m q[s

ion i` iol il^ch[ls \_achhcha g_^cn[nilm f_[ao_,

Kiq mig_ Psmn_gm i` g_^cn[ncih g[e_ [ \ca ^_[f ion i`

[]bc_pcha jlifiha_^ g_hn[f koc_n* [h^ a_h_l[ffs [ff g_^cn[+

ncp_ Psmn_gm l_]iahct_ nb[n jlifiha_^ g_hn[f koc_n î_m jli+

ô]_ mn[n_m i` \fcmm* \on ch nb_ Psmn_gm F%g gil_ `[gcfc[l qcnb*

cn%m ]ihmc^_l_^ nb[n koc_ncha nb_ gch^ cm [ niif ni `[]cfcn[n_

chmcabn* hin [h _h^ ch cnm_f`, J_hn[f koc_n [h^ ]ih]_hnl[ncih cm

[ p_ls om_òf n[f_hn, T_ [ff b[p_ ncg_m qb_h iol gch^ cm mi [ac+

n[n_^ q_%l_ jl_nns honm* [h^ cn qiof^ \_ qih^_lòf ni f_[lh [

mecff mi nb[n _p_h c` sio ][h%n koc_n siol gch^ [\mifon_fs* sio

][h [n f_[mn ][fg cn îqh [ \cn, ?on F m__ nb_ ]ih]_hnl[ncih

g[chfs [m [ jl_fo^_ ni \_ [\f_ ni jl[]nc]_ chmcabn il ij_hcha oj

g_^cn[ncih gil_ _``_]ncp_fs, >h^ [fmi* [a[ch* [m [h _rnl_g_fs

om_òf mecff,

Qbcm cm ih_ i` nb_ chn_l_mncha nbcham [\ion jonncha g_^cn[+

ncih n_]bhifias ch [ ìlg gil_ []]_mmc\f_ ìl m]c_hncmnm,

P]c_hncmnm b[p_ [h [\cfcns ni ]ih]_hnl[n_ q_ff, Vio îh%n g[e_

cn ch siol jli`_mmcih c` sio b[p_h%n \__h [\f_ ni î [ fin i`

p_ls aii^ ]ih]_hnl[ncih i` [ ]_ln[ch ech^ ni f_[lh nb_ \[mc]

g[n_lc[f* ni ì]om [h^ ^cm]cjfch_ siolm_f`* [h^ mi ìlnb, Lh nb_

inb_l b[h^* nb_ ijjimcn_ mc^_ i` nb[n mj_]c[fct_^ ech^ i` ]ih+

]_hnl[ncih cm nb[n cn n_h^m ni jliô]_ [ mig_qb[n lcac^ gch^+

m_n [\ion qb[n%m l_[f [h^ qb[n%m hin l_[f [h^ [\ion biq ni î

nbcham jlij_lfs [h^ l[ncih[ffs* [ gch^m_n nb[n b[m ni \_

ohf_[lh_^ ch [h cgjiln[hn q[s, @ihnchoiom nbchecha

\_]ig_m [ b[\cn nb[n f_[^m ni mo]]_mm ch ih_%m jli`_mmcih* \on

][h \_ [ g[dil i\mn[]f_ ch f_[lhcha g_^cn[ncih,

PQRABKQ8 JS VOR W\T]`[OZZg bOZYSR PST]`S QZOaa OP]cb bVS

)- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

P`SObVW\U ^`]QSaa WbaSZT$ V]e Wb QO\ W\d]ZdS acQV bVW\Ua Oa P`SObVW\U

W\ bV`]cUV g]c` \]aS O\R ]cb bV`]cUV g]c` []cbV$ ]` W\ bV`]cUV ]\S

\]ab`WZ O\R ]cb bVS ]bVS`$ SbQ& <b a]c\Ra ZWYS bVS`S Wa O dS`g W\bS`Sab%

W\U bSQV\]Z]Ug bVS`S& A]e O`S g]c ac`S bVOb bVOb!a W``SZSdO\b3 4`S

eS [WaaW\U a][SbVW\U3Fn%m cll_f_p[hn ch n_lgm i` f_[lhcha \[mc] ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^+

cn[ncih, Qb_l_ [l_ ch^__^ mj_]c[fct_^ jl[]nc]_m, Qi cffomnl[n_ nb_

f_p_f i` ]igjf_rcns nb[n ][h \_ chpifp_^* sio mbiof^ \l_[nb_

ch ni nb_ ]iohn i` m_p_hn__h* bif^ ìl nb_ ]iohn i` nbl__ [h^ [

b[f`* _rb[f_ ìl nb_ ]iohn i` hch_ [h^ bif^ nb_ \l_[nb ion ìl

[ ]iohn i` ìol [h^ [ ko[ln_l Aih%n î nb[n* F%g domn g[echa

nbcm j[lnc]of[l m_n i` p[fo_m oj [m [h _r[gjf_, Qb_l_ [l_ jl[]+

nc]_m nb[n [l_ òlnb_l ]igjfc][n_^* mo]b [m ch^__^ \l_[nbcha ch

ih_ himnlcf [h^ ion nb_ inb_l* îcha nb_m_ nbcham ch p[lciom

mj_]c[f \i^s jimnol_m* _n], Qb_ mj_]c[fct_^ jl[]nc]_m qcff b[p_

[ n_h^_h]s* F%g nif^* ni jliô]_ kocn_ mj_]c`c] _``_]nm* \on nb_

jlcg[ls nbcha q_%l_ ì]omcha ih b_l_* ni^[s* cm a_nncha nb_

\[mc] ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ jl[]nc]_ îqh,

Kiq F mbiof^ n_ff sio nb_l_ [l_ nqi g[dil m]biifm i`

nbioabn ih omcha nb_ \l_[nb [m [ ]ih]_hnl[ncih ì]om, >ff i`

nb_g [al__ nb[n \l_[nb cm [ p_ls b[h^s [m [ ]ih]_hnl[ncih

ì]om \_][om_* ohf_mm sio%l_ ^_[^* sio [fq[sm b[p_ cn qcnb sio,

Vio e__j siol g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ [jj[l[nom ch siol nl[p_f

\[a

[ff

nb_

ncg_*

[m

cn

q_l_,

Vio

][h

b[p_

_rn_lh[f

i\d_]nm

ìl

siol g_^cn[ncih ì]om x sio ][h fiie [n [ ][h^f_ `f[g_* [

l_fcaciom jc]nol_* [ nbog\n[]e ch nb_ q[ff* nl[^cncih[f Echô

l_jl_m_hn[ncihm i` ai^m il ai^^_mm_m* sio ][h ì]om ih ]cl]f_m

i` ]ifil_^ m[h^ ih nb_ alioh^ x nb_l_ [l_ [ tcffcih nbcham,

Qb_ \[mc] jichn ìl f_[lhcha nb_ ]ih]_hnl[ncih cm nb[n ih]_ sio

b[p_ m_f_]n_^ nb_ n[la_n* nb_ i\d_]n ìl siol g_^cn[ncih m_m+

mcih* nb[n%m qb_l_ siol [nn_hncih abOga& Qb_ c^_[ i` \_nn_l n[l+

a_nm cm a_h_l[ffs [ ^cmnl[]ncih, D__* F ]iof^ ìffiq nb_ qbif_

jli]_mm i` \l_[nb ch [h^ ion nb_ himnlcfm* [ff nb_ q[s îqh ni

nb_ jcn i` nb_ mnig[]b* [h^ F ]iof^ i\m_lp_ nb_ jbsmc][f _rj[h+

mcih [h^ ]ihnl[]ncih i` nb_ _hncl_ \i^s , , , [ff ^cmnl[]ncihm

=:>5 B4:6>46

_ ).

F` sio m[c^ ni siolm_f`* F [g aicha ni jl[]nc]_ ìffiqcha nb_

\l_[nb* cnm chm [h^ ionm* ch n_lgm i` nb_ _rj[hmcih [h^ ]ihnl[]+

ncih i` gs \_ffs ìl nbcm g_^cn[ncih P_mmcih* nb_h [hs inb_l

[mj_]n i` nb_ \l_[nb cm [ ^cmnl[]ncih, K_rn ncg_* g[s\_* sio ][h

^_]c^_ W\ ORdO\QS nb[n sio%l_ aicha ni ìffiq nb_ \l_[nb [m m_hm[ncihm ch nb_ him_, Qb_h mnc]e qcnb cn ìl nb[n P_mmcih,

?[]e ni iol nqi g[dil m]biifm i` nbioabn8 ih_ i` nb_

g[dil m]biifm ìffiqm nb_ _rj[hmcih [h^ ]ihnl[]ncih i` nb_

\_ffs* [h^ nb_ inb_l g[dil m]biif `__fm nb_ q[lgcha [h^ ]iif+

cha m_hm[ncihm [n nb_ ncj i` nb_ himnlcfm [m nb_ \l_[nb ai_m ch

[h^ ion, Qb_s b[p_ a_hnf_* nb_il_nc][f ko[ll_fm [m ni qbc]b msm+

n_g cm ijncg[f* qbc]b F îh%n nbche q_ h__^ ni qills [\ion, F

b[p_ hi c^_[ qbc]b cm nb_ \_mn q[s, F jl_`_l ì]omcha ih nb_

\l_[nb%m gip_g_hn i` nb_ \_ffs ìl [h [^^cncih[f jms]bifiac+

][f l_[mih8 q_ gi^_lh T_mn_lh_lm fcp_ oj ch iol b_[^m gimn

i` nb_ ncg_ [fl_[^s Pi F `caol_ nb[n [hsnbcha nb[n b_fjm om j[s

[ fcnnf_ gil_ [nn_hncih ni iol []no[f \i^c_m cm jli\[\fs [ aii^

jms]bifiac][f gip_, F qih%n a_n ^cp_ln_^ chni ^cm]ommcha nb[n hiq* \on nb_l_ [l_ [ fin i` ^[n[ `lig bog[hcmnc] [h^ inb_l

\l[h]b_m i` jms]bifias nb[n ch^c][n_ fcpcha ch siol qbif_

\i^s cm [ fin \_nn_l ìl sio [h^ gil_ m[ncm`scha nb[h domn

fcpcha ch siol b_[^,

Pi F ][h%n _gjb[mct_ _hioab nb[n ih]_ nb_ ì]om i\d_]n

b[m \__h m_f_]n_^ ìl [ acp_h jl[]nc]_ P_mmcih* nb[n%m qb[n sio

mn[s qcnb, Bp_h c` [ ai^ il ai^^_mm [jj_[lm \_ìl_ sio [h^

m[sm* Lb qih^liom Jcmnl_mm il J[mn_l* sio mbiof^ \_ ì]om+

cha ih nb_ jl[hc] &_h_las' _g[h[ncihm `lig nb_ f_`n mc^_ i` nb_

himnlcf* sio [l_ mi mj_]c[f sio ][h `__f _r]cn_^ ìl [ gig_hn*

\on ]ig_ \[]e ni nb_ \l_[nb

>a[ch F q[hn ni _gjb[mct_* îh%n TWUVb ^cmnl[]ncihm* sio

][h q[mn_ [h _hilgiom [giohn i` ncg_, F ehiq* F%p_ q[mn_^

[h _hilgiom [giohn i` ncg_ mnloaafcha qcnb ^cmnl[]ncihm*

mo]b [m c^_[m i` biq ni cgjlip_ gs g_^cn[ncihm* chmn_[^ i`

domn ìffiqcha nb_ mcgjf_ chmnlo]ncihm

PQRABKQ8 JVS\ < bV]cUVb OP]cb eVOb < eOa R]W\U O\R U]b ]TT

*? _ =:>5 B4:6>46

]\ W\bS`SabW\U bÒW\a ]T bV]cUVb$ eOa < PSW\U [W\RTcZ ]` eOa < PSW\U

RWabÒQbSR3

Lh_ i` nb_ g_[hcham i` nb_ n_lg gch^òf* ch _p_ls^[s

fc`_* b[m ni î qcnb nbchecha* i` ìffiqcha nb_ ]ihn_hn i` qb[n

siol nbioabnm [l_ [\ion, Qb[n%m hin nb_ q[s F%g omcha cn ch iol qile nia_nb_l, F%g omcha gch^òf ch nb_ m_hm_ i` \_cha [q[l_*

i` \_cha [nn_hncp_ ni [ qc^_ l[ha_ i` jb_hig_h[* hin domn

nbioabnm, Kiq _p_hno[ffs ih_ ]iof^ f_[lh ni \_ gch^òf

[\ion nbioabnm* [ ech^ i` g_^cn[ncih F%p_ [fq[sm j_lmih[ffs

ìoh^ p_ls ^c``c]ofn, T_%ff m__ nbcm gil_ ]f_[lfs qb_h q_ gip_

ih ni nb_ inb_l g[dil ìlg i` g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ [h^ nb_

gch^òfh_mm ch ^[cfs fc`_ jl[]nc]_, ?on f_n%m mn[s ì]om_^ ih

]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih ìl hiq,

Aih%n m_n siolm_f` mig_ [\mifon_ ai[f nb[n sio qcff hin

b[p_ []]igjfcmb_^ [hsnbcha ni^[s ohf_mm sio ][h f_[lh ni

b[p_ [ mn[n_ qcnb hi nbioabnm qb[nmi_p_l, Q[e_ cn [m siol hil+

g[f \[m_fch_ nb[n sio hilg[ffs b[p_* m[s* 3*... nbioabnm j_l

biol il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n, F` sio jl[]nc]_ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_

g_^cn[ncih [h^ sio ^lij nb_ l[n_ \s /.#* sio%l_ [fl_[^s g[e+

cha [ kocn_ mcahc`c][hn [^p[h]_, M_lb[jm qcnb gil_ jl[]nc]_

sio f_[lh ni ì]om _hioab nb[n sio ^lij nb_ l[n_ 0.#* mi sio

[l_ ihfs b[pcha 6.# i` nb_ hog\_l i` nbioabnm sio qiof^

hilg[ffs b[p_,

Bp_hno[ffs sio%ff [fmi l_[fct_ nb[n nbioabnm g[s ]ig_ [h^

ai* \on sio ][h mncff e__j mig_ [nn_hncih ih nb_ \_ffs* ih nb_

m_f_]n_^ g_^cn[ncp_ ì]om, Vio ][h m__ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[+

ncih cm hin [ g[nn_l i` F [g bif^cha ih ni nbcm \_ffs P_hm[ncih

[h^ hi inb_l [q[l_h_mm qcff _p_l a_n nblioab ni g_* hi g[n+

n_l qb[n Qb[n f_[^m ni [ p_ls n_hm_ ech^ i` g_^cn[ncih* [

g_hn[f b[\cn nb[n qcff \_ p_ls ]iohn_ljliô]ncp_ qb_h q_

qile qcnb ij_hcha oj g_^cn[ncih f[n_l, > nbioabn @i^

Qb_l_* F%p_ ecff_^ cn Qb[n%m hin qb_l_ q_%l_ aicha, Qb[n%m

_mm_hnc[ffs \_cha ^lcp_h \s nbcham _rn_lh[f ni siol joljim_,

Qbioabnm qcff ]ig_* [h^ c` _p_ls mchaf_ ih_ cm nb_ i]][mcih ìl

[ \[nnf_* sio%p_ ain [ fiha* fiha mnloaaf_ [b_[^,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ *&



Le[s* b_l_%m [hinb_l q[s ni jbl[m_ qb[n q_%l_ îcha ch

jl[]nc]cha \[mc] ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih8 T_%l_ f_[lhcha biq

ni m_n [ joljim_ [h^ []no[ffs ìffiq cn nblioab, T_%l_ mn[lncha

ion qcnb [ p_ls mcgjf_ \[mc] joljim_ x F [g aicha ni ì]om ih

gs \l_[nb [h^ e__j ch ]ihncho[f ]ihn[]n qcnb nb[n* ch [ l_f[r_^ q[s, Tb_h sio g[mn_l mcgjf_ joljim_m fce_ nb[n* nb_h

g[s\_ sio ][h b[p_ gil_ ]igjf_r joljim_m, Qb_h g[s\_

sio ][h f_[lh ni î [^p[h]_^ g_^cn[ncp_ jl[]nc]_m* ìl _r[g+

jf_8 F%ff l_g_g\_l ni mn[s alioh^_^ ch b_l_+[h^+hiq \i^s

m_hm[ncihm qb_h gs \imm cm m[scha nbcham nb[n hilg[ffs ^lcp_

g_ oj nb_ q[ff mo]b nb[n F m[s mnojc^ nbcham, Qbcm cm go]b

b[l^_l ni î g[h f_[lh ni e__j qcnb nb_ \[mc] \l_[nb,

T_%l_ mn[lncha ion qcnb [ \[mc] ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ jli]_mm*

qbc]b jlipc^_m nb_ ìoh^[ncih ìl gil_ [^p[h]_^ jli]_mm_m*

[h^ [fmi \lcham al_[n \_h_`cnm ch inb_l [l_[m,

F%ff ^cal_mm b_l_ ìl [ gig_hn \_ìl_ q_ î [ \cn gil_

jl[]nc]_, ?[]e ch /747* F jo\fcmb_^ gs 4ZbS`SR FbObSa ]T

6]\aQW]ca\Saa [hnbifias,1 Fh nb_ chnliô]ncih F qlin_ ìl nb_

m_]ncih ih g_^cn[ncih* F ech^ i` \l[aa_^ nb[n F b[^ l_jli+

ô]_^ nb_l_ nqi nbcl^m i` nb_ Bhafcmb f[hao[a_ m]c_hnc`c] fcn_l+

[nol_ ih g_^cn[ncih, Pioh^_^ jl_nns aii^ x ohncf sio l_[f+

ct_^ F b[^ l_jlchn_^ nqi i` nb_ nbl__ [lnc]f_m nb[n F ]iof^ `ch^

ch nb_ _hncl_ T_mn_lh m]c_hnc`c] fcn_l[nol_ ih g_^cn[ncih, Fn

q[mh%n go]b J_^cn[ncih l_m_[l]b q[m hin _r[]nfs [ bcab

jlcilcns ch m]c_h]_ [n nb[n ncg_,

Qb_h [fiha ][g_ [h [lnc]f_ ch nbcm ]iohnls%m gimn jl_mnc+

aciom a_h_l[f m]c_hnc`c] Giolh[f* FQWS\QS$ m[scha g_^cn[ncih

jl[]nc]_ b[^ ^VgaW]Z]UWQOZ ]ill_f[n_m &T[ff[]_ /75.', ?_ìl_

nb[n* ch n_lgm i` a_h_l[f T_mn_lh m]c_hnc`c] [nncno^_m* g_^cn[+

ncih q[m nbioabn i`* ih nb_ l[l_ i]][mcihm qb_h cn q[m

nbioabn i` [n [ff* [m [ m]bctijbl_hc]+fce_ jli]_mm* îh_ \s fcn+

nf_ \liqh g_h ch cgjip_lcmb_^ ]iohnlc_m ni _m][j_ l_[fcns*

[h^ bij_òffs mig_^[s jlial_mm qiof^ ]ol_ nb_g i` nbcm

j[nbifiac][f \_b[pcil &Qbcm cm hin nb_ jifcnc][ffs ]ill_]n

q[s ni m[s cn* \on cn mo]]ch]nfs [h^ []]ol[n_fs ^_m]lc\_m [h

*' _ =:>5

B4:6>46



[nncno^_ nb[n b[^ [ fin i` ]ofnol[f \c[m [h^ l[]cmg oh^_lfscha

cn,' @_ln[chfs cn q[m [h _hncl_fs mo\d_]ncp_ [h^ ]l[ts nbcha nb[n

q[m nin[ffs ohqilnbs i` m]c_hnc`c] [nn_hncih, >ff i` [ mo^^_h* cn

ain jbsmcifiacmct_^, Lp_lhcabn* g_^cn[ncih \_][g_ l_[f*

[h^ cn \_][g_ f_acncg[n_ ni î l_m_[l]b ih cn, Bmj_]c[ffs c` sio

fiie_^ [n domn nb_ l_[f jbsmcifiac][f _``_]nm i` g_^cn[ncih

?_][om_ i` nbcm f_acncgct[ncih i` g_^cn[ncih l_m_[l]b*

nblioab jonncha cn ch nb_ jl_`_ll_^ &il* acp_h g[hs m]c_hncmnm%

\c[m_m* nb_ nlo_' _rjf[h[nils Psmn_g i` jbsmcifias* [ fin i`

l_m_[l]b ih g_^cn[ncih b[m mch]_ \__h îh_, Jo]b i` nbcm

chpifp_m hi jbsmcifiac][f g_[mol_m* cn%m jf[ch jms]bifiac][f

mno`` nb[n ]iof^ b[p_ \__h îh_ \_ìl_ x \on g_^cn[ncih

q[mh%n l_[f \_ìl_, F b[p_h%n nlc_^ ni e__j l_[ffs []]ol[n_

nl[]e* \on nb_l_ [l_ gil_ nb[h /3.. jo\fcmb_^ m]c_hnc`c] [lnc+

]f_m ih g_^cn[ncih hiq, P]c_hnc`c] mno^c_m i` g_^cn[ncih* hin

nb_ g_^cn[ncih fcn_l[nol_ qcnbch Pjclcno[f nl[^cncihm* \on l_[+

mih[\f_+ni+aii^ ko[fcns m]c_hnc`c] mno^c_m, Qb_ p[mn g[dilcns i`

nb_m_ mno^c_m `ch^ nb[n g_^cn[ncih b[m [ff milnm i` jimcncp_

_``_]nm ch nb_ ^cl_]ncih i` mnl_mm l_ô]ncih, Fn î_mh%n g[nn_l

nii go]b qb[n sio g_[mol_8 c` cn%m mnl_mm l_f[n_^* [h^ j_ijf_

f_[lh ni î mig_ ech^ i` g_^cn[ncih* fce_ nbcm \[mc] ]ih]_h+

nl[ncp_ ech^ il Ql[hm]_h^_hn[f J_^cn[ncih &QJ'* nb_s a_n \_n+

n_l, Vio ][h `ch^ aii^ ip_lpc_qm i` nbcm l_m_[l]b ch mo]b \iiem

[m

&Joljbs

[h^

Q[sfil

/774'

[h^

&T_mn

/765', Kiq* cn%m hin nii ]f_[l `lig nb_ l_m_[l]b ni ^[n_ c` nb_s a_n

[hs \_nn_l nb[h nb_s qiof^ c` nb_s niie nq_hns gchon_m [ ^[s

[h^* chmn_[^ i` g_^cn[ncha* nb_s ^c^ mig_ _r_l]cm_* il niie [

h[j* il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n, Tb[n cm jli\[\fs [ om_òf a_h_l+

[f ]ih]fomcih i` nb_ `ch^cham mi `[l cm nb[n q_%l_ il^ch[lcfs mi

mnl_mm_^ ion [h^ q_%l_ mi \oms* bollscha* bollscha* bollscha [ff

nb_ ncg_ nb[n [hsnbcha nb[n qcff g[e_ T_mn_lh_lm mcn mncff ìl

nq_hns gchon_m [ ^[s [h^ l_f[r nb_cl gch^ [h^ \i^s cm aii^

ìl nb_g, Fn Pn[lnm ]onncha chni nb[n m_f`+l_chìl]cha mnl_mm ]s]f_

nb[n b[m* ohìlnoh[n_fs* \_]ig_ [ j[ln i` hilg[f fc`_ ni^[s,

S_ls `_q mijbcmnc][n_^ mno^c_m i` g_^cn[ncih b[p_ \__h îh_

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ *(

ni nls ni a_n \_sih^ nbcm \[mc] a_h_l[f ]ih]fomcih, Qb[n%m nb_

h_rn mn_j ch g_^cn[ncih l_m_[l]b* ni mno^s qb[n p[lciom ech^m

i` g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ î ch [ gil_ jliìoh^ m_hm_ nb[h domn

b_fj om ]ij_ qcnb mnl_mm x [`n_l [ff* ]ijcha qcnb mnl_mm cm domn [

mg[ff [mj_]n i` qb[n g_^cn[ncih cm chn_h^_^ ni î,Le[s, >l_ q_ l_[^s ni jl[]nc]_ mig_ gil_< F q[hn ni b[p_

m_p_l[f \lc_` jl[]nc]_ m_mmcihm mi nb[n F ][h [^^l_mm nb_ ko_m+

ncihm nb[n ]ig_ oj ch []no[f jl[]nc]_,

Pi ih]_ [a[ch îm_ siol _s_m x [b* \on q[cn, F` sio a_n

nii mf__js `lig ]fimcha siol _s_m* qbc]b b[jj_hm mig_ncg_m*

[h [fn_lh[ncp_ cm ni a_hnfs `cr siol _s_m ih mig_ jichn [b_[^

i` sio, I_n%m m__* F nbche nb_ Pn[h^[l^ Echô nl[^cncih b_l_ cm

nb[n sio l_mn siol _s_m ih [ mjin ih nb_ alioh^ ih_ jfiq

f_hanb ch `lihn i` sio, F` sio îh%n b[jj_h ni ehiq nb_ Pn[h+

^[l^ jfiq f_hanb* cn%m [\ion mcr `__n, ,,, Fh [ Pcno[ncih fce_ nbcm*

mcnncha ch ]b[clm ch liqm* nb_ jimcncih cm jli\[\fs nb_ lcg i` nb_

nij i` nb_ ]b[cl ch `lihn i` sio il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n,

?on c` sio%l_ aicha ni f_[p_ siol _s_m ij_h* Ô`Y nb_g

nb_l_, Aih%n fiie [lioh^ x nb[n jliô]_m nii go]b Pncgof[+

ncih x j[le nb_g nb_l_* l_mn siol a[t_ nb_l_, >h^ îh%n Pn[l_

chn_hnfs, Qb_ c^_[ cm hin ni `[ncao_ siol _s_m x [fnbioab nb[n

]iof^ jliô]_ finm i` `[l ion pcmo[f jb_hig_h[ nb[n g[e_

sio nbche sio%l_ mjclcno[ffs [^p[h]_^, Vio \[mc][ffs j[le nb_g

ch [ l_f[r_^ jimcncih* _s_m b[f`+]fim_^, F` sio îh%n b[p_ [

jli\f_g qcnb _r]_mmcp_ mf__jch_mm* e__jcha siol _s_m ]fim_^ cm

`ch_, Tb[n F n_h^ ni î* [h^ F ehiq qb[n mig_ inb_l g_^cn[+

nilm n_h^ ni î* cm nb[n c` F%g nii g_hn[ffs [acn[n_^ qb_h F

q[hn ni g_^cn[n_ F%ff îm_ gs _s_m* \_][om_ nb[n î_m n_h^ ni

l_ô]_ nb_ [acn[ncih, F` F%g nii mf__js* nb_h F%ff g_^cn[n_ qcnb

gs _s_m ij_h* j[le_^ mig_qb_l_* \_][om_ nb[n n_h^m ni l[cm_

gs f_p_f i` []ncp[ncih, Fn%m siol ]bic]_ ih nb_ _s_m nbcm ncg_,

"ESORS`1 GVWa SfS`QWaS aV]cZR PS a^`SOR ]dS` )(%), [W\cbSa#

Le[s, T_ \_ach [a[ch, P_nnf_ îqh ,,, Pbc`n siol [nn_hncih

P2 u JFKA P@FBK@B

ih]_ [a[ch ni nb_ m_hm[ncihm i` siol \_ffs , , , _rj[h^cha [h^

]ihnl[]ncha [m sio \l_[nb_ , , , Tb[n cm nb[n P_hm[ncih fce_ [n

nbcm p_ls gig_hn< Vio îh%n b[p_ ni jon qil^m ih cn* \on domn

m_hm_ qb[n nb[n%m fce_ , , ,

O_g_g\_l* c` siol gch^ ^lc`nm [q[s* domn a_hnfs \lcha cn

\[]e ni nb_ P_hm[ncih i` qb[n%m aicha ih ch siol \_ffs [n nbcm

gig_hn,,,

Kiq F ]iof^ l_gch^ sio `l_ko_hnfs ni e__j j[scha [nn_h+

ncih ni nb_ m_hm[ncihm ch siol \_ffs , , , Qb[n qiof^ g[e_ cn

mig_qb[n _[mc_l , , , [h^ sio%^ \_ gil_ fce_fs ni nbche siol

g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ q[m mo]]_mmòf , , , ?on q_ h__^ ni jl[]+

nc]_ e__jcha iol [nn_hncih ì]om_^* qcnb f_mm l_fc[h]_ ih _rn_l+

h[f [c^m* fce_ gs l_gch^cha sio ,,, Pi F%g aicha ni acp_ om `cp_

il n_h gchon_m i` koc_n,,,

",%)( [W\cbSa ]T _cWSb#

I_n siol _rj_lc_h]_ ]_hn_l [lioh^ domn l_g_g\_lcha ni

]ig_ \[]e [h^ ì]om ih nb_ m_hm[ncihm i` \l_[nbcha ch siol

\_ffs , , , Gomn m_hmcha biq nb_s [l_* gig_hn ni gig_hn* [m ]ihncho[ffs [m jimmc\f_ , , , ?on l_f[r_^ ,,,

F` sio%p_ ainn_h ^cmnl[]n_^ `lig nb_ m_hm[ncihm i` \l_[nb+

cha* domn a_hnfs \lcha siol gch^ \[]e , , , F` sio%p_ mn[ln_^

nbchecha [\ion mig_nbcha x nb_ nbioabn j_lb[jm m[scha

Qbcm cm [ \lcffc[hn* qih^_lòf* ih]_ ch [ fc`_ncg_ nbioabn nb[n

[\mifon_fs gomn \_ jolmo_^ x domn a_hnfs l_f[r [h^ ]ig_

\[]e ni siol \l_[nbcha , , , Vio%ff h_p_l f[]e ìl nbioabnm f[n_l

ch fc`_ , , ,

Qb_l_ [l_ i]][mcih[f hicm_m `lig ionmc^_ nb_ liig $ $ $ il

`lig inb_l j_ijf_ ]ioabcha il gipcha , , , \on sio îh%n b[p_

ni b[p_ [\mifon_ koc_n ni e__j ì]omcha siol [nn_hncih ih siol

\l_[nbcha , , ,

Kiq F%g aicha ni gip_ [lioh^ [ fcnnf_ oj b_l_ , , , Pch]_ sio%l_ hin ^_[`* sio b_[l g_* \on îh%n j[s [hs j[lnc]of[l

[nn_hncih ni nb[n x sio îh%n b[p_ ni \fi]e cn x \on domn e__j

]igcha \[]e ni nb_ P_hm[ncih i` siol \l_[nb , , ,

Le[s , , , ?lcha siolm_f` \[]e ni siol il^ch[ls mn[n_ i`

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ **

ì]om hiq , , , Lj_h siol _s_m c` nb_s%l_ ]fim_^* [h^ f_n%m m__

biq nb[n q_hn,

PQRABKQ8 GVWa e]`YSR SdS\ PSbbS` T]` [S bVO\ Wb RWR W\ BHG

^`SdW]ca ^ÒQbWQS& @g [W\R eOa [cQV QOZ[S` O\R < ZWYSR bVS abObS

^`]RcQSR& < R]\!b Y\]e eVSbVS` b] QOZZ Wb X]g ]` PZWaa ]` Xcab QOZ[ ]` eVOb& 7]\!b bVS [SRWbObW]\ bÒRWbW]\a bOZY OP]cb X]g PSW\U VWUVS` N

bVO\ PZWaa ]` a][SbVW\U ZWYS bVOb3

< b[p_ qih^_l_^ [ff gs fc`_ [\ion nb_ ^cmnch]ncihm \_nq__h

dis [h^ \fcmm ch nb_ nl[^cncihm* [h^ b[p_ h_p_l ]f_[lfs

`caol_^ ion qb[n q[m g_[hn, Qb_l_ cm [ ]_ln[ch chb_l_hn m[ncm+

`[]ncih ch \_cha ][fg, Eiq g[hs j_ijf_ b[p_ hinc]_^ [ ]_l+

n[ch m[ncm`[]ncih ch \_cha ][fg<

"@O\g VO\Ra O`S ÒWaSR&#

Fn%m òhhs ch [ q[s, Rmo[ffs qb_h q_ m[s dis* q_ nbche i`

mig_ mj_]c`c] ech^ i` _r]cncha b[jjch_mm, ?on nb_l_ cm [ p_ls

l_[f m_hm_ ch qbc]b sio gcabn m[s nb[n qb_h sio ][fg siol

gch^* hinbcha%m b[jj_hcha* [h^ a__* cn%m hc]_ Bmj_]c[ffs ]ig+

j[l_^ ni nb_ ]ihmn[hn b_]nc] ko[fcns i` il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciom+h_mm F` sio a_n l_[ffs ^__j chni [h^ []]igjfcmb_^ qcnb Echô

sia[ il ?o^^bcmn g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_m* nb_s qcff ^cmnchaocmb

nbcham fce_ \fcmm `lig dis, Qb_s%ff ^cmnchaocmb bcab g_^cn[ncp_

mn[n_m &nb_s%l_ ][ff_^ db[h[ mn[n_m' fce_ ih_ ch qbc]b sio _rj_+

lc_h]_ \fcmm* dis [h^ _ko[hcgcns [m \_cha [ fiq_l mn[n_ nb[h

ih_ ch qbc]b sio _rj_lc_h]_ \fcmm [h^ dis \on hin _ko[hcgc+

ns, Dii^ fo]e ih ìffiqcha nbcm hiq* F îh%n

PQRABKQ8 < eS\b bVS ]bVS` eOg$ < T]c\R Wb VO`RS` b] YSS^ [g

[W\R Ob OZZ T]QcaSR bVWa bW[S O\R VOR U`SObS` RWTTWQcZbg YSS^W\U RWa%

bÒQbW]\a T`][ Q][W\U W\$ eVS`SOa bVS TWàb bW[S < RWR TSSZ O U]]R

aS\aS ]T QOZ[ O\R T]Qca& < TSSZ O aS\aS ]T UcWZb Ob V]e <mdS U]bbS\

e]àS

> m_hm_ i` aocfn<PQRABKQ8 > aS\aS ]T UcWZb W\ \]b OQVWSdW\U O [][S\b ]T _cWSbcRS&

Q_ff g_ gil_, Tbs î sio `__f aocfns [n hin koc_ncha siol

gch^ ìl [ gig_hn<

PQRABKQ8 < UcSaa$ W\ [g O``]UO\QS$ < Z]]Y Ob [g [W\R Oa PSW\U

*+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

Xcab bVWa ZWbbZS OaaSb bVOb aV]cZR a]ZdS OZZ bVS e]`ZR!a C`]PZS[a$ O\R <

aV]cZR PS W\ QVOÙS ]T bVOb OaaSb& <\abSOR < YS^b USbbW\U QO``WSR OeOg

]\ bV]cUVb bÒW\a OZZ bVS bW[S bVOb eS`S\!b `SZSdO\b b] eVOb eS!`S

R]W\U& Z Q]cZR\!b ZSb U] ]T bVS[&&

T_ î a_n biie_^ ih iol nbioabnm O_g_g\_l nb_ _r[g+ jf_ F g_hncih_^ qbcf_ F q[m aoc^cha sio nblioab nbcm jl[]+

nc]_< Tb_h nbioabnm chn_llojn gs [nn_gjnm ni mcn ][fgfs* nb_s

omo[ffs jl_m_hn nb_gm_fp_m qcnb nb_ ko[fcns* F%g hin domn [h

]`RW\O`g nbioabn, F%g [ l_[ffs P`WZZWO\b chmcabn* [h^ c` sio îh%n

l_[ffs j[s [nn_hncih ni g_ sio%ff jli\[\fs fim_ nbcm ih]_ ch

[ fc`_ncg_ ijjilnohcns ni `ch[ffs oh^_lmn[h^ _p_lsnbcha

cgjiln[hn

Qb_ [nncno^_ F nls ni n[e_ ìl ^_[fcha qcnb mo]b ^cmnl[]ncihm

cm ni l_g_g\_l nb[n* \[mc][ffs* nbioabnm [l_ l_[f fc[lm ch nbcm

l_mj_]n 8dS`g nlcpc[f nbioabn jl_m_hnm cnm_f` [m cgjiln[hn

Lh]_ ch [ al_[n qbcf_* F l_[ffs b[p_ [ p_ls cgjiln[hn nbioabn

ôlcha g_^cn[ncih, Lh_ i` gs g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm* Pias[f

Ochji]b_* b[m ^_j[ln_^ `lig mnlc]n nl[^cncih ih nbcm* ìl b_

[^pcm_m nb[n c` sio b[p_ nbcm jli\f_g* e__j [ hin_\iie \_mc^_

sio* [h^ c` cnm [ l_[ffs \lcffc[hn nbioabn* qlcn_ cn îqh, Qb_h

T]ÙSb Wb [h^ ai \[]e ni nb_ jl[]nc]_ i` nb_ g_^cn[ncih, F nbche

nbcm cm \lcffc[hn [^pc]_ [h^ cn%m b_fj_^ g_,

PQRABKQ8 Z VOR O\ W\bS`SabW\U Sf^S`WS\QS1 < eOa eO\RS`W\U W\

[g [W\R eVS\ OZZ ]T O acRRS\ < U]b bVWa abOPPW\U FS\aObW]\ W\ [g

P]Rg& GVS\ < Q]cZR\!b Ôg ObbS\bW]\ b] O\gbVW\U Pcb bVOb FS\aObW]\

T]` O eVWZS& 5cb Wb!a Tc\\g$ PSQOcaS < eOa SdS\ []`S Q]\QS\bÒbSR ]\

bVOb ÔW\ bVO\ < VOR SdS` PSS\ ]\ bVS P`SObV&

Fn%m \_cha gil_ jbsmc][f nb[n \lioabn sio \[]e `lig nb_

nbioabn ^cmnl[]ncihm* s_m, Qb_l_ [l_ inb_l ìlgm i` g_^cn[+

ncih x ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih mnsf_ x nb[n chpifp_ chn_hm_

jbsmc][f []ncpcns \_][om_ nb[n qcff ]ih]_hnl[n_ sio \s ìl]c\fs

al[\\cha siol [nn_hncih, Pi* ìl chmn[h]_* c` sio q[hn ni ]ih+

]_hnl[n_ ih siol \i^s m_hm[ncihm* c` sio bcl_^ mig_ \ca* \olfs

aos qcnb [ ]fo\ ni ]b[m_ sio [lioh^ [h^ nls ni bcn sio* sio

qiof^ \_ g[lp_fiomfs ì]om_^ [m sio l[h [h^ `_fn nbim_ \i^s

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ *,

m_hm[ncihm Pnliha jbsmc][f m_hm[ncihm [l_ go]b gil_ ]ih+

]l_n_ [h^ mi [l_ _[mc_l ni ì]om ih nb[h nb_ a_hnf_ P_hm[ncih

i` \l_[nbcha il nb_ bcab_l g_hn[f jli]_mm_m* _p_h nbioab

nb_ f[nn_l ][om_ om gil_ nlio\f_ qb_h ion i` ]ihnlif, Pi nb_

mn[\\cha P_hm[ncih q[m [ b_fj ni sio ch [ q[s,Mbsmc][f m_hm[ncihm [l_ [ al_[n b_fj ìl f_[lhcha g_^cn[+

ncih, Fh nb_ ?o^^bcmn nl[^cncih* ìl chmn[h]_* nb_s n[fe [\ion mcr

^c``_l_hn l_[fgm i` _rcmn_h]_* mig_ i` qbc]b [l_ oh_g\i^c_^

l_[fgm* fce_ [ ai^ l_[fg [h^ [ ^_gcai^ l_[fg, Cila_n [\ion

nb_ ofncg[n_ l_[fcns il f[]e i` cn i` nb_m_ l_[fgm ìl hiq* domn

n[e_ nb_g [m jms]bifiac][f mn[n_m, >m T_mn_lh_lm* f[\_fm fce_

ai^ l_[fg [h^ ^_gcai^ l_[fg mioh^ [jj_[fcha* g[s\_

nb[n%m qb[n q_ g_l_ giln[fm q[hn ni []bc_p_* \on , , , Qb_ nl[+

^cncih cm nb[n nbim_ oh_g\i^c_^ l_[fgm [l_h%n [m aii^ ìl

[]bc_pcha _hfcabn_hg_hn [m nb_ bog[h l_[fg* \_][om_ b[pcha

[ \i^s acp_m sio [ ]_ln[ch mn[\cfcns nb[n b_fjm sio ì]om x

b_fjm \lcha sio \[]e `lig jin_hnc[ffs ch`chcn_ gch^ q[h^_l+

cha, >n [ mcgjf_ f_p_f* cnm b[l^_l ìl g_ ni ai ni mf__j c` F%g

g_^cn[ncha mcnncha oj* \_][om_* qb_h gs b_[^ Pn[lnm ni `[ff* [m

nb[n mn[a_ ih_ BB@ ec]em ch [h^ nb_ j[l[fsmcm Psmn_g ehi]em

ion gs gom]f_ nih_* nb[n q[e_m g_ lcabn \[]e oj, F%g nif^ nb[n

mig_ siacm qbi l_[ffs îh%n q[hn ni ai ni mf__j [n [ff qbcf_

g_^cn[ncha jon [ af[mm i` ]if^ q[n_l ih nb_cl b_[^, >m fiha [m

sio%l_ `[clfs [q[e_* cn n[e_m [fgimn hi [nn_hncih ni e__j siol

b_[^ ojlcabn [h^ mi nb_ af[mm mn[sm ih* \on qb_h siol b_[^

hi^m* nb[n mjf[mb i` ]if^ q[n_l ch nb_ f[j cm p_ls mncgof[ncha

>h^ nb_ ih_m qbi l_[ffs* l_[ffs* î hin q[hn ni ai ni mf__j* F%g

nif^* g_^cn[n_ ch nb_ ]limm+f_aa_^ finom jimnol_ ih nb_ _â_ i`

[ jl_]cjc]_* mi nb_s b[p_ [ fin i` gincp[ncih ni mn[s [q[e_ , , ,

F%g hin chni _rnl_g_m fce_ nb[n

PQRABKQ8 < TW\R Wb _cWbS ^ZSOacÒPZS b] [SRWbObS bVWa eOg$ bVS`S Wa

a]`b ]T O `VgbV[ ]T PSW\U []`S ]` ZSaa W\bSUÒbSR W\b] [g P]Rg$ [cQV

[]`S W\bSUÒbW]\ ]T [W\R O\R P]Rg bVO\ < \]`[OZZg Sf^S`WS\QS&

Dii^ Fn cm jf_[mol[\f_ ni noh_ chni siol \i^s, Kiq F%g

[mmogcha nb[n _p_lsih_ ch nbcm liig b[m [n f_[mn [ \[]b_fil%m

*- _ =:>5

B4:6>46

^_al__ `lig @iff_a_* [h^ jli\[\fs ih_ il nqi [^p[h]_^

^_al__m [fmi, Eiq go]b i` nb[n ^c^ sio _[lh \s \_]igcha

gil_ [q[l_ i` siol \i^s<

Lol _ô][ncih[f Psmn_g l_q[l^m n[fe jiq_l, Qb_ `[mn_l sio

][h n[fe [h^ nb_ gil_ ]f_p_lfs sio ][h n[fe* nb_ gil_ fce_fs sio [l_ ni a_n [h [^p[h]_^ ^_al__, Kiq* nb[n%m [ff lcabn ch

mig_ q[sm8 nb_l_ cm [ fin i` om_òf ehiqf_â_ nb[n ][h \_ ]ih+

p_s_^ nblioab qil^m, ?on nb_ `[]n l_g[chm nb[n q_ [l_ _g\i^+

c_^ ]l_[nol_m, T_ n_h^ ni ìla_n nb[n [n ncg_m* _mj_]c[ffs qb_h

q_%l_ nbchecha &_mm_hnc[ffs [ff nb_ ncg_'* \on nb_l_ cm mig_+

nbcha \_fiq nb_ b_[^, D_nncha ch nio]b qcnb nb[n mig_nbcha*

siol \i^s* î_m jon sio ch nio]b qcnb [ ech^ i` chb_l_hn

jf_[mol_ ch _rcmn_h]_, Fh `[]n sio ][h []]ol[n_fs m[s nb[n* ch nii

g[hs q[sm* q_ fcp_ ch [ qilf^ i` qil^m* i` [\mnl[]ncihm* [h^

nb[n ]onm îqh nb_ dis i` fc`_,

Fh nb_ B[mn nb_s b[p_ nb_ ]ih]_jn nb[n q_ [l_ fcpcha ch cffo+

mcih, FO[aOÒ$ [a[ch* cm nb_ ?o^^bcmn n_lg [h^ [OgO cm nb_

lioabfs _kocp[f_hn Echô sia[ n_lg ìl cn, Qb_m_ n_lgm [l_

omo[ffs nl[hmf[n_^ ìl T_mn_lh_lm [m ihnifiac][f ch h[nol_*

g_[hcha nb[n nb_ qilf^ cm [h Fffomcih* cn%m hin l_[f, ?on nb[n%m

hin kocn_ nb_ jichn, Qb_l_ [l_ g[hs jbcfimijbc][f m]biifm

qcnbch ?o^^bcmg [h^ Echôcmg* i` ]iolm_* domn [m ch [hs

g[dil Psmn_g i` nbioabn* [h^ mig_ i` nb_g nbche nb[n nb_

g[n_lc[f qilf^ cm cffomils [h^ ohl_[f ch mig_ m_hm_* \on nb[n%m

hin l_[ffs nb_ g[ch jichn i` g[s[ il m[gm[l[, Qb_ l_[f* jms+

]bifiac][f jichn cm nb[n q_ b[\cno[ffs* hilg[ffs* fcp_ mi

go]b ch [\mnl[]ncihm* ch ]ih]_jnm* ch nb_ilc_m* ch \_fc_`m* nb[n

q_ j[s p_ls fcnnf_ [nn_hncih ni nb_ []no[f* l_[f qilf^ [lioh^ om,

T_ gcmn[e_ iol nb_ilc_m [\ion nb_ qilf^* [m cn q_l_* ìl nb_

[]no[f ^[n[ [\ion nb_ qilf^ x nb[n%m fcpcha ch Fffomcih* ìl

g[hs i` nb_m_ [\mnl[]ncihm q_ fcp_ ch [l_ \[^fs ^cmniln_^ l_j+

l_m_hn[ncihm i` l_[fcns, >h^ nb[n b[m nqi ]ihm_ko_h]_m, Lh_ cm

nb[n cn a_h_l[n_m YO`[O& Fn f_[^m om ni î mnojc^ nbcham \_][om_

i` jiil ]ihn[]n qcnb [h^ j_l]_jncih i` qb[n%m []no[ffs aicha

ih ch iol fcp_m* qbc]b jliô]_m ]ihm_ko_h]_m nb[n [``_]n om

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ *.



miih_l il f[n_l, H[lg[ \[mc][ffs g_[hm ][om_ [h^ _``_]n,

Bp_lsnbcha b[m [ ][om_ [h^ [h _``_]n* _p_h c` hin cgg_^c[n_ il

i\pciom, Qb_ m_]ih^ ]ihm_ko_h]_* cgg_^c[n_fs l_f_p[hn ni

nb_ jichn sio domn l[cm_^* cm nb[n cn ]onm om i`` `lig [h _mm_hnc[f

dis ch fc`_,

Qb_l_ cm [ dis ch nb_ []no[f n[mn_ i` p[hcff[ c]_ ]l_[g nb[n

î_m hin ]ig_ `lig ehiqcha nb_ ]b_gc][f ìlgof[ i` p[hcff[,

Qb_l_ cm [ dis* [h chb_l_hn [fcp_h_mm ch nb_ \i^s nb[n sio ][h

_rj_lc_h]_ c` sio j[s [nn_hncih ni siol \i^s, ?on c` sio fcp_ oj

ch siol b_[^* ch siol qil^m [ff nb_ ncg_* sio îh%n hinc]_ cn,

Pch]_ F l_ncl_^ `lig nb_ Rhcp_lmcns i` @[fcìlhc[ [n A[pcm m_p_l[f s_[lm [ai hiq* _r]_jn ìl ih_ s_[l ch nb_ @b[cl i`

@ihm]ciomh_mm Pno^c_m [n nb_ Rhcp_lmcns i` K_p[^[ ch I[m

S_a[m* F%p_ \__h n_[]bcha b[f` ncg_ [n nb_ Fhmncnon_ i`

Ql[hmj_lmih[f Mms]bifias ch M[fi >fni, Qbcm cm [h Fhmncnoncih

nb[n F gihcnil_^ [h^ mojjiln_^ `lig cnm p_ls \_achhcha* mig_

nq_hns+`cp_ s_[lm [ai* \_][om_ cn q[m kocn_ [h [g[tcha c^_[ ch

_ô][ncih, FQM i``_lm [h []]l_^cn_^ Mb,A, ch Ql[hmj_lmih[f

Mms]bifias*2 \on chmn_[^ i` domn n_[]bcha mno^_hnm gil_ [h^

gil_ ]f_p_l qil^m* fce_ jl[]nc][ffs [ff al[ô[n_ m]biifm î*

nb_l_ cm _ko[f _gjb[mcm* `lig nb_ p_ls \_achhcha i` nb_ jli+

al[g* ih _ô][ncha siol \i^s [h^ _ô][ncha siol _gincihm

Qb[n%m l_[ffs ohcko_, Qb[n b[m \__h _rj[h^_^ ni _ô][n_ nb_

Pjclcno[f* mi]c[f [h^ ]l_[ncp_ mc^_m i` mno^_hnm nii, Qb_ c^_[

nb[n siol _gincihm ]iof^ \_ chn_ffca_hn* nb[n siol \i^s ]iof^

\_ chn_ffca_hn8 nb[n%m l_[ffs cgjiln[hn,

I_n g_ acp_ sio [ j_lmih[f _r[gjf_ i` qbs nbcm \li[^ _ô+

][ncih cm mi cgjiln[hn, V_[lm [ai F m[q [ ^_gihmnl[ncih i` nb_

G[j[h_m_ g[lnc[f [ln i` >cecî* [h^ F q[m l_[ffs chnlcao_^, Qb_

m_f`+^_`_hm_ [mj_]n i` cn [jj_[f_^ ni g_, Qb_ jbcfimijbs

\_bch^ cn mnlo]e g_ [m p_ls hi\f_, Qb_ `[]n nb[n cn q[m [ g_^c+

n[ncih ch []ncih mnlo]e g_ [m p_ls chn_l_mncha [h^ ]f_[lfs i`

jl[]nc][f p[fo_* mi F [ll[ha_^ ìl [ \f[]e \_fn chmnlo]nil ch

>cecî* >f[h Dliq* ni ]ig_ oj ni R@ A[pcm [ ]iojf_ i` ^[sm

[ q__e [h^ n_[]b [ ]f[mm, T_ff* >f[h q[m `[hn[mnc], E_ q[m mi

+% _ =:>5 B4:6>46



al[]_òf* mi _``_]ncp_ [h^ mi jiq_lòf ch qb[n b_ ^c^, >h^

qcnbch nqi q__em x F ]iof^ _rjf[ch >cecî go]b \_nn_l

nb[h bcg,

F ]iof^ l_f[n_ cn ni ^_p_fijg_hnm ch jms]bifias* ni ^c``_l+

_hn qilf^ l_fcacihm* ni p[lciom jbcfimijbc_m [h^ mi ìlnb, F%p_

b[^ [ \f[]e \_fn ch n[fecha mch]_ [\ion nb_ ncg_ F q[m n_h

s_[lm if^, ?on qb[n F e_jn hinc]cha q[m nb[n qbcf_ F ]iof^

ionn[fe bcg* F ]iof^h%n î [hsnbcha* qbcf_ b_ ]iof^ nbliq g_

[]limm nb_ liig qcnb qb[n m__g_^ fce_ [ g_l_ q[p_ i` bcm fcn+

nf_ `cha_l F e_jn hinc]cha nbcm ^cmj[lcns \_nq__h gs n[fecha

ehiqf_â_ [h^ gs l_[f ehiqf_â_ qb_h F q[m nbliqh []limm nb_ liig8 nb[n q[m [ mnliha _hioab _rj_lc_h]_ ni g[e_ g_

hinc]_ mig_nbcha

Fn niie g_ m_p_l[f s_[lm i` mno^s [h^ jl[]nc]_ ni l_[fct_

nb[n ]iff_]ncha finm ]T e]`Ra [\ion >cecî q[m hin j[lnc]of[lfs

l_f_p[hn* [h^* ch^__^* q[m omo[ffs _rnl_g_fs gcmf_[^cha,

Pfiqfs F \_a[h ni f_[lh biq ni j[s [nn_hncih [n [ \i^cfs

f_p_f &nb_ chn_ff_]n ][h%n jbl[m_ nbcm ech^ i` ehiqf_â_ m[ncm+

`[]nilcfs' [m ni qb[n q[m aicha ih, Bp_hno[ffs F []no[ffs

f_[lh_^ ni î mig_ >cecî chmn_[^ i` domn \_cha aii^ [n n[fe+

cha [\ion cn, Qbcm q[m `clmn g[dil chnliô]ncih ni nb_ l_[fcns i`

ech^m i` ehiqf_â_ nb[n q_l_ hin chn_ff_]no[f* [h^ biq

cgjiln[hn _ô][ncha nb_m_ inb_l j[lnm i` iolm_fp_m cm,

O_g_g\_l nbcm @ih`_l_h]_ q_%l_ [n* Qo]mih FFF* cm l_[ffs [

nbioabn[bifc] ilas T_%l_ aicha ni b[p_ mig_ mno`` nbliqh [n

om nb[n cm l_[ffs chnirc][ncha* b_[^s* _r]cncha mno`` Js b_[^%m

aicha ni _rjfi^_ \_ìl_ nb_ _h^ i` nb_ q__e9 F ehiq nb[n

x ohf_mm F%g l_[f ][l_òf , , , F%ff jli\[\fs \_ mecjjcha mig_

m_mmcihm, > qcm_ nbioabn[bifc] nlc_m ni ^lche ch gi^_l[ncih

x \on mncff gs b_[^%m aicha ni _rjfi^_* F%g aicha ni b[p_

mig_ `ch_ chn_ff_]no[f ^lohem Goâcha \s gs j[mn _rj_lc_h]_m

i` @ih`_l_h]_m* F [fmi ehiq nb[n [`n_l F a_n big_* F%g aicha ni

hinc]_ nb[n mig_qb_l_ F ìlain gs \i^s, F l_g_g\_l b[pcha

ih_ qb_h F ain ih nb_ jf[h_ ni ]ig_ b_l_* \on cn ain fimn

mig_qb_l_* [h^ cn%ff n[e_ g_ [ qbcf_ ni l_a[ch cn,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ +&

Lh_ i` nb_ nbcham nb[n ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih qcff î*

_mj_]c[ffs qb_h q_%l_ omcha [ \i^s òh]ncih fce_ \l_[nbcha [m

iol g_^cn[ncp_ ì]om* cm nb[n cn Pn[lnm ni \lcha om chni iol \i^+

c_m, Qb_ \i^s î_m b[p_ [ chb_l_hn dis, Fn [fmi b[m ]_ln[ch qcm+

îg* qbc]b* c` sio h_p_l j[s [hs [nn_hncih ni siol \i^s* sio

h_p_l a_n go]b i`, Pi \_achhcha ni ì]om ch ih nb_ \l_[nb

Pn[lnm ni jon sio ch nio]b qcnb nb[n dis [h^ qcmîg x [m q_ff

[m ]f_[l_l [h^ gil_ []]ol[n_ j_l]_jncih i` nb_ ohjf_[m[hn

[mj_]nm i` \i^s P_hm[ncih nii,

PQRABKQ8 < RWR\!b Sf^SQb bVWa$ Pcb < TSSZ []`S Q]\\SQbSR eWbV bVS

]bVS` ^S]^ZS W\ bVWa `]][ Oa eS [SRWbObS b]USbVS`$ SdS\ bV]cUV eS R]\!b `SOZZg Y\]e SOQV ]bVS`&

F` sio `__f [ fcnnf_ f_mm [fc_h[n_^ [m q_ î nbcm* nb[n%m qih+

^_lòf L` ]iolm_ gimn i` om [l_ mnl[ha_lm ch nb_ il^ch[ls

g_[hcha i` nb_ n_lg* \on nb_ g_^cn[ncp_ nl[^cncihm n_ff om nb[n

ih_ i` nb_ nbcham q_ qcff ^cm]ip_l ìl iolm_fp_m* c` q_ a_n aii^

[n g_^cn[ncih* cm nb[n q_ [l_ l_[ffs chncg[n_fs ]ihh_]n_^*

hiqb_l_ h_[l [m m_j[l[n_ [m q_ nbche, F%p_ _p_h \__h nif^ \s

mig_ i` gs n_[]b_lm* ìl _r[gjf_* nb[n _p_ls\i^s ch nbcm liig

b[m ?o^^b[ h[nol_, Lol j_l]_jncih i` ?o^^b[ h[nol_ cm p_ls

jiil* nbcm mbchcha h[nol_ cm ]fio^_^ ip_l \s iol nbioabnm [h^

`__fcham [h^ jl_i]]oj[ncihm* \on cn%m nb_l_ ch l_[fcns, Qb[n%m

l[nb_l nb_il_nc][f mno`` ìl g_* F%g [`l[c^* F%p_ b[^ hi ^cl_]n

_rj_lc_h]_ i` nb[n* \on cn%m [h chmjclcha c^_[, F go]b jl_`_l [ Psmn_g nb[n m[sm iol \[mc] h[nol_ cm ?o^^b[ h[nol_ ni ih_

nb[n m[sm iol \[mc] h[nol_ cm ilcach[f mch Dlioh^cha ch nb_

\i^s* ]igcha \[]e ni nb_ mcgjf_ l_[fcns i` siol \l_[nbcha*

n[e_m _h_las [q[s `lig b[\cno[f g_hn[f jli]_mm_m nb[n []ncp_+

fs ]l_[n_ nb_ mnl[ha_l ko[fcns* nb_ _rnl[ [h^ ohh_]_mm[ls

[fc_h[ncih* mi j_lb[jm q_ [l_ f_mm_hcha [h cffomcih,

PQRABKQ, 6O\ eS [SRWbObS ]\ bVW\Ua ]bVS` bVO\ bVS P`SObV3

V_m* sio ][h î ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih ih inb_l nbcham*

inb_l ì]c, Cil chmn[h]_* c` sio b[^ mig_ _rn_lh[f i\d_]n ni

ì]om ih* sio gcabn f_[lh nb_ ]ih]_hnl[ncih mecffm domn [m q_ff*

\on nb[n î_mh%n kocn_ \lcha sio chni siol \i^s [m go]b,

+' _ =:>5

B4:6>46

M_ijf_ ][h _p_h g_^cn[n_ ih c^_[m [m [ ì]om* fce_ Qlonb il

Gomnc]_ il J_l]s, Qb[n ech^ i` jl[]nc]_ cm mig_nbcha F%p_

[pic^_^ fce_ nb_ jf[ao_* nbioab* \_][om_ F%g nii [\mnl[]n

[fl_[^s Qb[n%m nb_ f[mn nbcha F h__^, F h__^ ni ]ihncho_ ni a_n

ch gs \i^s [h^ gs m_hm_m* [h^ j[s [nn_hncih ni l_[fcns* [h^ F

nbche [h [qòf fin i` om b_l_ ni^[s [l_ fce_ g_ ch nb[n h__^,

T_ b[p_ ni \_ ][l_òf hin ni a_n nii chn_ff_]no[f b_l_* cn%m [

]ihmn[hn n_gjn[ncih [giha nbioabn[bifc]m fce_ om,

F î q[hn ni chnliô]_ ih_ inb_l ech^ i` g_^cn[ncih \_+

ìl_ foh]b ncg_, I_n g_ [me sio \_ìl_ F mn[ln nb[n nbioab* [l_

nb_l_ [hs j[lnc]of[l ko_mncihm ih [hsnbcha sio îh%n oh^_l+mn[h^ [\ion nb_ n_]bhcko_ F%p_ chnliô]_^ mi `[l* _mj_]c[ffs ch

n_lgm i` biq ni î cn<

PQRABKQ8 <![ USbbW\U aZSS^g eVS\ eS ^ÒQbWQS& JVOb QO\ < R]3

V_m* mf__jch_mm ôlcha g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ cm [ p_ls ]ig+

gih jli\f_g, Vio ][h î p[lciom nbcham, F%p_ [fl_[^s m[c^* ìl

chmn[h]_* sio ][h g_^cn[n_ qcnb siol _s_m ij_h* qbc]b ][h

b_fj, Ll c` sio%p_ mn[ln_^ qcnb siol _s_m mbon sio ][h ij_h

nb_g [h^ j[le nb_g mig_qb_l_ c` sio `__f p_ls mf__js* îm_

nb_g [a[ch qb_h sio îh%n `__f mi mf__js, ?on c` sio%l_ mf__js

_hioab* sio%ff mncff a_n mf__js* _s_m ij_h il hin,

F om_^ ni mig_ncg_m \cn_ gs nihao_ qb_h F ain nii mf__js*

domn ni a_n [ fcnnf_ difn i` P_hm[ncih aicha nblioab nb_l_* hin

_hioab ni ][om_ chdols* \on _p_h nb[n î_mh%n [fq[sm b_fj,Vio ][h l_a[l^ mf__jch_mm [m [ n_llc\f_ _h_gs [h^ qile

`SOZZg b[l^ ni ]ih]_hnl[n_ [h^ e__j ]igcha \[]e ni nb_ ì]om

i` ]ih]_hnl[ncih, Qb[n g[s ^_p_fij al_[n mecff ch sio* \on F%g

[ fcnnf_ l_fo]n[hn ni l_]igg_h^ nb[n \_][om_ cn n_h^m ni g[e_

g_^cn[ncih nii b[lmb, Qb[n%m qbs qb_h F%g aoc^cha sio ch

jl[]nc]_ F e__j m[scha ni sio* US\bZg \lcha siol [nn_hncih \[]e

qb_h sio hinc]_ cn%m q[h^_l_^, M_ijf_ ][h a_n chni [ p_ls

_`ìlnòf mnsf_ i` ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih* F%g aicha ni ì]om

ih nbcm hi g[nn_l qb[n [h^ nbcm ]l_[n_m _hilgiom n_hmcihm

[h^ ][h jliô]_ [ff milnm i` inb_l mc^_ _``_]nm nb[n [l_ hin

aii^, >fmi* ih_ i` gs g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm* Pias[f Ochji]b_*

JFKA

P@FBK@B _ +(

m[sm nb[n mf__jch_mm ch g_^cn[ncih cm omo[ffs [ ^cmnl[]ncih \on

mig_ncg_m cn g_[hm cn gcabn \_ [ aii^ c^_[ ni fc_ îqh [h^

n[e_ [ h[j ìl [ `_q gchon_m [h^ nb_h g_^cn[n_ T_ \lcha [

fcnnf_

l_[mih[\f_h_mm

ch

b_l_,?_ l_[mih[\f_ nii [\ion nb_ `[]n nb[n c` j_lb[jm siol _rj_+

lc_h]_ q[mh%n [m aii^ nb_ m_]ih^ jl[]nc]_ ncg_* cn%m hi \ca ^_[f,

Bmj_]c[ffs qb_h sio%l_ domn \_achhcha, Qb_l_ [l_ aicha ni \_

_hilgiom p[lc[ncihm `lig ih_ g_^cn[ncih ni nb_ h_rn,

Bp_hno[ffs [m siol gch^ a_nm ]f_[l_l ch i\m_lpcha cnm_f`* cn qcff

jliô]_ p_ls l_q[l^cha _rj_lc_h]_m* \on mncff nb_l_ qcff \_

_hilgiom S[lc[ncih qcnbch [ P_mmcih, F%ff b[p_ m_mmcihm* ìl _r[gjf_* qb_l_ gs gch^ qcff a_n ]lsmn[f ]f_[l qcnbch [ `_q m_]+

ih^m* [h^ F nbche* E_s* F%g a_nncha jl_nns aii^ b_l_ Qbcm cm

aicha ni \_ [ l_[ffs aii^ P_mmcih E[f` [h biol f[n_l F l_[fct_

nb[n cgg_^c[n_fs ìffiqcha nb[n nbioabn F \_a[h nbchecha

[\ion ^_mcahcha [h _rn_hmcih ih gs nl__biom_ il [\ion [h

[lnc]f_ F q[hn_^ ni qlcn_ [h^ nin[ffs ìlain [\ion g_^cn[ncih,

PQRABKQ8 <![ VOdW\U bVWa ^`]PZS[ [SRWbObW\U ]\ bVS aS\aS ]T

P`SObVW\U T]` O dS`g aW[^ZS `SOa]\& 5`SObVW\U Wa W[^]`bO\b T]` [S Oa

<![ OabV[ObWQ$ a] <![ dS`g Q]\QS`\SR OP]cb SfOQbZg V]e [g P`SObVW\U

Wa U]W\U& <T O QVO\US W\ bVS _cOZWbg ]T FS\aObW]\ ]QQcà < Ocb][ObWQOZ%

Zg O\OZghS Wb b] aSS WT Wb [SO\a O\ ObbOQY [WUVb PS Q][W\U ]\$ eVSbVS`

< aV]cZR bOYS [SRWQObW]\ \]e$ O\R a] T]`bV& JVOb aV]cZR < R]3

Vio î b[p_ [ mj_]c[f jli\f_g nb_l_, Vio%l_ nii _ô][n+_^ [\ion \l_[nbcha, F g_[h _ô][n_^ ch nb_ \i^s m_hm_* hin

domn ch [h chn_ff_]no[f m_hm_, Cil sio* ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih

gcabn j_lb[jm \_ \_nn_l îh_ ih mig_ _rn_lh[f i\d_]n, Pig_

mcgjf_ fcnnf_ nbcha x [ nbog\ n[]e ih [ q[ff x il mig_nbcha

fce_ nb[n, F` sio om_ [h _rn_lh[f i\d_]n* fiie [n cn US\bZg$ îh%n

mn[l_ ch [ pcmo[ffs* i]of[lfs ]ih]_hnl[n_^ q[s \_][om_ i]of[l

n_hmcih qcff ][om_ [ fin i` _s_ `[ncao_, Qb_ _s_ `[ncao_ qcff

g[e_ [ff milnm i` chn_l_mncha nbcham b[jj_h [h^ sio g[s

nbche sio%l_ b[pcha al_[n Pjclcno[f _rj_lc_h]_m \on cn%m domn _s_

`[ncao_, Pig_ g_^cn[ncih Psmn_gm* F nbche* ]b_[n [h^ om_

nb_m_ pcmo[f _``_]nm [m [ q[s i` _h]iol[acha j_ijf_* miln i` [

+) _ =:>5 B4:6>46

Lb Fn ]b[ha_^ mb[j_ [h^ mct_< Vio%l_ a_nncha nb_l_* cn%m mjcl+

cno[f j_l]_jncih ech^ i` nbcha, T_ff* nb[n b[jj_hm qb_h sio

mn[l_ `cr_^fs [n [hsnbcha* qb_nb_l cn%m [ Pjclcno[f msg\if fce_

[

]lo]c`cr

il

[

mcgjf_

nbog\

n[]e,

J[s\_

cn%m

aii^

jms]bifias

ni om_ nb_ _``_]nm ni _h]iol[a_ j_ijf_* g[s\_ hin, ?on [h

_rn_lh[f i\d_]n gcabn qile \_nn_l ìl sio,

PQRABKQ8 7]Sa Q]\QS\bÒbWdS [SRWbObW]\ e]`Y WT g]c T]Qca ]\ O

a]c\R$ O aOQ`SR eO`R ]` a][SbVW\U ZWYS bVOb3

Rmcha [ qil^* omcha [ mioh^ [m ì]om cm ][ff_^ g[hnl[

g_^cn[ncih ch sia[ [h^ ?o^^bcmg, Fh mig_ q[sm cn%m [ fcnnf_

_[mc_l nb[h omcha mig_nbcha fce_ siol \l_[nb \_][om_ sio b[p_

ni jon [ fcnnf_ gil_ []ncp_ _`ìln chni cn, Bmj_]c[ffs c` sio%l_

îcha cn ion fio^* l[nb_l nb[h domn jliô]cha [h [o^cnils

cg[a_ x [o^cifctcha* [ j[l[ff_f ni pcmo[fctcha* cm nb_ qil^

F%p_ [fq[sm q[hn_^ ni chnliô]_ x ch siol gch^, Ql[^cncih[f+

fs* nb_ mioh^m-qil^m om_^ [m ì]c [l_ mj_]c[f* g[hnl[m [l_

m[]l_^ mioh^m &?fi`_f^ /755', Qb_s%l_ mioh^m nb[n [l_ moj+

jim_^ ni b[p_ mig_ ]imgc] mcahc`c][h]_* ni []no[ffs l_`f_]n il

l_mih[n_ qcnb Pjclcno[f jli]_mm_m, F b[p_ hi c^_[ qb_nb_l nb[n%m

nlo_ il hin, ?on c` sio%l_ l[cm_^ ch ih_ i` nb_ ]ofnol_m qb_l_

sio nbche nb[n%m nb_ ][m_* [ g[hnl[ qcff jli\[\fs b[p_ mig_

mj_]c[f mcahc`c][h]_ ni sio9 inb_lqcm_ cn%m domn [ ì]om jichn,

J[hnl[ g_^cn[ncih cm _mj_]c[ffs h_[n* jiq_lòf [h^ jf_[mol[+

\f_* ch alioj m_nncham,Ql[hm]_h^_hn[f J_^cn[ncih &QJ' cm [ ìlg i` g[hnl[ g_^+

cn[ncih, QJ cm nb_ g_^cn[ncih nb_ J[b[lcmbc J[b_mb Viac*

ehiqh ni g[hs i` sio [m nb_ ?_[nf_m% aolo* chnliô]_^ ni nb_

T_mn, Fh chcnc[ncha [h^ chmnlo]ncha sio* nb_s acp_ sio [ j[lnc]+

of[l g[hnl[* [jj[l_hnfs ]bim_h ih nb_ \[mcm i` siol m_r [h^

[a_* [h^ sio l_j_[n cn ip_l [h^ ip_l* hin ion fio^ \on ch siol

gch^* ch siol jl[]nc]_ m_mmcihm, F jl[]nc]_^ cn ìl [\ion ih_

[h^ [ b[f` s_[lm [h^ ìoh^ cn om_òf &Q[ln /750', QJ cm [h

chn_l_mncha \f_h^ \_nq__h jol_ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih [h^

ij_hcha oj-chmcabn g_^cn[ncih* \on q_ îh%n b[p_ ncg_ ni a_n

nb_il_nc][f* chn_l_mncha [m cn qiof^ \_, Fn%m ncg_ ni gip_ ih,

JFKA P@FBK@B _ +*



@E>MQBO 2

?VLTPTN ZV =LKPYHYPUT"

DPVHXXHTH

:\aWUVb [SRWbObW]\ cm [ ]iggih n_lg om_^ ìl nb_ m_]ih^

g[dil ech^ i` g_^cn[ncih, Fhmcabn cm [ fcnnf_ gcmf_[^cha

ìl om T_mn_lh_lm* [m q_ n_h^ ni jon [ p_ls jms]bifiac][f

ko[fcns ih chmcabn, Fhmcabn cm nbioabn i` [m8 Lb Qb[n%m qbs

F nl_[n_^ gs mcmn_l nb[n q[s [m [ ]bcf^ x gs ohl_mifp_^ ]ih+

`fc]n

x

mig_nbcha

fce_

nb[n,

Fhmcabn

cm

\_cha

om_^

b_l_

ch

nb_

go]b gil_ a_h_l[f m_hm_ i` [ ]f_[l_l nb[h omo[f j_l]_jncih i`

qb[n cm []no[ffs b[jj_hcha [n nb_ gig_hn, >hinb_l ]iggih

n_lg ìl nbcm ech^ i` jl[]nc]_ cm ]^S\W\U c^ [SRWbObW]\$ [h^ cn

î_mh%n b[p_ nb_ ip_lfs jms]bifiac][f ]ihhin[ncihm i` chmcabn,

F` sio nbche [\ion qb[n F m[c^ _[lfc_l [\ion nb_ q[s q_

n_h^ ni fcp_ ch iol [\mnl[]ncihm* ch iol ]ih]_jnm [h^ _gincihm*

ch iol g_hn[f [h^ _gincih[f l_[]ncihm ni iol g_hn[f [h^

_gincih[f l_[]ncihm OR W\TW\Wbc[$ nb_h* mch]_ [nn_hncih cm fcg+

cn_^* q_%l_ hin j[scha p_ls ]f_[l [nn_hncih ni gig_hn+\s+

gig_hn l_[fcns* q_%l_ hin ij_h ni qb[n_p_l cm, T_%l_ bcabfs

mj_]c[fct_^* bcabfs `cfn_l_^ j_ijf_* domn n[echa ch qb[n q_

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ +,

nbche cm cgjiln[hn, F ]iof^ ai ih [n f_hanb qcnb gs qilf^ mcg+

of[ncih gi^_f i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm qbc]b qiof^ cffomnl[n_ nbcm ch

^_n[cf* ch gi^_lh jms]bifiac][f n_lgm &Q[ln /765' &Q[ln /77/'

&Q[ln /771'* \on F%ff l_mcmn nbcm nbioabn[bifc] n_gjn[ncih ìl [ff

i` om \_][om_ q_ q[hn ni a_n ih ni nb_ []no[f jl[]nc]_ i` ij_h+

cha oj-chmcabn g_^cn[ncih,

Lj_hcha oj g_^cn[ncih il chmcabn g_^cn[ncih cm f_[lhcha

ni j[s [nn_hncih ni qb[n Wa$ qcnbion nlscha ni ìl]_ nb_ gi+

g_hn%m _rj_lc_h]_ ni \_ [hsnbcha q_ nbche cn aV]cZR \_ il e__j

cn `lig \_cha qb[n q_ nbche cn aV]cZR\!b \_, Qb_ ]f[mmc][f

?o^^bcmn ìlg i` nbcm cm ][ff_^ pcj[mm[h[, Pch]_ chmcabn n_h^m ni b[p_ nb_ qliha ]ihhin[ncihm [h^ ij_hcha oj cm [ fcnnf_

[qeq[l^* F%ff a_h_l[ffs om_ nb_ n_lg pcj[mm[h[ ch l_`_llcha ni

nbcm ech^ i` g_^cn[ncih `lig hiq ih* ohf_mm F q[hn ni _gjb[+

mct_ mig_ inb_l [mj_]nm i` nb_ jl[]nc]_,

Fh cnm jol_mn ìlg* nb_ chmnlo]ncihm ìl pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[+

ncih [l_ p_ls mcgjf_, >a[ch sio mcn koc_nfs* îh%n gip_ [h^

nb_h sio mcgjfs j[s ij_h+gch^_^ [nn_hncih ni qb[n_p_l cm*

gig_hn+\s+gig_hn* qcnb _ko[hcgcns* qcnb hi [nn[]bg_hn

il [p_lmcih ni qb[n_p_l ]ig_m oj [h^ hi [nn_gjn ni g[hcjo+

f[n_ qb[n_p_l ]ig_m oj,

Kiq [m jol_ chmnlo]ncihm* nb[n%m p_ls h_[n* \on cn%m b[l^ ni

f_[lh nb[n q[s, Pojjim_ siol gch^ q[h^_lm ih ni jl_j[lcha

[ mbijjcha fcmn ìl siol h_rn nlcj îqhniqh, T_ff* nb[n cm qb[n cm [n nb_ gig_hn* cmh%n cn< ?on q_ [l_ [fl_[^s p_ls aii^

[n f_nncha iol gch^m \_ n[e_h ip_l \s nl[chm i` nbioabn* mi

nb_l_ gomn \_ gil_ ni cn nb[h nb[n A_[fcha qcnb nbioabn ][h

\_ nlc]es ch pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih* domn [m ch ]ih]_hnl[ncp_

g_^cn[ncih,

Pi nb_ q[s pcj[mm[h[ cm omo[ffs n[oabn cm [m [ ]igjligcm_

\_nq__h ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih [h^ jol_ pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[+

ncih, O[nb_l nb[h n_ff sio ni mcgjfs mcn mncff [h^ j[s ij_h+

gch^_^ [nn_hncih ni [hsnbcha nb[n b[jj_hm ni ]ig_ [fiha*

qcnb hi [nn_gjnm [n ]ihnlif* nb_s acp_ sio mig_ l_mnlc]ncihm,

Qb_ omo[f l_mnlc]ncih cm ni j[s [nn_hncih ni qb[n_p_l \i^s

+- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

m_hm[ncihm b[jj_h ni ]ig_ [fiha, ?i^s m_hm[ncihm ^SàS ]ip_l

[ p_ls qc^_ l[ha_* mi sio%l_ a_nncha jl[]nc]_ [n \li[^_hcha

siol [nn_hncih* nb_ pcj[mm[h[ j[ln* \on nb_s [l_ ^cmnch]n

_hioab `lig* m[s* jl_j[lcha siol mbijjcha fcmnm* nb[n sio

ehiq _mm_hnc[ffs qb_h sio mnijj_^ îcha pcj[mm[h[ [h^ q[h+

^_l_^ i`` chni il^ch[ls g_hn[f òh]ncihcha,

Qbcm nsjc][f ìlg i` pcj[mm[h[ cm qb[n q_%ff jl[]nc]_, Vio%ff

mcn mncff [a[ch [h^ nls hin ni gip_ ohh_]_mm[lcfs, Vio ][h b[p_

siol _s_m ]fim_^ il sio ][h j[le nb_g ch [ l_f[r_^* b[f` ij_h

Mimcncih mig_qb_l_, Qb_h sio%ff \_ach ni j[s [nn_hncih ni

qb[n_p_l P_hm[ncih ch siol \i^s b[jj_hm ni \_ jligch_hn [n nb_ gig_hn, F` nb_l_ [l_ m_p_l[f jligch_hn ih_m* nb_h j[s

[nn_hncih ni nb_ gimn jligch_hn ih_,

Kiq îh%n a_n boha oj* c` sio b[p_* m[s* nbl__ m_hm[ncihm*

ih nbchecha [\ion qbc]b i` nb_m_ nbcham cm []no[ffs nb_ gimn

jligch_hn P_hm[ncih nb[n sio mbiof^ ì]om ih, Qb[n q[s fc_m

g[^h_mm Gomn ì]om ih qb[n_p_l \i^s P_hm[ncih b[jj_hm ni

\_ mnliha [n nb_ gig_hn,

<\ dWÔaaO\O$ bVS`S O`S \] U]]Rl aS\aObW]\a O\R \] lPORl aS\%

aObW]\a& Qb_l_ [l_ hin j[lnc]of[l m_hm[ncihm sio%l_ mojjim_^ ni

_rj_lc_h]_* il j[lnc]of[l m_hm[ncihm sio%l_ hin mojjim_^ ni

_rj_lc_h]_, Lh_ i` gs nl[jm* ìl chmn[h]_* qb_h F î nbcm ech^

i` pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih* cm nb[n F n_h^ ìla_n nbcm chmnlo]ncih

[h^ `[ff jl_s ni nb_ [onig[nct_^ ìl]_m i` [nnl[]ncih [h^ [p_l+mcih, F gcabn mig_ncg_m \_ [q[l_ i` m_hm[ncihm i` mil_h_mm ch

gs \onn &`lig mcnncha ìl [ fiha ncg_'* ìl _r[gjf_* [h^ nb_h

nbche &il `ch^ gsm_f` nbchecha* cn%m hin omo[ffs [ ]ihm]ciom

]bic]_'* Qb[n%m hin [ p_ls Pjclcno[f P_hm[ncih, Pol_fs nb_l_

mbiof^ \_ [ gil_ Pjclcno[f P_hm[ncih ]igcha [fiha ch gs

\i^s nb[n F mbiof^ \_ ì]omcha ih< Kij_* nb[n%m domn ^cmnl[]+

ncih* domn ]l[pcha ìl mj_]c[f _rj_lc_h]_ [h^ [p_lmcih ni

ohjf_[m[hn _rj_lc_h]_, Po]b [onig[nc] sc_f^cha ni ]l[pcha [h^

[p_lmcih cm* `lig nb_ ?o^^bcmn jichn i` pc_q* [ g[dil miol]_ i`

iol ohb[jjch_mm,

M[s [nn_hncih ni qb[n_p_l nb_ mnliha P_hm[ncih i` nb_

JFKA P@FBK@B u 47

gig_hn cm, Tb_h nb[n P_hm[ncih i` nb_ gig_hn [lcm_m ih cnm

iqh* cn ]ig_m* cn [lcm_m, Qb[n cm* sio îh%n nls ni g[e_ [hs j[l+

nc]of[l P_hm[ncih, F` cn a_nm mnliha_l* f_n cn a_n mnliha_l, F` cn a_nm

q_[e_l* f_n cn a_n q_[e_l, F` cn ]b[ha_m* f_n cn ]b[ha_, Tb_h nb[n

P_hm[ncih ai_m* f_n cn ai, Aih%n nls ni b[ha ih ni cn, Aih%n m[s

nbcham ni siolm_f` fce_ Egg* nbcm Sc\l[ncih ch gs b_[ln* F

l_[ffs fce_ nb[n* F gomn \_ g[echa g_^cn[ncp_ jlial_mm , , , hiq

cn%m `[^cha, Ki Kiq f_n g_ ]ih]_hnl[n_ gil_ [h^ g[e_ cn

f[mn, Ki* nbcham ]ig_* nb_s ]ig_ x nbcham ai* nb_s ai,

K_cnb_l bif^ ih ni [hsnbcha hil l_d_]n [hsnbcha,

F` [ j[ch ]ig_m [fiha* chmn_[^ i` m[scha ni siolm_f`* Lb gs Di^ Fn%m [ ÔW\$ F%g aicha ni ^c_* [h^ F%p_ ain ni `cabn cn

domn j[s [nn_hncih ni qb[n cn []no[ffs cm, Fn gcabn []no[ffs nolh

ion ni \_ mig_nbcha kocn_ chn_l_mncha, Fn gcabn []no[ffs nolh

ion ni \_ [h chn_l_mncha j[ch qcnb chn_l_mncha ko[fcnc_m nb[n

sio h_p_l eh_q nb[n j[chm b[^* il cn gcabn []no[ffs \_ mig_+

nbcha kocn_ h_q,

Pi c` sio j[s [nn_hncih ni qb[n_p_l ]ig_m [fiha* qb_h cn

ai_m [h^ mig_nbcha _fm_ l_jf[]_m cn* nb[n%m `ch_, F` nb_ P_hm[ncih

cm [ ]f_[l P_hm[ncih* [ mo^^_h cn]b ch siol ìin nb[n e_jn sio

`lig b[pcha siol gch^ q[h^_l* ìl _r[gjf_* nb[n%m `ch_, M[s

[nn_hncih ni SfOQbZg qb[n nb[n `__fm fce_,

Kiq qb_h F m[s j[s [nn_hncih* il j[s ]f_[l [nn_hncih*

[h [h[fias F fce_ ni mig_ncg_m om_ ni cffomnl[n_ qb[n F g_[h cm nbcm8 Pojjim_ sio b[p_ [ `lc_h^ qbi cm [ l_[f aiolg_n ]iie*

qbi g[e_m l_[ffs ^_fc][n_ [h^ ^_fc]ciom mno``* p_ls mo\nfs `f[+

pil_^* ^_fc]ciom nbcham, F` sio q_hn ip_l ni siol `lc_h^%m biom_

[h^ b_ m[c^ ni sio* F%p_ jl_j[l_^ nbcm h_q ^cmb qcnb [ p_ls

^_fc][n_ n[mn_, F%^ fce_ sio ni nls cn [h^ acp_ g_ siol ijchcih*

qb[n qiof^ sio î<

T_ff* sio%^ ]_ln[chfs nls ni mnij nbchecha [\ion qb[n b[j+

j_h_^ [n nb_ i``c]_ nb[n ^[s* il qb[n%m aicha ih ch siol f[\,

Vio%^ nls ni \lcha siol [nn_hncih ni siol \i^s* ni siol gionb*

ni siol m_hm_m i` n[mn_ [h^ mg_ff* [h^ sio%^ domn nls ni ij_h

siol m_hm_m ni qb[n nb_ _rj_lc_h]_ qiof^ []no[ffs \_ qb_h

,% _ =:>5 B4:6>46



sio n[mn_^ nb_ h_q ìi^, Qb[n%m nb_ q[s sio qiof^ ij_h siol+

m_f` ni mig_nbcha ^_fc][n_, F` sio q_l_ nbchecha [\ion mig_+

nbcha _fm_ [n nb_ ncg_* sio ehiq sio qiof^h%n l_[ffs \_ [\f_

ni [jjl_]c[n_ [hsnbcha ^_fc][n_ il mo\nc_* ihfs [ alimmfs jiq+

_lòf `f[pil qiof^ l_[ffs a_n siol [nn_hncih, F` sio b[p_ jl_+

]ih]_jncihm x Lb F \_n nbcm qcff \_ n[ln* il F \_n nbcm qcff \_

miol* il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n x nb[n%m aicha ni a_n ch nb_ q[s,

F` sio b[p_ jl_`_l_h]_m x Lb F b[n_ h_q ìi^m, Ki* F îh%n

q[hn ni nls cn F ehiq F qih%n fce_ cn x nb[n%m hin aicha ni f_n

sio [jjl_]c[n_ qb[n cn l_[ffs cm,

Pi qb_h F m[s j[s ]f_[l [nn_hncih ni qb[n_p_l m_hm[ncihm ]ig_ [fiha ch [h ij_h+gch^_^ q[s* n[e_ nb[n [nncno^_ sio

qiof^ n[e_ [m nbcm `lc_h^ i``_lm sio nbcm l_[ffs ^_fc]ciom [h^

mo\nc_ ]ih]i]ncih* [h^ sio q[hn ni ehiq qb[n cn l_[ffs n[mn_m

fce_, Tb[n cn l_[ffs `__fm fce_ [m sio ]loh]b ih cn* qb[n cn l_[ffs

mg_ffm fce_* biq siol \i^s l_[]nm ni cn* [h^ mi ìlnb,

Kiq F îh%n b[p_ [hs aiolg_n nl_[nm ni j[mm ion* ohìlno+

h[n_fs* \on q_%l_ aicha ni om_ nb_ m_hm[ncihm `lig siol iqh

\i^s [m iol ì]om ch pcj[mm[h[, Pi f_n%m î nbcm [h^ m__ biq

cn ai_m,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ ,&



@E>MQBO 3

@WHJYPJL/ DPVHXXHTH

"GVS T]ZZ]eW\U ^ÒQbWQS aV]cZR PS a^`SOR ]dS` ,%), [W\cbSa#

F] [a[ch* m_nnf_ îqh* [h^ _cnb_l îm_ siol _s_m il j[le

nb_g , , , Q[e_ [ gig_hn ni qcaaf_ [h^ [^domn mi sio a_n

]igìln[\f_ c` sio h__^ ni , , , >h^ hiq nolh siol [nn_h+

ncih ni siol \i^s, , , Cclmn* ìl [ m_]ih^* domn m_hm_ siol qbif_

\i^s , , , Qb_h hinc]_ mig_ j[lnc]of[lfs mnliha P_hm[ncih* [h^

noh_ ch ni cn, Tb[n î_m cn []no[ffs `__f fce_ Ob bVWa [][S\b

, , , F` cn f[mnm* [h^ sio e__j j[scha [nn_hncih ni ko[fcnc_m i` cn*

nb[n%m `ch_ , , , F` cn%m mn[lncha ni `[^_ il ]b[ha_ [h^ mig_nbcha

_fm_ cm ]igcha ch* nb[n%m `ch_ , , , M[s [nn_hncih ni qb[n ]ig_m

ch ,,,

?l_[nbcha* i` ]iolm_* cm [ \i^s P_hm[ncih* [h^ nb[n gcabn

\_ nb_ jligch_hn P_hm[ncih mig_ncg_ ,, , ?on nb_l_ cm hi h__^

ni

bif^

ih

ni \l_[nbcha

ni

nb_

_r]fomcih

i`

[hsnbcha

_fm_

,

,

,

Tb_h cn%m jligch_hn* `ch_ , , , Tb_h mig_nbcha _fm_ ]ig_m ch*

`ch_,,,

>a[ch* [m go]b [m jimmc\f_* mcn mncff [h^ domn m[pil , , , domn

n[mn_* qb[n_p_l nb_ jligch_hn \i^s P_hm[ncih cm ,,, P_hm[ncihm

JFKA P@FBK@B _ ,(

gcabn ]ig_ [h^ ai l[jc^fs , , , [h^ nb_s gcabn ]ig_ [h^ ai

mfiqfs, ,, Tb[n_p_l b[jj_hm h[nol[ffs cm `ch_ ,,, Vio domn noh_

ch ni cn,

F` sio `ch^ sio%p_ q[h^_l_^ i`` chni nbchecha [\ion mig_+

nbcha* chmn_[^ i` []no[ffs j[scha [nn_hncih ni m_hm[ncihm* ]ig_

\[]e ni \i^s m_hm[ncihm , , , @ig_ \[]e a_hnfs , , , F` [ P_hm[+

ncih i` mf__jch_mm ]ig_m* `ch_* j[s ]f_[l [nn_hncih ni cn, ,,,

Tb[n [l_ nb_ \i^s [mj_]nm i` mf__jch_mm< @[h sio ì]om ih nb_

ko[fcns i` nb[n \i^s P_hm[ncih<

Le[s \lcha siol [nn_hncih \[]e ni cnm hilg[f ^_jfisg_hn

hiq, I_n g_ m__ c` nb_l_ [l_ [hs ko_mncihm [\ion biq ni î % nbcm* il l_jilnm i` ^c``c]ofnc_m* il aii^ nbcham ch îcha cn* [h^

mi ìlnb* mi q_ ][h `ch_ noh_ nbcm jl[]nc]_ [ \cn gil_,

PQRABKQ8 < TW\R [gaSZT eO\bW\U b] ^cb ZOPSZa ]\ bVSaS bVW\Ua&

@g [W\R Xcab Q][^cZaWdSZg O\OZghSa O\R ZOPSZ [g FS\aObW]\ eWbV

e]`Ra& <a bVS`S O eOg b] USb PSg]\R bVOb3

Pi sio `ch^ siolm_f` q[hncha ni jon f[\_fm ih _p_lsnbcha,

F%g mol_ sio%l_ kocn_ ohcko_ ch îcha nb[n "8dS`g]\S ZOcUVa #

F b_l_\s jlihioh]_ sio hilg[f

V_m* nb_l_ cm [ q[s ni a_n \_sih^ nb[n, Cclmn i`` x îh%n

`cabn jonncha f[\_fm ih cn, F` sio nls ni `cabn nb[n jli]_mm* sio

domn ch]l_[m_ cnm mnl_hanb [h^ ]l_[n_ [ fin i` _rnl[ n_hmcih [h^

^cmnl[]ncih, >]]_jn nb_ `[]n nb[n j[ln i` siol gch^ cm jonncha

f[\_fm ih m_hm[ncihm [h^ e__j ]igcha \[]e ni qb[n%m nb_ ko[f+cns i` nb_ P_hm[ncih* gig_hn+\s+gig_hn,

Pi* sio%l_ mn[lncha ni _[n nbcm ^_fc][]s nb[n siol `lc_h^ b[m

jl_j[l_^ [h^ siol gch^ Pn[lnm ni m[s* ìl _r[gjf_* Lb* [ fcn+

f_ n[mn_ i` \[mcf, Kiq c` nb[n p_l\[f [h[fsmcm mn[sm mg[ff* om_m

domn [ fcnnf_ j[ln i` siol [nn_hncih* sio ][h mncff jl_nns go]b

n[mn_ qb[n cn []no[ffs cm, ?on ìl gimn* c` hin [ff i` om* nb_l_ cm

nii go]b i` nb[n n_h^_h]s* i` ]iolm_* nbcm c^_[* nbcm p_l\[f

f[\_f* i` [ fcnnf_ n[mn_ i` \[mcf qcff nb_h mq__j sio i`` chni [h

[ff+[\mil\cha chn_ff_]no[f [h^ jm_oî+m_hmils Pcgof[ncih

jli]_mm qb_l_ sio îh%n hinc]_ nb_ ]ihncho_^ mo\nc_ S[lc[ncih

i` nb_ `f[pilm* qb_l_ sio%l_ hiq cgg_lm_^ ch c^_[m [\ion nb_

,) _ =:>5 B4:6>46



n[mn_ i` \[mcf, Pi [m F m[c^* îh%n nls ni `cabn nbcm p_l\[f [h[fs+

mcm9 nb[n qih%n b_fj, ?on î nls ni domn j[s f_mm [nn_hncih ni cn*

hin \s nlscha ni ìl]_ siol [nn_hncih [q[s `lig nb_ ^cmnl[]+

ncih* nb_ p_l\[f []ncpcns* \on \s ì]omcha gil_ ih nb_ []no[f

`f[pil* nb_ b_l_+[h^+hiq ko[fcnc_m i` nb_ []no[f gig_hn+\s+

gig_hn m_hm[ncihm,

Qb_l_ cm [ n_]bhcko_ i` ^_fc\_l[n_ \]bW\U$ i`n_h om_^ qcnb

pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih, Vio l_]iahct_ nb[n siol gch^%m aicha

ni [h[fst_ [h^ f[\_f _rj_lc_h]_m ih cnm iqh x [h^ fce_fs a_n

fimn ch nb_ f[\_fm x mi sio om_ [ ^c``_l_hn* ^_fc\_l[n_ [h^ ]ih+

m]ciom ech^ i` f[\_fcha* omo[ffs l_`_ll_^ ni [m hincha, Po]b ^_fc\_l[n_* ]ihm]ciom hincha g[e_m nbcm p_l\[f []ncpcns go]b

f_mm nirc] [h^ ^cmnl[]ncha,

Lh_ ìlg i` nb_ \[mc] hincha jli]_ôl_ cm nb[n cm qb_h+

_p_l sio hinc]_ nb[n sio%l_ ^cmnl[]n_^ ch nbioabn* chmn_[^ i`

mn[scha ][oabn oj ch nb_ j[lnc]of[l nbioabn* ][llc_^ [q[s \s cn*

domn g_hn[ffs m[s mig_nbcha ni siolm_f` fce_ I[\_fcha* il

>onig[nc] f[\_fcha* il Qbchecha* c,_, Q]\aQW]caZg hin_ qb[n

sio%l_ îcha, Qbcm ]ihm]ciom hincha l_gch^m sio ni mnij acp+

cha [nn_hncih ni nbchecha-[h[fstcha, Fn%m hin mi go]b nb[n sio

[]ncp_fs mojjl_mm nb_ nbioabn9 sio f[\_f qb[n sio%p_ \__h

îcha [h^ nb_h f_n nb_ nbioabn &[h^ nb_ ]ihm]ciom f[\_f' ai,

Qb_h ai \[]e ni j[scha ]f_[l [nn_hncih ni nb_ îgch[hn P_h+

m[ncih i` nb_ gig_hn, Pi siol _rj_lc_hnc[f `fiq gcabn \_ mig_nbcha fce_8 P_hm[ncih x; h_rn P_hm[ncih x; h_rn P_hm[ncih

x; nbchecha Pn[lnm x; nbchecha ai_m ih ìl [ qbcf_x; ]ihm]ciom+

fs hincha nb[n sio [l_ f[\_fcha il [h[fstchax; h_rn P_hm[ncihx;

h_rn P_hm[ncih x; nbchecha Pn[lnm k2 ]ihm]ciomfs hincha nb[n

sio%l_ [h[fstcha il f[\_fcha x; h_rn P_hm[ncih* [h^ mi ìlnb,

@ihm]ciom hincha n_h^m ni n[e_ mig_ il [ff i` nb_ chn_hmcns

[onig[nct_ nbioabn ^cmnl[]ncihm [q[s, Pig_ i` nb_ l_`_l+

_h]_m ch >jj_h^cr f ni miol]_ \iiem ih g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_

qcff ai chni nb_ hincha n_]bhcko_ ch ^_n[cf,

F ][h%n l_gch^ om _hioab nb[n eS!`S a] ObbOQVSR b] ]c` bV]cUVba

T_%p_ \_]ig_ mi ]ihpch]_^ nb_s%l_ mi p_ls cgjiln[hn F om_^

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ ,*



ni nbche* ìl chmn[h]_* nb[n c` F b[^ [ aii^ c^_[ F%^ \_nn_l din cn

îqh `[mn [h^ nbche [\ion [ff cnm cgjfc][ncihm \_][om_ g[s\_

nb_l_ cm [ fcgcn ih nb_ hog\_l i` aii^ c^_[m* [h^ F gcabn hin

b[p_

[hs

gil_

Tb[n

hihm_hm_

F%p_

]ig_

ni

\_fc_p_

nb[n

c^_[m [l_ []no[ffs ]b_[j* nb_l_ cm hi _h^ i` nb_g, >h^ s_n cn%m

mi _[ms ni a_n ][oabn oj ch `cabncha nb_ nbchecha jli]_mm* _mj_+

]c[ffs [m sio a_n \_nn_l [n _rj_lc_h]cha gig_hnm i` g_^cn[ncp_

][fg [h^ [fcp_h_mm [h^ l_[fct_ biq go]b nb_ lc]bh_mm i` fc`_

cm n[e_h [q[s \s ]ihncho[f c^_[m* c^_[m nb[n e__j om fcpcha ch

[h [\mnl[]ncih chmn_[^ i` nb_ []no[f m_hmils l_[fcns* c^_[m nb[n

g_[h q_%l_ ]ihmn[hnfs l_[^cha [h^ nbchecha [\ion nb_ l_]cj_

ìl nb[n ^_fc]ciom g_[f m_n \_ìl_ om chmn_[^ i` n[mncha cn

?on `cabncha ni a_n lc^ i` nbioabnm* nlscha ni []ncp_fs moj+

jl_mm nb_g* cm nb_ qliha nbcha, Fn%m gil_ nb[n sio b[p_ ni mbc`n

siol [nn_hncih ni qb[n%m cgjiln[hn, F b[p_ [ fin i` nbioabnm

]ig_ [h^ ai qbcf_ F%g g_^cn[ncha* \on i]][mcih[ffs F l_[]b [

jichn

qb_l_

_p_h

qb_h

[

nbioabn

cm

b[jj_hcha*

F

][h

omo[ffs

e__j [n f_[mn mig_ i` gs [nn_hncih ih nb_ g_^cn[ncih ì]om, F

îh%n a_n ]igjf_n_fs fimn ch nb_ nbioabn ìl m_]ih^m il gch+

on_m il biolm nb_ q[s F om_^ ni, Tb_h F `clmn mn[ln_^ f_[lhcha

ni g_^cn[n_* [ nbioabn qiof^ ]ig_ qbc]b qiof^ nlcaa_l [

nbioabn* qbc]b qiof^ nlcaa_l [ nbioabn* qbc]b qiof^ nlcaa_l

[ nbioabn x OR W\TW\Wbc[ x [h^ F%^ \_ fo]es c` qcnbch `c`n__h

gchon_m F ain \[]e ni []no[ffs j[scha [hs [nn_hncih ni nb_ []no+[f g_^cn[ncih ì]om Kiq gimn i` gs ]b[ch+i`+nbioabn ^cm+

nl[]ncihm m_fîg ai ih ìl gil_ nb[h [ `_q m_]ih^m \_ìl_

F l_]iahct_ nb_g [h^ ]ig_ \[]e ni nb_ g_^cn[ncih ì]om,

Pi* cgjlip_g_hn cm jimmc\f_* _p_h ìl nbioabn[bifc]m fce_ sio

[h^ g_,

F` sio `__f nbcm jli]_mm cm ^c``c]ofn qb_h sio%l_ îcha cn ìl

nb_ `clmn ncg_ ni^[s* jf_[m_ îh%n a_n ^cm]iol[a_^, Fn%m hilg[f

ìl cn ni `__f ^c``c]ofn, O_g_g\_l nb_ _r[gjf_ F a[p_ sio* F

b[n_ nbcm g_^cn[ncih nbcha \_][om_ cn g[e_m gs gch^ l[]_

Ki* siol gch^%m \__h l[]cha siol qbif_ fc`_ Vio ][h fcp_

qcnb nb[n* \on sio ][h f_[lh mig_nbcha ìl mfiqcha îqh [h^

,+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

a_nncha ]fim_l ni []no[f m_hmils l_[fcns x qbc]b* [m q_ qcff m__*

cm p_ls hc]_,

PQRABKQ8 KSa < VOdS O ^`]PZS[ eWbV Q]\TZWQb bVOb <![ VOdW\U

VS`S& GVS Q]\TZWQb Wa bVOb eS!`S R]W\U$ Oa < c\RSàbO\R Wb$ O\ SfS`QWaS b] PS OeO`S ]T eVOb!a U]W\U ]\ O\R b] T]Qca ]\ eVOb Wa OQbcOZZg

U]W\U ]\& 4\R bVOb [SO\a bVOb < \SSR b] Z]]Y Ob Wb O\R ZOPSZ Wb x

O\R gSb \]b ZOPSZ Wb& JVOb < T]c\R eOa VO^^S\W\U eOa bVOb T]`

SfO[^ZS < e]cZR TW\R bVOb < e]cZR VOdS O aS\aObW]\$ T]` SfO[^ZS$ W\

[g ZSTb Y\SS& < T]Qca ]\ bVOb W\abSOR ]T bVW\YW\U OP]cb [g ^`SdW]ca

bV]cUVb$ Pcb bVS\ < TW\R <![ Ocb][ObWQOZZg bVW\YW\U OP]cb Wb$ QOZZW\U

Wb O\ WbQV ]` eO`[bV ]` a][SbVW\U& 8dS\bcOZZg < `SQ]U\WhS bVOb

< U]b QOcUVb W\ bVWa ZOPSZW\U$ Pcb Q][W\U POQY b] [g Y\SS$ bVS

aS\aObW]\ bVOb abO`bSR OZZ bVWa Wa ]TbS\ U]\S <![ Q]\TcaSR OP]cb

ZOPSZW\U O\R eVOb b] R]&

P_hm[ncihm i`n_h ^cm[jj_[l p_ls koc]efs* [h^ sio qcff

ch^__^ gcmm n[mncha* m[pilcha nb_ `[^cha jli]_mm c` sio%l_

fimn

ch

nb_

f[\_f

siol

gch^

b[m

chpifohn[lcfs

jon

ih

cn,

Pfiq

il

l[jc^ ]b[hacha il `[^cha i` [ m_hm[ncih cm j[ln i` nb_ h[nol[f

jli]_mm* cn%m ie[s,

T_ b[p_ mo]b [ mnliha n_h^_h]s ni a_n fimn ch nbioabnm

C[]_ cn* q_%l_ [ff _h^ jliô]nm i` g[hs ]ihm_]oncp_ ]offcham

[h^ m_f_]ncihm i` nb_ [][^_gc] msmn_g* ]offcham [h^ m_f_]ncihm

qbc]b l_q[l^ j_ijf_ [^^c]n_^ ni nbioabn, Qb[n f_[^m om ni

nbche nb[n nbioabnm [l_ l_[fcns, Pi qb_h F [me sio ni ì]om ih

m_hm[ncihm* [m sio hinc]_^* siol gch^ n_h^m ni nb_h cgg_^c+

[n_fs jon [h chn_ff_]no[f f[\_f ih nb_ m_hm[ncih [h^ nb_h a_n

fimn ch nbioabnm [\ion nb_ nbioabnm [\ion nb_ nbioabnm* _n],,

Qb[n ech^ i` [h[fsmcm cm qb[n ain sio nb_ al[^_m nb[n ain sio

qb_l_ sio [l_ ni^[s

Kiq f_n%m fiie [n nbcm `lig nb_ j_lmj_]ncp_ i` gs qilecha

nb_ils i` nb_ q[s nb_ gch^ òh]ncihm x F îh%n ehiq nb[n nbcm

cm [h ofncg[n_ nlonb* \on cn%m [ gi^_f nb[n g[e_m chn_ff_]no[f

m_hm_ i` [ fin i` nbcham [\ion nb_ gch^, Js gi^_f &Q[ln /765'

&Q[ln /77/' &Q[ln /750' &Q[ln /753' &Q[ln /77/'* fce_ nb[n i`

g[hs inb_lm* cm nb[n q_ b[p_ [ l_f[ncp_fs `cr_^ [h^ fcgcn_^

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ ,,

[giohn i` [nn_hncih [p[cf[\f_* mi c` sio n[e_ mig_ i` nb[n

[nn_hncih [h^ jon cn b_l_* nb_l_ cm f_mm i` cn ni jon &il \_ [oni+

g[nc][ffs ^l[qh' ip_l nb_l_, Tb_h [ m_hm[ncih b[jj_hm [h^

nb_

chn_ff_]no[f

f[\_fcha-[h[fsmcm-]b[ch+i`+nbioabn

jli]_mm

[onig[nc][ffs i]]olm* cn fcn_l[ffs om_m oj [ fin i` siol [nn_h+

ncih* [h^ mi [q[l_h_mm i` nb_ []no[f m_hm[ncih a_nm f_mm, Fh

g[hs chmn[h]_m jl[]nc][ffs [ff [nn_hncih g[s \_ ai\\f_^ oj \s

nb_ chn_ff_]no[f jli]_mm_m [h^ sio fim_ gig_hn+ni+gig_hn

l_[fcns [h^ lc]bh_mm i` nb_ m_hm[ncih, Fn%m kocn_ jimmc\f_ ni fcp_

[ fc`_ ch siol b_[^* qb_l_ siol \i^s cm [ p_ls gchil [jj_h^[a_*

p_ls m_fîg ]ihn[]n_^ _r]_jn ch _rnl_g_ ]cl]ogmn[h]_m, Tb[n

q_%l_ îcha ni^[s cm mj_]c`c] nl[chcha ni f_[lh [ al_[n_l ^_al__

i` `f_rc\cfcns* ni b[p_ gil_ ]ihnlif ip_l qb_l_ siol [nn_h+

ncih ai_m mi cn cmh%n [onig[nc][ffs [h^ [fq[sm ^cp_ln_^ chni

chn_ff_]no[f [\mnl[]ncihm, Le[s<

PQRABKQ8 4`S g]c bSOQVW\U ca b] caS `WUVb PÒW\ Tc\QbW]\a ÒbVS`

bVO\

ZSTb

]\Sa

.

<a

bVOb

eVOb

[SRWbObW]\

Wa

ZWYS3 Ki, F qiof^h%n fce_h cn ni nb_ f_`n [h^ lcabn \l[ch, ?_][om_

nb_ f_`n [h^ lcabn \l[ch ^cmnch]ncih q[m mi gsnbifiact_^ ch

jijof[l ]ofnol_ mi koc]efs* F ain l[nb_l ^cmcffomcih_^ qcnb cn, F

îh%n q[hn ni nb_ilct_ [\ion \l[ch ]ill_f[n_m i` g_^cn[ncih

nii go]b* \on [a[ch* q_%l_ ch nb_ b[\cn i` chn_ff_]no[fctcha, Qi

\_ [\f_ ni chn_ff_]no[fct_* ni chn_ff_]no[ffs [h[fst_* cm ih_ i`

nb_ al_[n_mn n[f_hnm bog[h \_cham ][h b[p_, Qi \_ [\f_ ni î

hinbcha \on b[p_ nbcham [onig[nc][ffs chn_ff_]no[fct_^ [ff nb_

ncg_* qcnb hi ]bic]_ [\ion cn* cm ni fim_ go]b i` nb_ lc]bh_mm

i` fc`_ [h^ ni fim_ []]_mm ni [ff milnm i` inb_l [\cfcnc_m, Qi l_nolh

ni iol _[lfc_l [h[fias* q_ q[hn ni \_ [\f_ ni `ch^ nbim_ bc^^_h

nl_[mol_m oh^_l nb_ mol`[]_ i` nb_ q[n_l, Scj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih*

nbcm ij_hcha oj il chmcabn g_^cn[ncih* cm mj_]c`c] nl[chcha ni

e__j ]igcha \[]e ni nb_ ihaicha `fiq i` m_hm[ncihm i` nb_

gig_hn* chmn_[^ i` fcpcha [ fc`_ qb_l_ sio b[p_ ih_ m_hm[+

ncih* nb_h ît_hm il boh^l_^m i` nbioabnm [h^ _gincihm* [

m_]ih^ m_hm[ncih* `cp_ boh^l_^ nbioabnm [h^ _gincihm* _n],

Scj[mm[h[ cm f_[lhcha ni e__j ]igcha \[]e ni nb_ cgg_^c[n_

,- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

l_[fcns i` nb_ b_l_+[h^+hiq, >h^ cn%m hin _[ms, T_%l_ hin om_^

ni ]igcha \[]e `lig nb_ chn_ff_]no[f mno``* \on nbcm cm mj_]c`c]

nl[chcha ìl îcha cn* [h^ sio ][h a_n \_nn_l [n cn,

>a[ch*

F

b[^

_rnl_g_

^c``c]ofnc_m

ch

f_[lhcha

nbcm

qb_h

cn

q[m `clmn n[oabn ni g_* _p_h qb_h cn q[m l_j_[n_^fs n[oabn ni

g_, Js nbioabnm q_l_ mi cgjiln[hn F ]iof^h%n jimmc\fs f_n

nb_g ai, ?on F%ff n_ff sio [ òhhs nbcha, F b[p_ ainn_h go]b

\_nn_l [n \lchacha gs [nn_hncih \[]e ni nb_ jl_m_hn gig_hn,

Fh [ m_hm_* F b[p_ jl[]nc]_^ \_cha hih+chn_ff_]no[f ìl g[hs

s_[lm hiq* \on cn b[mh%n g[^_ g_ ôg\ >g[tchafs _hioab F

m__g ni bif^ gs iqh chn_ff_]no[ffs8 ch `[]n* F nbche nb_ ko[fc+

ns i` gs chn_ff_]n cm hiq ]ihmc^_l[\fs \_nn_l nb[h cn om_^ ni \_*

\_][om_ cn b[m [ fin gil_ alioh^cha ch `[]no[f l_[fcns nb[h cn

om_^ ni b[p_, Pi F%g _h]iol[acha sio* \on cn%m hin _[ms,

PQRABKQ8 F VOR O\ Sf^S`WS\QS aW[WZO` b] bVS ]bVS` _cSabW]\S`& <

\]bWQSR O ÒbVS` aVO`^ ÔW\ c\RS` [g `WP QOUS O\R < T]QcaSR ]\ Wb&

<b bVS\ bc`\SR ]cb b] PS W\bS`SabW\U$ W\abSOR ]T ÔW\& 4TbS` bS\ aSQ%

]\Ra ]` a] < \]bWQSR bVOb bVS ÔW\ VOR OQbcOZZg RWaO^^SO`SR&

Qb[n%m [ p_ls chn_l_mncha _rj_lc_h]_, Pi nb_ j[ch ][g_* sio

ì]om_^ ih cn* cn ]b[ha_^* [h^ nb_h cn q_hn [q[s, >n nb_ lcme i`

mnl_hanb_hcha siol [^^c]ncih* `_ffiq nbioabn[bifc]m* F q[hn ni

acp_ sio [h cgjiln[hn jlch]cjf_ b_l_, Qbcm cm mig_nbcha F

f_[lh_^ `lig gs `lc_h^ Pbcht_h Vioha* qbi [m F m[c^ _[lfc_l*

cm ih_ i` nb_ \_mn g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm [lioh^* hin ihfs

\_][om_ i` nb_ ^_jnb i` bcm iqh _rj_lc_h]_ nb[n b_ ^l[qm

`lig* \on \_][om_ b_ b[m [^[jn_^ nl[^cncih[f ?o^^bcmn [h^

inb_l B[mn_lh c^_[m ni T_mn_lh n_lgm ìl \_nn_l ]iggohc][+

ncih, E_ nbioabn p_ls m_lciomfs [\ion biq ?o^^bcmg b[^

[^[jn_^ qb_h cn q_hn chni mijbcmnc][n_^ ]ofnol_m fce_ @bch[

[h^ G[j[h ni m__ c` b_ ]iof^ `ch^ c^_[m ìl `[]cfcn[ncha cnm gip_+

g_hn chni nb_ T_mn, >m [ l_mofn b_ n_h^m ni jon g[hs ?o^^bcmn

]ih]_jnm chni jms]bifiac][f il g[nb_g[nc][f f[hao[a_ x cn

g[e_m nb_g [ fin gil_ []]_mmc\f_,

Lh_ nbcha Pbcht_h b[m ìlgof[n_^ cm nb_ l_f[ncih \_+

nq__h j[ch* mo``_lcha* [h^ l_mcmn[h]_, @ihmc^_l nb_ ìffiqcha

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ ,.

[jjlircg[n_ _ko[ncih b_%m ^_p_fij_^8

B 0 @ ] A

P cm mo``_lcha* M cm j[ch &j[ch ch n_lgm i` []no[f h_olifia+

c][f

m_hm[ncihm'

[h^

O

cm

jms]bifiac][f

l_mcmn[h]_,

Po``_lcha

cm

[ jms]bifiac][f-_rj_lc_hnc[f ]ih]_jn, Po``_lcha x q_ [ff ehiq

qb[n mo``_lcha cm x q_%p_ b[^ mi go]b i` cn* lcabn< M[ch cm [

jbsmcifiac][f p[lc[\f_* biq `l_ko_hnfs nbim_ h_lp_m [l_ []no[f+

fs `clcha* nb_ ]b_gc][fm \_cha l_f_[m_^ ni cllcn[n_ h_lp_ _h^cham*

[h^ mi ìlnb, M[ch cm nb_ []no[f jbsmc][f m_hm[ncih, O_mcmn[h]_

q_ [fmi ehiq [\ion, T_%l_ [ff kocn_ aii^ [n l_mcmncha nbcham

O_mcmn[h]_ cm [ jms]bifiac][f p[lc[\f_ [a[ch,

Kiq domn cg[ach_ ìl nb_ gig_hn nb[n q_ ]iof^ _[mcfs

ko[hnc`s _[]b i` nb_m_ nbl__ p[lc[\f_m, Clig bcm [h^ inb_lm%

g_^cn[ncp_ _rj_lc_h]_* Pbcht_h cm ìlgof[ncha nb_ l_f[ncihmbcj

ch nb_ [\ip_ _ko[ncih, Qi cffomnl[n_ cnm ]ihm_ko_h]_m* c` sio

b[p_ [ j[ch i`* f_n%m m[s* ih_ ohcn* [h^ j[ch l_[ffs `l_[em sio

ion*

mi

[m

miih

[m

sio

`__f

nb[n

j[ch

cn%m

Lb*

gs

@i^*

F%g

ch

j[ch mi sio b[p_ n_h ohcnm i` l_mcmn[h]_* sio _rj_lc_h]_ n_h

ohcnm i` mo``_lcha* _p_h nbioab nb_l_%m ihfs ih_ ohcn i` j[ch

Fn ][h a_n qilm_, F` sio []no[ffs b[p_ [ mnliha j[ch* m[s sio%l_

j[mmcha [ ec^h_s mnih_ il nb_ fce_ &F b[p_ gil_ j_lmih[f

oh^_lmn[h^cha i` nbcm nb[h F qcmb F b[^'* m[s sio%p_ ain n_h

ohcnm i` j[ch [h^ sio%l_ nin[ffs `l_[e_^ ion [\ion cn* sio%l_

l_[ffs l_mcmncha &n_h ohcnm i` l_mcmn[h]_' sio b[p_ [ boh^l_^

ohcnm i` mo``_lcha

Lh nb_ inb_l b[h^* f_n m[s* sio%p_ ain [ `[clfs m_p_l_ j[ch*

sio%p_ ain n_h ohcnm i` j[ch* sio \lie_ [ f_a il mig_nbcha fce_

nb[n* \on mig_biq* nblioab g_^cn[ncp_ nl[chcha il qb[n_p_l*

sio []]_jn nb_ `[]n nb[n s_m* cn bolnm \[^fs* \on sio []no[ffs

ehiq biq ni ech^ i` g_^cn[n_ ih nb_ ko[fcns i` nb_ m_hm[ncih,

Fhmn_[^ i` `l_[echa ion [\ion cn* sio ihfs b[p_ [ l_mcmn[h]_ i`

ih_, Qb_h* _p_h nbioab sio b[p_ n_h ohcnm i` j[ch* sio ihfs

b[p_ n_h ohcnm i` mo``_lcha* hin [ boh^l_^ ohcnm,

I_n%m m[s sio a_n p_ls aii^ [n g_^cn[ncih [h^ sio f_[lh ni

g_^cn[n_ ih nb_ ko[fcnc_m i` j[ch mi sio b[p_ ]fim_ ni t_li

-% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

l_mcmn[h]_ ni mo``_lcha, Qb_h sio g[s b[p_ [ p_ls chn_hm_ j[ch

\on nb_l_ cm fcnnf_ il hi mo``_lcha chpifp_^ [n [ff

Kiq nb_ jl[]nc][f ]ihm_ko_h]_ i` nbcm, Pbcht_h cm [q[l_

nbcm

cm

[

hc]_

nb_ils* \on

nb[n

nb_ilc_m

b[p_

ni

\_

n_mn_^,

E_

b[m

hiq qile_^ qcnb [ hog\_l i` j_ijf_ qbi b[p_ ]blihc] j[ch

jli\f_gm nb[n ][h%n \_ b_fj_^ g_^c][ffs [h^ b_%m n[oabn nb_g

pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih* qcnb mj_]c[f _gjb[mcm ih bcm n_]b+

hcko_m ìl ^_[fcha qcnb j[ch, I_n%m m[s nb[n nb_s b[p_ [ ]blih+

c] \[]e j[ch jli\f_g nb[n jbsmc]c[hm ][h%n î [hsnbcha _``_]+

ncp_ [\ion, Pbcht_h qcff n_[]b nb_ mo``_l_l ì]om_^ p[lc_nc_m i`

pcj[mm[h[* ìl _r[gjf_ mig_nbcha fce_8 Le[s* [m sio g_^c+

n[n_ n_ff g_ SfOQbZg qb_l_ nb_ j[ch cm lcabn hiq, Qb_ mo``_l_l

gcabn m[s Fn%m `lig nb_ \innig i` gs h_]e ni b[f`q[s îqh

gs \[]e, Qb_h Pbcht_h qcff m[s mig_nbcha fce_* I_n%m n[e_

nb_ SfOQb fi][ncih i` nb[n j[ch* gig_hn \s gig_hn* [m nb_

i\d_]n i` siol g_^cn[ncih, F q[hn sio ni i\m_lp_ cn ][l_òffs

[h^

ìffiq

[hs

]b[ha_m

ch

fi][ncih,

>`n_l

[

`_q

gchon_m

Pbcht_h gcabn [me mig_nbcha fce_ Le[s* qb_l_ cm nb_ j[ch

hiq< Fm cn ch nb_ m[g_ jf[]_ il b[m cn gip_^< [h^ a_n [h

[hmq_l fce_ T_ff cn ai_m òlnb_l îqh gs \[]e hiq, E_fjcha

nb_ mo``_l_l &qbi cm jli\[\fs hin mo``_lcha kocn_ mi go]b

[fl_[^s' ì]om òlnb_l* Pbcht_h qiof^ nb_h [me mig_nbcha fce_

Le[s* biq `[l îqh siol \[]e< E_%^ []ehiqf_â_ nb_

[hmq_l [h^ l_gch^ nb_ mo``_l_l ni e__j ìffiqcha nb_ _r[]n fi][ncih i` nb_ j[ch gig_hn \s gig_hn,

Pig_nbcha p_ls chn_l_mncha b[jj_hm [m nb_ mo``_l_l î_m

nbcm, Pig_biq ch a_nncha chni nbcm ^cl_]n_^ i\m_lp[ncih* ij_h+

cha oj ni SfOQbZg qb_l_ nb_ j[ch cm hiq* nb_ l_mcmn[h]_ b[m aih_

îqh, Qb_ j[ch cm mncff nb_l_ \on nb_ j_lmih cm hin mo``_lcha

[m go]b,

Lnb_l ko[fcnc_m i` nb_ j[ch nb[h \i^cfs fi][ncih ]iof^ \_

om_^, Pbcht_h gcabn [me nb_g [\ion ko[fcnc_m i` nb_ j[ch* ìl

chmn[h]_* [h^ mig_\i^s gcabn m[s cn b[m [ mn[\\cha ko[f+

cns, Le[s* biq mn[\\cha< F` sio l[n_^ nb_ mn[\\chah_mm ih [

5+ jichn m][f_* biq mn[\\cha cm cn lcabn hiq< Qb_ mo``_l_l-

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ -&

g_^cn[nil gcabn l[n_ cn [m [ 3, >h^ nb_h f[n_l* Le[s* cm cn mncff

mn[\\cha [n nb_ m[g_ f_p_f* il gil_ mn[\\cha* il f_mm mn[\\cha<

Tb[n cm cnm l[ncha< D_nncha nb_ mo``_l_l ni ìffiq nb_ chn_hmcns

i`

nb_

mn[\\cha

ko[fcns

gig_hn+\s+gig_hn*

nb_

l_mcmn[h]_

ai_m îqh \_][om_ nb_ g_^cn[nil* chmn_[^ i` ]ihmn[hnfs m[scha

ni bcgm_f` mig_nbcha fce_* Lb gs @i^* gs j[ch* F îh%n

^_m_lp_ cn* qbs î_m cn b[jj_h ni g_< Qb_ qilf^%m ohdomn* F

][h%n mn[h^ cn cm ^cl_]ncha bcm [nn_hncih ni nb_ jli]_mm i`

nl[]echa nb_ chn_hmcns i` nb_ mn[\\cha m_hm[ncih, Vio [ff ehiq

biq q_ ][h qile iolm_fp_m oj [\ion nb_m_ nbcham ?on nbcm

ech^ i` ]ihm]ciom g_^cn[ncih ]b[ha_m nbcham,

Pbcht_h b[m ìoh^ nb[n \s a_nncha j_ijf_ ni n[e_ nbcm g_^+

cn[ncp_ ij_hcha oj [nncno^_* jl[]nc]cha pcj[mm[h[ qcnb ko[fcnc_m

i` nb_ j[ch [m nb_ [nn_hncih[f ì]om* l_mcmn[h]_ ai_m îqh [h^

nb_ mo``_lcha ]onm q[s \[]e, E_ b[m qile_^ qcnb j_ijf_ qbi

b[p_ ]blihc] j[ch jli\f_gm nb[n ijc[n_m ][h%n b[h^f_* \on

[`n_l

n_[]bcha

nb_g

nbcm

g_^cn[ncp_

jli]_ôl_*

nb_

j[ch

cm

mncff

nb_l_* \on mig_biq nb_s%l_ hiq [\f_ ni òh]ncih ch fc`_ [a[ch*

nb_cl ^_al__ i` mo``_lcha ai_m q[s îqh,

Rh^_lmn[h^ nb[n / [g acpcha sio gs ]lo^_ oh^_lmn[h^cha

i` Pbcht_h%m qile b_l_, O_mcmn[h]_* ìl _r[gjf_* cm [ gofnc+

^cg_hmcih[f ]ih]_jn ^_[fcha qcnb cg[a_m* chn_lh[f n[fe* l_[]+

ncih ni nb_m_* _n], E_ b[mh%n qlcnn_h go]b s_n \on nb_ g[n_lc[f

mbiof^ \_]ig_ [p[cf[\f_ miih ih bcm q_\mcn_* qqq,mbcht_h,ila,

Pi* q_ b[^ [ j[ch* lcabn< T_ b[^ [ j[ch [h^ cn q_hn

[q[s [h^ F nbche ih_ i` nb_ l_[mihm cn q_hn [q[s cm \_][om_

chmn_[^ i` iol b[\cno[f [nncno^_ i` l_mcmn[h]_* i` Di [q[s

sio niie nbcm ij_h ko[fcns i` gch^ niq[l^ cn, >h^ nb[n g[^_

[ ^c``_l_h]_,

PQRABKQ8 - VOdS

O [ObVS[ObWQOZ

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eWbV

bVOb&

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Viol chn_ff_]n cm qilecha ip_lncg_* cmh%n cn<

":S\SÒZ ZOcUVbS`#

PQRABKQ8 <T g]c` `SaWabO\QS R`]â b] hS`] O\R g]c Z]]Y Ob g]c`

ÔW\$ g]c` ÔW\ W\Q`SOaSa b] W\TW\Wbg

/* j =:>5 B4:6>46

Ki* nb[n%m hin cn, Vio%l_ n[echa nb_ _ko[ncih ìlg nii

fcn_l[ffs \on gcrcha nb_ p[lc[\f_m, M[ch* [m ^_`ch_^ ch nbcm _ko[+

ncih* cm nb_ []no[f jbsmcifiac][f jli]_mm, Fn%m nb_ []no[f l[n_

i`

h_lp_

`clcha

][om_^

\s

^[g[a_

mig_qb_l_,

M[ch

cm

hin

[

jms]bifiac][f p[lc[\f_ b_l_8 mo``_lcha cm qb[n%m jms]bifiac][f,

PQRABKQ8 < eOa ac`^`WaSR Ob bVS [O\g RWTTS`S\b bVW\Ua < Sf^S`W%

S\QSR W\ [g P]Rg Rc`W\U ]c` ^ÒQbWQS$ ÔW\ O\R U]]R TSSZW\Ua$ S\S`%

Ug O\R \c[P\Saa$ [O\g$ [O\g bVW\Ua& < eOa \SdS` a] OeO`S ]T a]

[O\g RWTTS`S\b bVW\Ua W\ [g P]Rg A]`[OZZg [g P]Rg R]Sa\!b aSS[

b] VOdS [cQV aS\aObW]\ W\ Wb Ob OZZ

Qb[n%m aii^ nb[n sio _rj_lc_h]_^ [ff nb_m_ nbcham ch siol

\i^s, Qb_ nlonb cm nb_l_ cm [ fin aicha ih ch nb_l_* [ff nb_ ncg_,

T_%p_ domn mbon nb_ îil ih cn, Qb_l_ cm [ fin aicha ih ch iol

\i^c_m* [h^ [ fin i` nb[n ]ihmncnon_m iol \[mc] dis i` \_cha

[fcp_, Fn%m fce_ nb_ ginilm [l_ nolhcha ip_l* nb_ doc]_m [h^

pcn[f _h_lac_m [l_ `fiqcha [h^ [ff nb[n* [ff nb_ ncg_* [h^ qb_h

q_

]on

iol

\i^s

ion

i`

[q[l_h_mm*

q_

fcp_

ch

[\mnl[]ncihm,

F`

sio ai \[]e ni iol [h[fias i` siol aicha ni [ `lc_h^%m biom_

ni n[mn_ nbcm g[lp_fiom ]ih]i]ncih nb[n mb_ b[m g[^_* cn%m [m

c` qb[n q_ omo[ffs î cm q_ m[s* Lb* domn acp_ g_ nb_ l_]cj_*

F îh%n h__^ ni n[mn_ cn, T_%l_ aicha ni nb_ l_mn[ol[hn i` fc`_

[h^ gimnfs domn l_[^cha nb_ g_ho ch al_[n ^_n[cf chmn_[^ i`

[]no[ffs n[mncha [h^ ]b_qcha nb_ ìi^, Kin nii honlcnciom

PQRABKQ8 @g Sf^S`WS\QS Wa bVOb Wb!a \]b Oa `SZOfW\U ]` S\X]gOPZS

b] T]ZZ]e aS\aObW]\a OZZ ]dS` [g P]Rg Oa Wb Wa b] T]Qca ]\ O aW\UZS

]PXSQb$ ZWYS W\ bVS P`SObVW\U [SRWbObW]\&

>ff lcabn, Kiq nb_l_ cm [h cgjfc]cn [mmogjncih ch qb[n sio

m[c^, Qb_ [mmogjncih cm nb[n nb_ joljim_ i` nb[n g_^cn[ncih

q[m ni l_f[r il _hdis siolm_f`, Qb[n q_ g_^cn[n_ ni `__f aii^,

Vio%l_

hin

[fih_

ch

nb[n

ih_

Vio

b[p_

[h

[nn[]bg_hn

ni

a_n+ncha mig_nbcha jf_[m[hn [h^ qilnbqbcf_ `lig nb_ g_^cn[ncih,

Qb[n%m kocn_ oh^_lmn[h^[\f_,

Kiq* nb_l_ cm hinbcha qliha qcnb q[hncha nbcham ch fc`_*

qcnb b[pcha ai[fm* qcnb q[hncha ni a_n mig_nbcha `lig nbcham*

[h^ mi ìlnb, Qb[n%m j_l`_]nfs hilg[f* j_l`_]nfs h[nol[f* \on x

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ -(



gimn i` nb_ g_^cn[ncp_ nl[^cncihm qiof^ m[s nb[n* ohìlnoh[n_+

fs* nbcm h[nol[f ^_mcl_ b[m ainn_h mi ion i` b[h^ nb[n cn ^lcp_m

om honm, T_ a_n nii [nn[]b_^ ni nb_ jimcncp_ nbcham [h^ nii

[p_lm_

ni

nb_

h_a[ncp_

ih_m

[h^

nb_

l_mofn

cm

fcpcha

ch

cffomcih*

ch m[gm[l[,

Fh nb_ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_* ìl chmn[h]_*

nb_l_ cm [h i\pciom ai[f x nb_ ai[f ni f_[lh ni ì]om \_nn_l x

[fnbioab nb[n ai[f cm cnm_f` ch nb_ m_lpc]_ i` [ bcab_l joljim_

ch nb_ g_^cn[ncp_ nl[^cncihm, Pi nb_ ai[f i` nb_ g_^cn[ncp_

jl[]nc]_ cm mig_nbcha gil_ nb[h _hdischa cn, Fn n_h^m ni b[j+

j_h nb[n nb_ m_hm[ncihm `lig mo]]_mmòf ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[+

ncih [l_ jf_[mol[\f_* \on nb[n%m hin nb_ g[ch jichn, Fh `[]n* c`

sio al[ô[ffs mn[ln îcha ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih ch [ q[s

nb[n g[e_m cn p_ls jf_[mol[\f_* sio g[s []no[ffs `ch^ sio%l_

hin ]ih]_hnl[ncha jlij_lfs [hsgil_, Vio%l_ ]ih]_hnl[ncha ih

bif^cha ih ni nb_ jf_[mol_* chmn_[^ i` ih nb_ ^_mcah[n_^ ì]om

i`

[

j[lnc]of[l

g_^cn[ncih

m_mmcih,

F%g

hin

m[scha

sio%l_

îcha

nbcm* \on cn ][h _[mcfs mfcj ip_l chni nb[n chmn_[^ i` nlscha ni

^_p_fij nb_ \[mc] ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ [\cfcns,

Qb_ jichn i` ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih* [m F%g n_[]bcha cn

ni^[s* cm ni nl[ch siol gch^ mi nb[n c` sio ^_]c^_* ìl qb[n_p+

_l l_[mih* nb[n sio%l_ aicha ni b[p_ 77 j_l]_hn i` siol [nn_h+

ncih ì]om_^ ih >* qb[n_p_l > cm* sio ][h î cn* hi g[nn_l

qb[n b[jj_hm, Tb_nb_l cn%m jf_[mol[\f_ il j[chòf, Vio mbiof^

\_ [\f_ ni ]ih]_hnl[n_ ih [ p_ls ohjf_[m[hn m_hm[ncih qcnb òff

chn_hmcns c` sio ]bim_ ni î cn, > l_[mih[\f_ [\cfcns ch ]ih]_h+

nl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih &sio îh%n b[p_ ni bcn nb_ 77 j_l]_hn f_p_f'

nb_h ìlgm nb_ \[mcm i` mo]]_mm ch pcj[mm[h[,

Qb_ jichn i` nb_ pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih x nb_ ij_hcha oj

g_^cn[ncih x cm nb[n chmn_[^ i` ]ih]_hnl[ncha ih ih_ nbcha*

q_ qcff i\m_lp_ nb_ òff jf[s i` _rj_lc_h]_* qcnb ]f[lcns, T_

^_]c^_ nb[n chmn_[^ i` ]ihmn[hnfs g[hcjof[ncha iol _rj_lc_h]_*

qbc]b q_%l_ îcha [ff nb_ ncg_* q_ q[hn ni m__ qb[n cn l_[ffs cm

qcnbion chn_l`_lcha qcnb cn* qcnbion b[pcha cn bc^^_h \_bch^

]ih]_jno[f [h^ g[hcjof[ncp_ m]l__hm, Qi jon nbcm \[]e ch nb_

-) _ =:>5 B4:6>46



_mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_ n_lgm q_ \_a[h qcnb ni^[s* q_ b[p_ [h

chefcha nb[n q_%p_ ainn_h fimn ch nb_ilc_m nb[n [l_ gcmf_[^cha

om ch cgjiln[hn q[sm* mi q_ [l_ nlscha ni ^_p_fij [ g_nbi^ ìl

l_[ffs a_nncha [ ]f_[l_l j_l]_jncih [h^ oh^_lmn[h^cha i` nb_ []no[f ^[n[* l_[fcns* l[nb_l nb[h nb_ils []ncha [m \fch^* [onig+

[nct_^ \_fc_`m qbc]b ^cmniln iol j_l]_jncihm, Qbcm \_]ig_m

]f_[l_l [h^ ]f_[l_l [m sio f_[lh nb_m_ n_]bhcko_m,

T_ [l_ //. j_l]_hn g[hcjof[nilm* qilecha ip_l iol `fiq i`

_rj_lc_h]_ _p_ls gc]lim_]ih^* nlscha ni g[e_ jf_[m[hn nbcham

\_nn_l il a_n lc^ i` qb[n q_ îh%n fce_,

Kiq nb_l_ cm hinbcha qliha qcnb q[hncha ni î nb[n oj ni

[ l_[mih[\f_ ^_al__* \on qb_h cn%m ]igjofmcp_* [onig[nct_^*

qb_h* ch [ m_hm_* sio ][h h_p_l [ffiq siolm_f` ni _rj_lc_h]_

qb[n%m b[jj_hcha qcnbion ]ihnliffcha cn* sio%l_ fcpcha ch [

l_mnlc]n_^ jilncih i` nb_ mj_]nlog i` nb_ qbif_ jimmc\cfcns i`

fc`_, Pi qb[n pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ l_[ffs [cgm [n

îcha

cm

ij_hcha

om

oj

ni

]f_[l

j_l]_jncih

i`

qb[n%m

[]no[ffs

b[jj_hcha [n nb_ gig_hn,

Kiq ch n_lgm i` biq aii^ [ acp_h g_^cn[ncih cm* [

pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih m_mmcih qb_l_ sio l_[ffs mn[s_^ mnlihafs

ch ]ihn[]n qcnb [h ohjf_[m[hn m_hm[ncih ìl [ fiha j_lci^ i`

ncg_* qcnbion \_cha ^cmnl[]n_^ ìl fiha* cm* ch [ l_[f m_hm_* [

go]b al_[n_l []]igjfcmbg_hn nb[h c` sio ^lc`n_^ i`` chni

mig_nbcha hc]_ [h^ jf_[m[hn [h^ ^c^h%n hinc]_ qb[n q[m aicha

ih, O_g_g\_l* siol ai[f b[^ \__h ni j[s [nn_hncih ni nb_ h[n+

ol[f `fiq* [h^ c` chmn_[^ sio ^lc`n_^ i`` chni mig_nbcha nb[n

q[m jf_[m[hn \on j[lnc[ffs ]l_[n_^* hin nb_ h[nol[f `fiq*

sio ^c^h%n î cn, ?on [a[ch l_]iahct_ [fmi nb[n nb_l_ cm [ fin i`

p[lc[\cfcns qb_h sio%l_ `clmn \_achhcha nbcm* [h^ _p_h qb_h

sio a_n p_ls aii^ [n cn,

Lh_ i` nb_ q[sm j_ijf_ a_n mno]e ch [hs ech^ i` g_^cn[+

ncih jl[]nc]_ cm nb[n nb_s b[p_ mig_ _rj_lc_h]_ ôlcha nb_

g_^cn[ncih m_mmcih nb[n%m l_q[l^cha [h^ nb_s nbche >b[ Kiq

F%p_ `ch[ffs ain cn Qb_h nb_s ]ihm]ciomfs ìla_n nb_ []no[f

chmnlo]ncihm ìl nb_ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ [h^ mcgjfs nls ni

=:>5 P@FBK@B _ -*

l_jliô]_ nb_ _rj_lc_h]_ nb[n q[m l_q[l^cha \_ìl_, T_%p_

nio]b_^ ih nbcm \_ìl_, Kiq F ][h%n \f[g_ j_ijf_ ìl nb[n, F

î cn [ff nb_ ncg_ gsm_f` ?on c` F q[hn ni f_[lh ni \_ [\f_ ni

]ih]_hnl[n_ qb_h_p_l [h^ qb_l_p_l F qcmb ni* [h^ [ff F RLHWT cm ni ]ih]_hnl[n_ ih nbcham F b[jj_h ni fce_* nb[n%m hin mi aii^,

Fn%m [fl_[^s _[ms ni ]ih]_hnl[n_ ih &ni \_ ÔaaWdSZg Q]\QS\bÒbSR

]\$ ni jon cn gil_ []]ol[n_fs' nbcham nb[n sio fce_,

PQRABKQ8 K]c caS bVS 6 e]`R$ bVS Q]\b`]Z e]`R&

Qb_ @ qil^ x nb_ ]ihnlif qil^, F fce_ nb[n jbl[mcha,

Le[s, Fm ]ihnlif jifcnc][ffs ch]ill_]n hiq< "ZOcUVbS`#

PQRABKQ8 A]$ \]$ Wb!a Q]``SQb& F] FVW\hS\ K]c\U VOa bVS ^S]^ZS

]PaS`dS bVS ÔW\& F][SbW[Sa bVSg ]PaS`dS bVOb bVS ÔW\ U]Sa c^$ ]`

bVS ÔW\ U]Sa R]e\$ bVS acTTS`W\U U]W\U c^$ bVS acTTS`W\U U]W\U

R]e\1 ^S]^ZS \]e Y\]e bVOb bVSg Q]\b`]Z Wb& @WZb]\ 8`WQYa]\$ bVS

Vg^\]bVSÒ^Wab$ SdS\ S\Q]cÒUSR ^S]^ZS b] W\Q`SOaS bVS ÔW\& GVOb!a

]\S eOg b] aV]e ^S]^ZS bVSg VOdS Q]\b`]Z& F] eVOb!a g]c` ^Sà^SQ%

bWdS ]\ bVOb Q]\b`]Z ^`]QSaa3 <a bVWa Q]\b`]Z U]]R3 GVWa Wa O JSabS`\ ^Sà^SQbWdS$ < UcSaa&

V_m* cn%m ^_`chcn_fs [ T_mn_lh j_lmj_]ncp_, Fn%m [ff lcabn ni

b[p_ [ T_mn_lh j_lmj_]ncp_8 q_ [l_ T_mn_lh_lm

>m ni ]ihnlif x nb_ ìlg[f chmnlo]ncihm ch pcj[mm[h[ g_^+

cn[ncih [l_ ni òffs _rj_lc_h]_* ij_h gch^_^fs* qb[n_p_l m_h+

m[ncih ]ig_m [fiha gig_hn \s gig_hn* qcnbion [nn_gjncha

ni ]ihnlif qb[n nb_ m_hm[ncih cm il \_]ig_m, Tcnbion nlscha ni

[gjfc`s nb_ aii^ il chbc\cn nb_ \[^* [h^ mi ìlnb, Qb[n mioh^m

ch g[hs q[sm fce_ [h chdoh]ncih ni \]b ]ihnlif* \on* i` ]iolm_*

cn î_m ]ihn[ch nb_ chdoh]ncih ni ]ihnlif siol [nn_hncih* ni

e__j j[scha [nn_hncih [h^ hin ^lc`n i`` nb_ q[s q_ omo[ffs ^lc`n

i`` il f_n b[\cno[f j[nn_lhm i` ]l[pcha [h^ [p_lmcih g[hcjof[n_

siol

[nn_hncih

[h^

siol

_rj_lc_h]_,

Pi

nb_l_

cm

[ \[f[h]_

b_l_*

ie[s< F qiof^ hin m[s nb[n g_^cn[ncp_ nl[^cncihm [l_ [\ion

_r_lncha hi ]ihnlif qb[nmi_p_l, >n mig_ i` nb_ p_ls bcab_mn

f_p_fm sio a_n chni mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n, ?on g_[hqbcf_* sio

i\pciomfs b[p_ ni ^_]c^_ sio%l_ aicha ni mcn îqh [h^ b[p_ [

g_^cn[ncih m_mmcih, Vio%l_ aicha ni b[p_ [ joljim_ ìl nb_

-+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

g_^cn[ncih m_mmcih, F` sio%l_ îcha cn ni ^_[f qcnb ]blihc]

j[ch* sio g[s* ch [ m_hm_* \_ nlscha ni mnij nb_ omo[f ]ihnlif+

fcha g_]b[hcmgm ch il^_l ni ì]om ]f_[lfs ih mig_ [mj_]n i`

nb_ j[ch* \on ch nb_ \[]ealioh^ cm ch^__^ [h cgjfc]cn ^_mcl_ ni ]ihnlif nb_ h[nol_ i` nbcm _rj_lc_h]_,

PQRABKQ8 GVS`S eOa O PWU RWTTS`S\QS W\ bVS be] YW\Ra ]T [SRW%

bObW]\ T]` [S& < ZWYSR bVS Q]\QS\bÒbWdS [SRWbObW]\$ ) `SOZZg aSbbZSR

W\b] O Z]dSZg YW\R ]T ^SOQS& KSb W\ O eOg Wb eOa a]`b ]T RcZZ Q][Ô`SR

b] bVS ]bVS` YW\R$ eVS`S O eV]ZS Pc\QV ]T W\bS`SabW\U aS\aObW]\a

VO^^S\SR& < e]\RS`SR WT < aV]cZR SfS`b O\g Q]\b`]Z ]dS` Wb$ bV]cUV$

eVSbVS` Wb e]cZR PS \ObcÒZ b] Q]\b`]Z [SRWbObW]\&

F] ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih cm j_[]_òf ìl sio [h^ pcj[m+

m[h[ cm gil_ chn_l_mncha< F momj_]n nb_ ]ihnlif cmmo_ cm j[lnfs [

jm_oî cmmo_ b_l_* \_][om_ F îh%n nbche q_ l_[fct_ qb[n ]ih+

nlif `l_[em q_ [fl_[^s [l_, Fn%m hin [m c` q_%l_ chnliô]cha mig_

]ihnlif qb_l_ nb_l_ q[m hi ]ihnlif \_ìl_9 q_%l_ gi^c`scha

nb_ ì]om i` p[lciom ech^m i` ]ihnlifm nb[n q_ nls ni _r_l]cm_ [ff nb_ ncg_* [h^ q_%l_ nlscha ni g[e_ nb_ ]ihnlif jli]_mm gil_

]ihm]ciom, >ff i` nb_ g_^cn[ncp_ nl[^cncihm qiof^ m[s sio%l_

]ihmn[hnfs [nn_gjncha ni ]ihnlif _rj_lc_h]_ [m q_ff [m \_cha

]ihnliff_^ \s [ gcffcih `[]nilm [ff nb_ ncg_ nb[n [``_]n nb_ q[s

nb_ loh i` siol nbioabnm ai_m,

E_l_* f_n%m \lcha nb_ ]ihnlif ^cg_hmcih oj ni [ gil_ ]ih+

m]ciom f_p_f \s nlscha ni _r_ln mig_ ^_fc\_l[n_ ]ihnlif [h^ m__+

cha qb[n q_ ][h f_[lh `lig nbcm, Fh]fo^cha f_[lhcha biq fcnnf_

]ihm]ciom ]ihnlif q_ b[p_ >a[ch* F ai \[]e ni nb[n _r[gjf_ F

g_hncih_^ \_ìl_ nb[n [ fin i` j_ijf_ qbi nls ]ih]_hnl[ncp_

g_^cn[ncih m[s* Qbcm cm [qòf* cn g[e_m gs nbioabnm l[]_ fce_

g[^ T_ff nb[n%m domn nb_ q[s cn cm h[nol[ffs* iol nbioabnm [l_

[fq[sm l[]cha,

Kiq q_%p_ \__h a_nncha [ fcnnf_ nii chn_ff_]no[f, F q[hn om

ni nls n_h gchon_m gil_ i` pcj[mm[h[ \_ìl_ q_ a_n i`` chni nii

g[hs ]ih]_jnm b_l_, F` sio%ff _r]om_ gs cgjfc]cnfs omcha nb_

6 qil^ ch _r_lncha ]ihnlif Vio aosm [l_ mo]b aii^ nbioabn+

[bifc]m* F l_[ffs b[p_ ni ^cm]cjfch_ gsm_f` hin ni \_ n_gjn_^ ni

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ -,

b[p_ [ `_q gil_ ]ih]_jno[f ^lchem gsm_f`

Le[s, Pi f_n%m nls pcj[mm[h[* ij_hcha oj g_^cn[ncih ìl n_h

gchon_m, F%ff q[fe sio nblioab cn [a[ch,

"GVS T]ZZ]eW\U SfS`QWaS aV]cZR PS a^`SOR ]dS` OP]cb bS\ [W\cbSa

x ]` Z]\US` eVS\ g]c USb Q][T]`bOPZS eWbV Wb#

Pcn ch [ ]igìln[\f_ jimnol_ , , ,

Bcnb_l ]fim_ siol _s_m ,,, il j[le nb_g ]igìln[\fs ih

mig_ ]ihp_hc_hn mjin ch `lihn i` sio , , ,

?lcha siol [nn_hncih chni siol \i^s m_hm[ncihm , , , [h^

mn[ln ij_hcha siol gch^ ni j[scha [nn_hncih* ij_h gch^_^

[nn_hncih* ni qb[n_p_l nb_ mnliha_mn \i^cfs m_hm[ncih [n nb_

gig_hn cm ,,, Lj_h siol gch^ ni _rj_lc_h]cha cn ,,, fce_

sio%p_ h_p_l `_fn nbcm m_hm[ncih \_ìl_ , , ,

Tb[n cm cn< Qb_ e]`Ra nb[n ]ig_ ch l_mjihm_ ni nb_ [nnc+

no^_

i`

]olcimcns

îh%n

g[nn_l

,

,

,

cn%m

\_cha

[q[l_

i`

qb[n

nb_

_cOZWbWSa ]T m_hm[ncih [l_ [n nbcm p_ls gig_hn, , ,

>h^ [n bVWa p_ls gig_hn< , , ,

>h^ [n bVWa p_ls gig_hn< , , ,

?_q[l_ nb_ n_h^_h]s i` siol gch^ ni jon [ p_l\[f f[\_f ih

cn [h^ nb_h mnij []no[ffs j[scha [nn_hncih , , , \_][om_ l_[fcns

e__jm ]b[hacha* _p_h nbioab siol f[\_f cgjfc_m j_lg[h_h]_*

cgjfc_m nb[n sio ehiq [ff [\ion nbcm m_hm[ncih [h^ îh%n b[p_

ni j[s [nn_hncih [hs fiha_l , , ,

Pi qb[n%m nb[n m_hm[ncih [n bVWa gig_hn<

Kiq l_g_g\_l* c` siol gch^ b[m ^lc`n_^ i`` chni nbchecha

[\ion nbcham* domn US\bZg ]ig_ \[]e ni m_hm_ qb[n_p_l nb_

mnliha_mn m_hm[ncih i` nb_ gig_hn cm ,,, Tb[n [l_ sio m_hmcha

[n bVWa gig_hn<

F` qil^m a_n [onig[nc][ffs [nn[]b_^ ni m_hm[ncihm* domn f_n

nb[n \_ m_]ih^[ls , , , H__j ì]omcha \[]e ih nb_ []no[f ko[fcns

i` m_hm[ncih , , ,

Lol gch^m n_h^ ni ]f[mmc`s nbcham [h^ nb_h m[s ch _``_]n*

F%p_ m__h nbcm \_ìl_* hi jichn ch j[scha òlnb_l [nn_hncih,

-- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

H__j ]igcha \[]e ni nb_ []no[f ko[fcns i` nb_ m_hm[ncih [n

_[]b gig_hn, , , J[s\_ cn%m nb_ m[g_ x g[s\_ cn%m hin , , ,

Kiq ch [ gchon_ F%g aicha ni moaa_mn q_ `chcmb nbcm jl[]+

nc]_ ,,, \on \_ìl_ q_ î* n[e_ nb_ ì]om i` siol [nn_hncih hiq [h^ chmn_[^ i` ì]omcha cn ih chn_lh[f \i^s m_hm[ncihm* \lcha

cn ni siol b_[lcha,,,

Kinc]_ nb_ ko[fcns i` nb_ liig mioh^+qcm_* il [hs mioh^m

nb_l_ gcabn \_ ,,,

>h^ hiq mjfcn siol [nn_hncih* mi sio b[p_ mig_ a_h_l[f

[q[l_h_mm i` siol \i^s* \on e__j \_cha [q[l_ i` nb_ mioh^

ko[fcnc_m i` nb_ liig ,,, il [hs mioh^m l_[]bcha siol _[lm , , ,

Qb_l_ cm hinbcha sio mbiof^ il mbiof^h%n _rj_lc_h]_* domn nls

ni \_ [q[l_ i` qb[n%m aicha ih ch siol _rj_lc_h]_ [n nb_

gig_hn [m sio mn[s [q[l_ i` siol \i^s [h^ [q[l_ i` qb[n_p+

_l mioh^m sio%l_ b_[lcha , , ,

Le[s, Kiq ij_h siol _s_m c` nb_s%l_ ]fim_^* [h^ \lcha siol

mnsf_ i` g_hn[f òh]ncihcha \[]e ni qb[n j[mm_m ìl hilg[f,

"FSdSÒZ VO\Ra U] c^$ W\RWQObW\U SOUS` _cSabW]\a&#

Vio aosm l_[ffs [l_ [ n_gjn[ncih Vio%l_ [ff òff i` nb_m_

chn_l_mncha c^_[m [h^ ko_mncihm* [h^ sio l_[ffs m_lciomfs n_gjn

nb_ nbioabn[bifc] ch g_ ni finm i` ^cm]ommcih* \on F%g aicha ni

\_ p_ls ^cm]cjfch_^ ch chmcmncha q_ e__j ]igcha \[]e ni acpcha

sio [ n[mn_ i` biq ni î nb_m_ jl[]nc]_m, > jlij_l g_^cn[ncih

n_[]b_l qiof^ mn[ln sio jl[]nc]cha [a[ch chmn_[^ i` \_cha

n_gjn_^ \s [ff nbim_ b[h^m q[pcha

?on mch]_ q_ ihfs b[p_ [ `_q gchon_m f_`n \_ìl_ iol foh]b

\l_[e* [h^ F%g hin p_ls jlij_l* q_%ff acp_ ch ìl hiq [h^

chôfa_ nb[n j[ln i` siol gch^ nb[n l_[ffs cm òff i` [ff nb_m_

chn_l_mncha ko_mncihm [h^ c^_[m [h^ ^_mj_l[n_fs q[hnm ni

ehiq, Qls ni e__j siol ko_mncihm ]fim_ ni _rj_lc_h]_ c` sio

][h* nbioab, Aih%n qills nb[n sio%l_ hin aicha ni a_n _hioab

chn_ff_]no[f mncgof[ncih O_g_g\_l* q_ b[p_ [h chn_ff_]no[f

ilas ]igcha oj ìl [ff nb_ q__e [n nbcm ]ih`_l_h]_

PQRABKQ8 < VOR O\ Sf^S`WS\QS VS`S& < bV]cUVb g]c aOWR a][S%

bVW\U OP]cb O\ OZbS`\ObWdS b] ÔgW\U ObbS\bW]\ b] aS\aObW]\ e]cZR PS

=:>5 B4:6>46

_ -.

ÔgW\U ObbS\bW]\ b] bVW\YW\U3 GVOb aSS[SR b] e]`Y O Z]b PSbbS` T]`

[S& 6]cZR g]c bSZZ [S a][SbVW\U OP]cb bVOb .

Pi j[scha [nn_hncih ni siol nbchecha qilem \_nn_l ìl sio<

PQRABKQ8 KSa$ < eOa \]bWQW\U a][SbVW\U OP]cb eVOb < T]Ù]b b] R] PST]`S < QO[S VS`S& < eOa bVW\YW\U OP]cb eVOb <![ U]W\U b] R]

eVS\ < ZSOdS VS`S O\R bVW\YW\U OP]cb eVOb g]c aOWR SO`ZWS`$ bVW\Y%

W\U OP]cb eVOb < eO\bSR b] aOg b] g]c SO`ZWS`&

Qb[n mioh^m fce_ hilg[f ]ihm]ciomh_mm

PQRABKQ8 JSZZ$ bVS bVW\U eOa < R]\!b \]`[OZZg \]bWQS bVWa YW\R

]T bV]cUVb&

Vio g[s \_ ih_ i` nb_ fo]es ih_m qbi ][h \_ach i\m_lp+

cha nbioabn l_f[ncp_fs miih ch [ g_^cn[ncp_ jl[]nc]_, Tb[n F

m[c^ _[lfc_l q[m nb[n i\m_lpcha nbioabn cm [ p_ls ^c``c]ofn q[s

ìl gimn j_ijf_ ni \_ach ni f_[lh ni g_^cn[n_9 cn%m nlc]es [h^

^c``c]ofn ni nls ni i\m_lp_ iol nbioabn jli]_mm_m \_][om_ nb_

nbioabn jli]_mm_m n_h^ ni [\mil\ [ff iol [nn_hncih [h^ loh ih

ch

[fgimn

_h^f_mm

]b[chm,

Qi

e__j

nb[n

fcnnf_

mjfcn-%

ni

e__j

[ j[ln i` sio i\m_lpcha qb[n%m aicha ih* cm _[mc_l qcnb \i^s

m_hm[ncihm,

Pi l_nolhcha ni siol ko_mncih8 qb[n [l_ sio [mecha [\ion

siol \i^s [m sio mn[ln nbchecha<

PQRABKQ8 <b USba WU\]`SR&

Fn a_nm cahil_^, O_g_g\_l [a[ch nbcm qilecha gi^_f F `ch^

mi om_òf* h[g_fs nb[n q_ ihfs b[p_ mi go]b [nn_hncih [p[cf+[\f_ [h^ nb_ chn_ff_]n ][h ai\\f_ cn [ff oj, Qb_l_ cm hinbcha f_`n

ìl m_hm[ncih* sio ehiq, Rhncf mig_nbcha [m chn_hm_ [m [ `cl_

_hach_ ]ig_m \s* sio b[l^fs hinc]_ [hsnbcha%m b[jj_hcha x

[h^ nb[n%m hilg[f x [h^ cn f_nm gimn i` nb_ dis ai ion i` fc`_,

Qii go]b i` fc`_ cm fce_ nb[n, Vio q[fe \s [ lim_ \omb [h^

îh%n hinc]_ cn [n [ff, L]][mcih[ffs sio l_g_g\_l nb[n sio%p_

\__h nif^ ni mnij [h^ mg_ff nb_ lim_m* mi sio mnij ìl [ `l[]+

ncih i` [ m_]ih^ ih siol \oms lioh^m [h^ g_hn[ffs m[s ni

siolm_f`* Pg_ffm hc]_ x hc]_ lim_m, ?on qb[n sio%p_ l_[ffs

mg_ff_^ cm gimnfs siol c^_[m [\ion lim_m* [h^ qb[n sio%p_

l_[ffs fiie_^ [n cm siol ]ih]_jnm [\ion lim_m, Kiq* nbcm cm p_ls

.% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

b[l^ ni ]ihp_s* _mj_]c[ffs ch [h chn_ff_]no[f g[hh_l* \on*

\_fc_p_ g_* nb_l_ cm [ al_[n lc]bh_mm jimmc\f_ ni fc`_ c` sio f_[lh

ni mnij [h^ ]ig_ ni siol m_hm_m, F%g aicha ni ì]om [ fin ih

nb[n nbcm [`n_lhiih, Fn cm l_[ffs al[nc`scha, ?on cn ihfs b[jj_hm c` q_ mnij \_cha nl[jj_^ ch iol chn_ff_]n, Fhn_ff_]n cm [ qih^_l+

òf niif* \on cn%m [ n_llc\f_ g[mn_l,

PQRABKQ8 <![ b`gW\U b] TWUc`S ]cb eVSbVS` `W\UW\U W\ bVS SOà Wa

O P]Rg aS\aObW]\&

Ochacha ch nb_ _[lm [ \i^s m_hm[ncih< T_ff gimn i` om

qiof^ m[s cn q[m [ mioh^, Rhf_mm nb_l_ cm [ mj_]c`c] \i^s ]ig+

jih_hn ni cn9 c` sio `__f [ n[]ncf_ ko[fcns ni cn [fmi* nb_h mol_,

Kiq [a[ch* sio ][h a_n nii ][oabn oj ch îcha g_^cn[ncih

jl[]nc]_ _r[]nfs lcabn, Vio ehiq* cm nbcm `SOZZg [ \i^s m_hm[ncih<

Jo]b i` nb_ ncg_ F%p_ q[mn_^ nlscha ni f_[lh biq ni g_^cn[n_

q[m \_][om_ F q[hn_^ ni î cn _r[]nfs lcabn, F ih]_ b[^ [

n_[]b_l i` [q[l_h_mm ch _p_ls^[s fc`_ &iol [`n_lhiih nijc]'

qbi

m[c^

bcm

g[ch

di\

qcnb

bcm

mno^_hnm

q[m

ni

n_[]b

om

ni

fiq_l iol mn[h^[l^m Qbcham ain go]b \_nn_l ìl g_ [`n_l F

niie nb[n [^pc]_ m_lciomfs F` cn%m [ jligch_hn m_hm[ncih nb[n

]ig_m ch ôlcha jl[]nc]_ fce_ nbcm* mol_* ]b_]e cn ion [m fiha [m

cn%m nb_l_, ?on îh%n a_n nii fimn ch nb_ cmmo_ i` qb_nb_l cn cm

l_[ffs [ \i^s m_hm[ncih il hin,

PQRABKQ8 GVS`S aSS[a b] PS O [][S\b ]T aS\aObW]\ bVOb Q]``S%

a^]\Ra b] ]\S ]T bVS aS\aSa$ ZWYS bOQbWZS& FSS[a ZWYS []ab ]T eVOb g]c!dS PSS\ OaYW\U ca b] R] Wa bOQbWZS OeO`S\Saa& 4\R < \]bWQSR Rc`%

W\U bVS P`SObVW\U T]Qca bVOb < Q]cZR\!b USb `WR ]T O\ OcRWb]`g Q]``S%

ZObS ]T bVOb& <b eOa\!b O `SOZ a]c\R$ Pcb eVWZS < eOa ÔgW\U ObbS\bW]\

b] bVS W\ O\R ]cb ]T P`SObVW\U < VOR bVWa _cOZWbg ]T a]c\R& <a bVS`S

YW\R ]T O aS\a]`g []ROZWbg ]T OeO`S\Saa bVOb g]c!`S bOZYW\U OP]cb3

4a O Q]``SZObS3

F` sio ain p_ls aii^ [n nbcm ij_hcha oj g_^cn[ncih* sio

qiof^ \_ach j[scha [nn_hncih ni nb_ òff mcgofn[h_iom m_hmi+

ls mj_]nlog* ij_hcha oj ni nb_ qbif_ `fiq i` _rj_lc_h]_,

Le[s, >h^ cn nolhm ion [ff milnm i` nbcham [l_ [mmi]c[n_^ [n nb_

_rj_lc_hnc[f f_p_f nb[n q_ g[s bif^ ]igjf_n_fs m_j[l[n_ [n nb_

JFKA P@FBK@B

_ .&



_p_ls^[s ]ih]_jno[f f_p_f, Cil chmn[h]_* ih_ i` nb_ nbcham F

ìoh^ cm qb_h F%g îcha pcj[mm[h[ q_ff* domn [\ion _p_ls

mioh^ nb[n ]ig_m [fiha b[m [ p_ls mj_]c`c] _``_]n mig_qb_l_

ch gs \i^s, B[]b ]l_[n_m [ p_ls mj_]c`c] m_hm[ncih [n mig_ j[l+

nc]of[l fi][ncih ch gs \i^s, Fn [g[t_^ g_ qb_h F mn[ln_^ ni

i\m_lp_ nbcm9 F nbioabn b_[lcha niie jf[]_ ch nb_ _[l

F%ff acp_ sio [h _r_l]cm_ sio ][h [ff î ip_l foh]b ncg_ c`

sio q[hn ni mnl_n]b siol gch^m [ fcnnf_ \cn* chmn_[^ i` domn b[p+

cha [ aii^ chn_ff_]no[f ncg_, ?WabS\ b] eVObSdS` a]c\Ra bVS`S O`S

eWbV g]c` TSSb& Alij nb_ jl_]ih]_jncih nb[n b_[lcha n[e_m jf[]_

ch siol _[l, Icmn_h qcnb siol `__n, C__f nb_ m_hm[ncihm ch siol `__n [m j_ijf_ m[s nbcham* [m sio b_[l p[lciom mioh^m [h^ mi

ìlnb, V_m Fn mioh^m ]l[ts* lcabn, Viol chn_ff_]n qcff m[s nb[n

mioh^m ]l[ts9 F ][h%n î nb[n x \on nls cn,

Le[s, F%g aicha ni _h^ nbcm hiq mi q_ ][h a_n mig_ foh]b,

T_%ff mn[ln i``c]c[ffs [a[ch [n /8/3,

.' _ =:>5 B4:6>46

492@C6A +

<PTQX" 6]VHTXPUTX" 4UTJLVYX

:%p_ [fq[sm ìoh^ nb[n j_ijf_ [l_ hin l_[^s ìl ì]om_^

qile lcabn [`n_l nb_ foh]b \l_[em [n [ qilembij* mi q_ ][h

b[p_ [ `_q gchon_m i` a_h_l[f ^cm]ommcih [\ion qb[n q_%p_

\__h îcha* \_ìl_ q_ a_n chpifp_^ qcnb gch^òfh_mm ch _p_ls+

^[s fc`_, Qb_l_ [l_ [fq[sm [ `_q j_ijf_ f[n_ a_nncha \[]e `lig

foh]b* nii

PQRABKQ8 48CB@E> eWbV G<FGC< ]dS` Zc\QV$ JFD< ]T ca =FLE; K?<

:FE:<EKI8K@M< D<;@K8K@FE GI8:K@:< <8J@" =FI

FK?<IJ @K N8J K?< M@G8JJ8E8 GI8:K@:<$ 5?8K :8LJ<J K?<J< ;@==<I<E:<J&

F îh%n b[p_ nb_ mfcabn_mn c^_[ qb[n \lcham nb_m_ ^c``_l_h]_m

[\ion qb_h sio mn[ln ni f_[lh g_^cn[ncih* \on nb_s b[jj_h,

Qb_l_

cm

hi

mn[h^[l^

jms]bifiac][f

n_rn\iie

F

][h

hiq

fiie

ch

[h^ m[s* Lb Pb_%m ih_ i` mo]b+[h^+mo]b [ nsj_ i` j_lmih c`

mb_ fce_^ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih gil_, Mli\[\fs nb_l_ cm

mig_nbcha ch ]f[mmc][f ?o^^bcmn fcn_l[nol_ [\ion nbcm x nb_l_

cm [h _hilgiom [giohn i` m]bif[lfs qlcncha* [m q_ff [m jl[]+

nc]_ nl[^cncih* ch ?o^^bcmg* \on F%g hi m]bif[l i` ?o^^bcmg,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ .(

?on* [n nb_ ^[n[ f_p_f* nb_ i\m_lp[ncih[f f_p_f* nb_l_ cm _hil+

giom ch^cpcô[f p[lc[ncih ch biq j_ijf_ l_[]n ni g_^cn[ncih,

F%p_ nlc_^ ni g[e_ mig_ a_h_l[f mn[n_g_hnm ch chnliô]cha

g_^cn[ncih*

mn[n_g_hn

nb[n

[l_

fce_fs

ni

\_

b_fjòf

ni

[fgimn

_p_lsih_* \on qb[n%m lcabn ih [h^ nlo_ ìl ih_ j_lmih g[s

hin [n [ff \_ nlo_ il j[lnc]of[lfs b_fjòf ìl [hinb_l j_lmih

[n nbcm mn[a_ i` iol T_mn_lh ehiqf_â_ i` g_^cn[ncih,

Tb[n%m [ m]c_hncmn fce_ g_ îcha n_[]bcha [h _rinc] n_]b+

hcko_ fce_ g_^cn[ncih* [hsq[s< Lh_ i` nb_ l_[mihm F%p_ mn[ln+

_^ îcha cn chmn_[^ i` mnc]echa ni domn îcha l_m_[l]b ch gil_

]ih]l_n_ [l_[m cm nb[n F nbche qb[n q_ ]oll_hnfs ehiq i` g_^+

cn[ncih ch nb_ T_mn cm p_ls om_òf ìl b_fjcha j_ijf_ ch g[hs

q[sm* \on nb_ \[mc] jlch]cjf_m h__^ ni \_ jon chni [ ìlg nb[n

g[e_m gil_ m_hm_ ch iol ]ofnol_, M_ijf_ b_[l [\ion mig_

[h]c_hn n_]bhcko_, Fn%m p_h_l[\f_ [h^ [ff nb[n* \on î_m cn qile

ni^[s< F` sio q_l_* m[s* [ /1nb+]_hnols M_lmc[h* [h [h]c_hn

M_lmc[h g_^cn[ncih n_]bhcko_ gcabn b[p_ \__h domn nb_ nbcha

ìl gimn /1nb+]_hnols M_lmc[hm* \on nb_ qil^m îh%n b[p_ nb_

m[g_ ]ihhin[ncihm [hsgil_, T_%l_ 0.nb+]_hnols T_mn_lh_lm9

nb_ n_]bhcko_m îh%n b[p_ nb_ m[g_ _``_]n, ?s n_[]bcha g_^c+

n[ncih* F%g \inb _rj_lcg_hncha qcnb f_[lhcha gil_ [\ion cn

gsm_f` [h^ F%g m__cha qb[n milnm i` q[sm i` _rjl_mmcha cn [l_

om_òf* [l_ j_^[aiac][ffs _``_]ncp_,

I_n g_ m[s mig_nbcha [\ion g_^cn[ncih n_]bhcko_m ch

a_h_l[f, Qbcm cm mig_nbcha F omo[ffs g[e_ [ jichn [\ion qb_h

F%g nlscha ni _rjf[ch [fn_l_^ mn[n_m i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm &>P@m'

[h^ F n[fe [\ion chô]ncih n_]bhcko_m ìl chô]cha j[lnc]of[l

>P@m &m__* _,a,* &Q[ln /753'', Vio ][h fiie [n nb_ ^_n[cfm i` [hs

chô]ncih n_]bhcko_* \on c` sio îh%n ehiq nb_ ]ihn_rn x nb_

j_lmih[f* [h^ mi]c[f _rj_]n[ncih[f ]ihn_rn ch qbc]b [h chô]+

ncih n_]bhcko_ cm ][llc_^ ion x sio b[p_ fcnnf_ c^_[ i` qb[n%m

aicha ni b[jj_h [m [ l_mofn i` [jjfscha cn, Qi cffomnl[n_ nbcm* F

i`n_h mbiq j_ijf_ ih_ i` nb_ qilf^%m gimn jiq_lòf n_]b+

hcko_m ìl chô]cha [h [fn_l_^ mn[n_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm, Iiie,

Vio n[e_ [ jc_]_ i` ]b[fe [h^ ^l[q [ ]cl]f_ x [h^ e__j aicha

.) _ =:>5 B4:6>46



[lioh^ [h^ [lioh^ [h^ [lioh^* nl[]cha nb_ ]cl]f_ ip_l [h^

ip_l [a[ch "WZZcabÒbSa#& Cil biolm c` h_]_mm[ls, F` sio%l_ [h

Bmecgi mb[g[h* nbcm cm [ p_ls jiq_lòf n_]bhcko_ ìl aicha

chni

[h

[fn_l_^

mn[n_

qb_l_

sio

][h

_rj_lc_h]_

mj_[echa

ni

nb_

mjclcnm, Tcnbion nb[n _rj_]n[ncih* cn%m g[chfs [ q[s i` a_nncha

\il_^,

Fn%m nb_ m[g_ jlch]cjf_ hiq qcnb g_^cn[ncih, F%p_ acp_h sio

jlcg[lcfs nb_ _mm_h]_ i` nqi g[dil n_]bhcko_m* \on nb_s%l_

[fq[sm om_^ ch [ ]ihn_rn* [h^ nb_ ]ihn_rn nb[n nb_m_ n_]bhcko_m

[l_ om_^ ch ][h g[e_ \ca ^c``_l_h]_m ch _r[]nfs biq nb_s [l_

om_^ [h^ qb[n%m fc[\f_ ni l_mofn `lig omcha nb_g, F` q_ q_l_ ch

[ ?o^^bcmn ]ofnol_* ìl chmn[h]_* [h^ sio b[^ \__h l[cm_^ ih

?o^^bcmg mch]_ sio q_l_ ch`[hnm* F qiof^h%n b[p_ ni g_hncih

nbcham fce_ nbcm cm ^_mcah_^ ni jliô]_ _hfcabn_hg_hn* il

nbcm qcff ip_l]ig_ siol jicmihiom ]l[pcham* il nbcham fce_

nb[n, >ff nb[n qiof^ `__^ ch cgjfc]cnfs* [h^ cn qiof^ acp_ siol

oh^_lmn[h^cha

[h^

om_

i`

nb_

n_]bhcko_m

[

]_ln[ch

`f[pil, Kiq F%g nlscha ni [^[jn ni iol fi][f ]ofnol_ ni^[s, Fn%m

nb_ ]ofnol_ i` j_ijf_ qbi ]ig_ ni [ ]ih`_l_h]_ ih nb_ m]c_h+

nc`c] mno^s i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* [ ]ofnol_ qbc]b cm a_hoch_fs m]c+

_hnc`c] ch [h cgjiln[hn m_hm_, V_m* F momj_]n gimn i` sio [l_ [

\oh]b i` ]fim_n mjclcno[f m__e_lm nii* mch]_ q_%l_ bog[h* \on

q_%l_ jf[scha m]c_hncmnm nbcm j[lnc]of[l q__e, ?on [fmi F%p_

[^[jn_^ ni nb[n fi][f ]ofnol_ ]ihn_rn* \_][om_ g_^cn[ncih

g[e_m [ fin i` m_hm_ ch nb_ Qo]mih FFF ]ihn_rn i` nlscha ni

^_p_fij [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm, Pi F ao_mm nb[n nb_l_ [l_

g[hs oh^_lfscha [mmogjncihm F%p_ \__h ch`fo_h]_^ \s [h^

ch`fo_h]_^ sio qcnb ch nb_ jl_m_hn[ncihm F%p_ acp_h [h^ qcff

acp_ ni^[s, F b[p_ [h [mmogjncih* ìl _r[gjf_* nb[n j_ijf_

b_l_ [l_ ]olciom [\ion nb_ q[s nb_ gch^ qilem, F b[p_ [hinb+

_l [mmogjncih nb[n j_ijf_ qiof^h%n gch^ ]l_[ncha [ fcnnf_ \_n+

n_l ko[fcns i` j_lmih[f fc`_* il nb[n j_ijf_ b_l_ \_fc_p_ q_ ][h

f_[lh nbcham `lig inb_l j_ijf_, F b[p_ [h [mmogjncih nb[n ]cp+

cfct[ncih cm g[echa jlial_mm* nb[n q_ ][h f_[lh ni ehiq gil_

nb[h j_ijf_ ch if^_l ncg_m ^c^, Qbim_ [l_ [mj_]nm i` nb_ fi][f

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ .*

]ofnol_ q_%l_ qilecha ch nb[n ch`fo_h]_ qb[n F m[s [h^ î*

[h^ nb[n ch`fo_h]_ biq sio b_[l* j_l]_cp_ [h^ chn_ljl_n qb[n

q_ î,

PQRABKQ8 ;]e R] g]c Z]QObS [SRWbObW]\ eWbVW\ bVS TÒ[Se]`Y

]T OZbS`SR abObSa W\ US\SÒZ3 <T OZbS`SR abObSa O`S c^ VS`S &a_mnol_m

bcab' O\R ]`RW\O`g Q]\aQW]ca\Saa$ Wa R]e\ VS`S &a_mnol_m fiq'*

eVS`S O[]\U bVS OZbS`SR abObSa Wa [SRWbObW]\

>b T_ff `clmn* F îh%n h_]_mm[lcfs jon [fn_l_^ mn[n_m oj

b_l_* [\ip_ il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciomh_mm, Fh gs m]c_hnc`c] [j+

jli[]b ni >P@m* F%g p_ls ][l_òf ni om_ nb_ n_lg [fn_l_^ mn[n_

i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm ihfs ^_m]lcjncp_fs* ch [ p[fo_+`l__ q[s &Q[ln /753', >P@ cm [ a_h_l[f ^_m]lcjncih ìl [ l[^c][ffs ^c``_l_hn

mnsf_ i` g_hn[f òh]ncihcha* [h^ nb_l_ [l_ [ hog\_l i` >P@m,

> j[lnc]of[l >P@ g[s \_ go]b \_nn_l ìl mig_ nbcham [h^

go]b qilm_ ìl inb_l nbcham* ]igj[l_^ ni il^ch[ls ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm il inb_l >P@m* \on F îh%n chn_h^ [hs \f[he_n

cgjfc][ncih i` bcab_l il fiq_l qb_h F ^_m]lc\_ [ mn[n_ [m

[h >P@, Fn%m domn mcahc`c][hnfs RWTTS`S\b& Tb[n [ j[lnc]of[l >P@ cm

\_nn_l ìl il qilm_ ìl cm mig_nbcha ni ^cm]ip_l _gjclc][f+

fs* hin b[p_ O ^`W]`W doâg_hnm [\ion,

Pig_ncg_m g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_m ][h jliô]_ >P@m* _mj_+

]c[ffs c` nb[n%m nb_ _rj_]n[ncih[f ]ihn_rn sio \lcha ni cn, Ll sio

][h ^lij nb[n >P@ ]ihn_rn _hncl_fs [h^ m[s g_^cn[ncih nl[ch+

cha cm jlcg[lcfs [\ion jolc`scha siol il^ch[ls mn[n_ i` ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm* nb_ jf[]_ qb_l_ sio hilg[ffs fcp_, O_g_g\_l iol

_r[gjf_ i` nb_ W_h mno^_hn qbi m[q nb_ ai^m [h^ ai^^_mm_m

\iqcha îqh ni bcg< Pioh^m fce_ [h >P@ _rj_lc_h]_ ni g_*

\on bcm g[mn_l ]ihmc^_l_^ cn [ ^cmnl[]ncih [h^ l_gch^_^ bcg

ni e__j nl[]e i` bcm \l_[nbcha,

Pi*

ch

iol

il^ch[ls

mn[n_

i`

]ihm]ciomh_mm*

ni

lioabfs

]b[l+[]n_lct_ cn* q_ b[p_ [ tcffcih nbioabnm [h^ [mmi]c[n_^ _gincihm

[h biol* f[la_fs ]ihnliff_^ \s b[\cn [h^ _[lfc_l mi]c[f ]ih^c+

ncihcha bcmnils &]ihmncnoncha g]c$ siol j_lmih[fcns', Qb_l_ cm

fcnnf_ l_[f `l__îg ch il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciomh_mm, F` q_ b[^ l_[f

`l__îg [h^ mig_ih_ m[c^* Iiie [n nb[n j[chncha ip_l nb_l_*

.+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

m__ cnm pcmo[f ^_n[cfm* [h^ nbche i` hinbcha _fm_ ìl nb_ h_rn

biol* q_ ]iof^ î cn, O_[f* jl[]nc][f `l__îg qiof^ chpifp_

jiq_lòf* c` hin j_l`_]n* ]ihnlif ip_l biq q_ om_^ iol iqh

gch^m, ?on q_ ][h%n î mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n, Lol gch^m [l_

f[la_fs ion i` iol ]ihnlif* [h^ nb_ j[nn_lhm i` oh]ihnliff_^

nbioabn [h^ `__fcha ch iol gch^m [l_ f[la_fs ]ih^cncih_^, T_

b[p_ p_ls fcnnf_ `l__îg, >h^ cn%m ][ff_^ \_cha hilg[f,

Kiq* c` F g[s j_lmihc`s nb_ ]ofnol_ ìl nb_ m[e_ i` g[echa

[ jichn* nb_ ]ofnol_ î_mh%n q[hn om ni ehiq biq fcnnf_ l_[f

`l__îg q_ b[p_ \_][om_* acp_h nb_ j[lnc]of[l q[s q_%l_ ]ih+

^cncih_^* q_%ff fomn [`n_l [h^ \os gil_ aii^m [h^ mi ch]l_[m_

nb_ alimm h[ncih[f jliô]n* qbc]b nb_il_nc][ffs qcff g[e_ om

[ff b[jjc_l* il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n, Fn î_m ch^__^ mioh^ fce_

[ alimm h[ncih[f jliô]n ni g_ Pi F%g n_[]bcha g_^cn[ncih

&[h^ nb_ gch^òfh_mm nl[chcha q_ qcff mbilnfs ]ig_ ni' jlc+

g[lcfs qcnbch nbcm ]ihn_rn i` jolc`scha il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciom+

h_mm*

l[nb_l

nb[h

[m

[

q[s

i`

chô]cha

>P@m,

Qbcm

cm

gs

\c[m*

[h^ F q[hn sio ni ehiq cn,

F` F q_l_ nb_ ech^ i` j_lmih qbi ain chni [ff milnm i` \fcmm+

òf >P@m qb_h F g_^cn[n_^* F%^ jli\[\fs nbche i` cn gil_ nb[n

q[s, @_ln[chfs mig_ n_[]b_lm nbche i` g_^cn[ncih nb[n q[s, ?on

F%g hin, F%g [ p_ls îqh ni _[lnb [h^ jl[]nc][f j_lmih ch mjcn_

i`x \_][om_ i`< x`[l ion chn_l_mnm fce_ >P@m,

Pi nb_ q[s F%g jl_m_hncha g_^cn[ncih [h^ gch^òfh_mm ni

sio cm \[m_^ ih nb_ c^_[ i` jolc`scha il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciom+

h_mm* i` f_[lhcha ni ì]om qb_l_ sio q[hn* [h^ nb_h mn[lncha ni

b[p_ al_[n_l ij_hh_mm ni siol \[mc] _rj_lc_h]_* ni b[p_

chmcabnm, F om_ chmcabnm ch nbcm ]ihn_rn g[chfs ch nb_ jms]bi+

fiac][f m_hm_ hiq i` [ go]b ^__j_l oh^_lmn[h^cha i` qbi

sio

l_[ffs

[l_*

[h^

qb[n

siol

h[nol_

cm,

D[chcha

mo]b

ij_h+cham [h^ chmcabnm mbiof^ mfiqfs f_[^* ch gs _rj_lc_h]_* ni [

jlial_mmcp_ nl[hmìlg[ncih i` siol il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciomh_mm,

Qb_ \[mc] pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih F%p_ n[oabn sio* j[scha

[nn_hncih ni nb_ `fiq i` \i^s m_hm[ncihm* mbiof^ hin \_ oh^_l+

l[n_^8 F%g nif^ nb[n%m qb[n Din[g[ Pc^^b[lnb[ q[m jl[]nc]cha

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ .,

qb_h b_ \_][g_ _hfcabn_h_^* qb_h b_ \_][g_ nb_ ?o^^b[,

&Kin_ nb[n ?o^^b[ cm hin [ j_lmih[f h[g_* cn%m [ n_]bhc][f

n_lg ni ]b[l[]n_lct_ j_ijf_ qbi b[p_ l_[]b_^ nb_ bcab_mn

f_p_f i` _hfcabn_hg_hn,' Pi nb_ jl[]nc]_ ]ig_m qcnb [ jl_nns

aii^ j_^cal__ E_ jl[]nc]_^ [ `_q inb_l n_]bhcko_m [fmi &ni

jon cn gcf^fs'* \on pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih* c` n[e_h ni [ bcab

_hioab ^_al__ i` j_l`_]ncih* cm mojjim_^ ni \_ ch]l_^c\fs

nl[hmìlg[ncp_,

Kiq F mig_ncg_m ]f[cg nb[n gs _rj_lncm_ cm hin ih

_hfcabn_hg_hn \on ih S\RO`YS\[S\bM F \_fc_p_ F%g `[l* `[l [q[s

`lig qb[n_p_l _hfcabn_hg_hn cm* mi F îh%n j_lmih[ffs ehiq

biq `[l nb_ pcj[mm[h[ jli]_mm ][h n[e_ sio, ?on F î ehiq

`lig gs iqh _rj_lc_h]_ &[h^ nb[n i` `lc_h^m' nb[n \s f_[lhcha

ni noh_ chni siol \i^s [h^ chni ]oll_hn* ihaicha l_[fcns qcnb

]f_[l_l [nn_hncih* \s f_[lhcha ni ^cm]lcgch[n_ []no[f* cgg_^c+

[n_ _rj_lc_h]_ `lig [\mnl[]ncihm [h^ nb_ilc_m [h^ l_[]ncihm

[\ion l_[fcns* [h cgjiln[hn ]b[ha_ al[ô[ffs n[e_m jf[]_,

Qb_h* l[nb_l nb[h omo[ffs \_cha mno]e ch siol nbioabnm* sio

\_]ig_ [ gil_ chn_ffca_hn [h^ j_l]_jncp_ j_lmih* [h^ fc`_

\_]ig_m go]b gil_ m[ncm`[]nils,

O_nolhcha ni siol ko_mncih gil_ ^cl_]nfs8 gs _gjb[mcm cm

nb[n g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_m ^S` aS [l_ go]b gil_ cgjiln[hn ìl

nl[chcha [h^ jolc`scha [ff [mj_]nm i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm nb[h _rj_+

lc_h]cha [hs j[lnc]of[l [fn_l_^ mn[n_, Qb_l_ [l_ n_]bhc][f

?o^^bcmn qilem nb[n ]f[mmc`s ^c``_l_hn [fn_l_^ mn[n_m qbc]b g[s

\_ [llcp_^ [n \s g_^cn[ncp_ jl[]nc]_m* \on gimn i` nbim_ mn[n_m

[l_ \_sih^ gs oh^_lmn[h^cha* mi F qih%n mj_]of[n_ [\ion

nb_g,

PQRABKQ8 J]cZR g]c TW\R bVS `SacZba ]T O R`SO[ eVWZS g]c O`S

[SRWbObW\U$ ZWYS

U]W\U

b]

aZSS^$

]`

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OaZSS^

O\R

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VOdW\U dS`g `SOZ Sf^S`WS\QSa VS`S&

Q_ff g_ gil_ [\ion qb[n sio g_[h, Al_[g cm [ p_ls

\li[^ qil^,

PQRABKQ8 F][SbW[Sa Oa eS!dS ^ÒQbWQSR [SRWbObW\U VS`S <!dS

T]c\R <!dS acRRS\Zg U]\S ] TT W\b] O R`SO[&

.- _ =:>5 P@FBK@B

?s ^l_[gcha* sio g_[h sio%l_ m__cha nbcham* îcha nbcham

ch [h chh_l qilf^ i` _rj_lc_h]_* nb_l_ cm [ jfin<

PQRABKQ8 KSa&

Fm cn [m pcpc^ [m hcabnncg_ ^l_[gcha cm ìl sio<

PQRABKQ8 KSa&

Vio%l_ jli\[\fs ^lijjcha îqh chni nb_ bsjh[aiac] mn[n_*

qbc]b f_nm nb[n ^l_[gfce_ []ncpcns ai ih, Fn%m kocn_ hilg[f,

Pnlc]nfs mj_[echa* nl[^cncih[ffs mj_[echa* cn%m ih_ gil_ ^cmnl[]+

ncih `lig []no[ffs îcha nb_ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_,

Qb_ mj__^ i` ^cmnl[]ncih ]ihncho_m ni [g[t_ g_ >`n_l [

hog\_l i` s_[lm i` jl[]nc]cha g_^cn[ncih* F ][h mig_ncg_m* ìl gig_hnm* a_n l_[ffs ]f_[l [h^ jl_m_hn ni l_[fcns, Tb_h F%g ch

nb[n ech^ i` mn[n_* nb[n >P@* cn%m i\pciomfs nb_ ihfs m_hmc\f_

q[s ni _rcmn, F l_[fct_ F%p_ \__h ^l_[gcha gs fc`_ [q[s* F%p_

hiq &[n f_[mn j[lnc[ffs' [q[e_h_^* [h^ nbcm ]f[lcns* jl_m_h]_

[h^ [q[e_h_mm cm [ go]b gil_ m[ncm`scha [h^ m_hmc\f_ jf[]_ ni

fcp_ fc`_ `lig, >h^ nb_h* ni gs &f[n_l' onn_l [g[t_g_hn* qcnb+

ch [ `l[]ncih i` [ m_]ih^* chmn[hn[h_iomfs [m `[l [m jms]bifia+

c][f ncg_ cm ]ih]_lh_^* F%g ch [ ]igjf_n_ inb_l qilf^ i` _rcm+

n_h]_, Lh_ i` nb_m_ inb_l qilf^m cm ][ff_^ hilg[f ]ihm]ciom+

h_mm* qcnb gs ]ih]_lhm [h^ gs jf[hm [h^ gs bij_m [h^ `_[lm

[h^ ]ihmc^_l[ncihm [h^ nb_ilc_m, Ll F%p_ mfcjj_^ chni [hinb_l

qilf^ i` nb_ bsjh[aiac] mn[n_8 nb[n qbif_ qilf^* qcnb cnm

mcabnm* mioh^m* []ncihm [h^ jfinm b[m ]ig_ chni _rcmn_h]_*

\[ha Gomn fce_ nb[n

Qb_m_ ech^m i` nl[hmcncihm b[jj_hm [ff nb_ ncg_ ni finm i`

j_ijf_, Vio%l_ jli\[\fs mfcjjcha ch [h^ ion i` nb_ bsjh[aia+

c] mn[n_ qb_h nb[n b[jj_hm* acp_h qb[n sio%p_ m[c^, >m F%p_ m[c^

[\ion inb_l ech^m i` ^cmnl[]ncih j_ijf_ b[p_ l_jiln_^* îh%n

\_[n

siolm_f`

oj

[\ion

cn

Fn

b[jj_hm,

?on

c`

sio%l_

nlscha

ni

ì]om ih siol \l_[nb* qb_h sio l_[fct_ cn%m b[jj_h_^* a_hnfs

]ig_ \[]e ni nb_ \l_[nb, F` sio%l_ nlscha ni e__j nl[]e i` nb_

qbif_ `fiq i` \i^s m_hm[ncihm* a_hnfs ]ig_ \[]e ni nb_ qbif_

`fiq i` \i^s m_hm[ncihm, F` sio%l_ nlscha ni e__j nl[]e i` nb_

gimn jligch_hn \i^s m_hm[ncih* a_hnfs ]ig_ \[]e ni nb_

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ ..

gimn jligch_hn \i^s m_hm[ncih,

Qb_ Qc\_n[hm b[p_ [ l[nb_l aii^ [nncno^_ [\ion ohomo[f

_rj_lc_h]_m [m ^cmnl[]ncihm* F nbche, Qb_s m[s g_^cn[ncih jl[]+

nc]_m g[s f_[^ sio ni _rnl[il^ch[ls _rj_lc_h]_m ih]_ ch [

qbcf_ L\gO[a ch Qc\_n[h* [OYg] ch W_h'* [h^ nb[n%m `ch_8 nb_h

domn a_n \[]e ni nb_ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_, Brj_lc_h]_m [l_ _r+

j_lc_h]_m [l_ _rj_lc_h]_m, Aih%n a_n nii ][llc_^ [q[s \s

nb_g, Aih%n g[e_ [ \ca ^_[f ion i` nb_g, Qb_s ]b[ha_* fce_

_p_lsnbcha _fm_, Qb_s%l_ cgj_lg[h_hn,

Lh_ `ch[f ]ih]_jno[f hin_8 mig_ih_ [me_^ g_ ôlcha nb_

\l_[e* Fmh%n cn ^[ha_liom ni n_[]b nb_m_ jl[]nc]_m ion i` ]ih+n_rn< Mon ch _rnl_g_ ìlg* Pbiof^h%n sio \_ ch [ gih[mn_ls

il hohh_ls \_ìl_ sio%l_ nl[ch_^ ch nb_g<

J_^cn[ncih cm ^[ha_liom* ch ih_ m_hm_, F` sio n_[]b jms+

]binc]m* l_[ffs ohmn[\f_ j_ijf_* biq ni g_^cn[n_* nb_s%ff jli\+

[\fs a_n qilm_, F%g g[echa nb_ [mmogjncih nb[n* mch]_ hi\i^s

b_l_ b[m nb_cl e__j_l qcnb nb_g* sio%l_ [ff hilg[f, Vio%l_ [ff

[ffiq_^ ni q[fe [lioh^ fiim_* mi F [mmog_ nb[n sio%l_ [ff chn_f+

fca_hn _hioab ni nls nb_ n_]bhcko_m [h^* c` sio fce_ nb_g [h^

l_mofnm [l_ aii^* sio%ff e__j nb_g oj, F` nb_s ][om_ g[dil ^cm+

nol\[h]_m* sio%ff mnij* [h^ _cnb_l a_n mig_ b_fj ih qb[n

[fl_[^s _rcmncha jms]bifiac][f jli\f_gm b[p_ \__h [aal[p[n_^

\s nb_ g_^cn[ncih [h^-il a_n b_fj `lig [ ko[fc`c_^ g_^cn[ncih

n_[]b_l ih biq ni jl[]nc]_ ch [ q[s nb[n%m aliqnbòf \on hin

^cmnol\cha,

?on f_n%m nbche [ fcnnf_ gil_ ^__jfs [\ion nb_ ko_mncih i`

qb_nb_l cn%m ^[ha_liom ni n_[]b mig_nbcha fce_ nbcm, Tb_h q_

mbc`n `lig nb_ cmif[n_^ ko_mncih ni nbche [\ion cn ch nb_ ]ih+

n_rn i` gi^_lh fc`_* nb_ ko_mncih i` qb_nb_l jl[]nc]cha g_^c+

n[ncih

cm

^[ha_liom

cm

hin

l_[ffs

nb_

l_f_p[hn

ko_mncih,

Ic`_

cm

[fl_[^s ^[ha_liom T_ m__ mcgcf[l cmif[n_^ ko_mncihm [ff nb_

ncg_, Fm nbcm ^loa ^[ha_liom< Fm nbcm jli]_ôl_ ^[ha_liom< Fm

\_cha bsjhinct_^ ^[ha_liom< >m c` q_ q_l_ hilg[ffs j_l`_]n+

fs m[`_ [h^ q_l_ nbchecha i` [^^cha mig_nbcha ni nbcm m[`_ fc`_

nb[n gcabn \_ ^[ha_liom, JS!`S \]b aOTS Fh hilg[f fc`_ q_

&%% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

b[p_ _hilgiom hog\_lm i` moc]c^_m* ìl chmn[h]_* \inb i\pc+

iom moc]c^_m [h^ j_ijf_ qilecha nb_gm_fp_m ni ^_[nb, T_

b[p_ _hilgiom ]lo_fns, F îh%n b[p_ ni n_ff sio qb[n [ m[^ mn[n_

nb_ qilf^ cm ch, T_%l_ ch jl_nns \[^ mb[j_ ni \_ach qcnb,

Pi nb_ l_f_p[hn ko_mncih cm* Tb[n [l_ nb_ l_f[ncp_ jimmc\f_

jfom_m [h^ gchom_m* [^p[hn[a_m [h^ ^cm[^p[hn[a_m* a[chm [h^

fimm_m ìl \_achhcha [ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_* acp_h nb_ ]oll_hn

mcno[ncih i` [ acp_h j_lmih ch nb_cl qilf^ ni^[s< Cil mig_*

mo]b [m iol bsjinb_nc][f jms]binc]* nb_ gchom_m* nb_ fce_fs

ch]l_[m_ ch msgjnigm* qcff jli\[\fs ionq_cab [hs jimmc\f_

jfom_m, Cil inb_lm* fce_ mig_ i` om* qb[n gcabn \_ ^[ha_liom

qiof^ \_ ni domn f_n nbcham ai ih [m nb_s [l_* ni hin mn[ln g_^+

cn[ncih il gch^òfh_mm jl[]nc]_m ch iol fcp_m F qcmb q_ b[^

l_[ffs l_fc[\f_ q[sm i` jl_^c]ncha nb_ fce_fcbii^ i` p[lciom

jfomm_m [h^ gchom_m* \on q_ îh%n, T_ îh%n ehiq _hioab,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &%&

@E>MQBO 5

BLRM#?IXLW[HYPUT BLRM#ALSLSILWPTN

PT 6[LW^KH^ <PML

5` sio l_aof[lfs jl[]nc]_ nb_ nqi g_^cn[ncih n_]bhcko_m

F%p_ acp_h sio nbcm gilhcha* bij_òffs oh^_l [n f_[mn i]][+

mcih[f ^cl_]ncih i` [ mecff_^ g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_l* sio ]iof^

jliô]_ mig_ g[dil ]b[ha_m ch siol fc`_, Ql[^cncih[ffs* sio%l_

mojjim_^ ni jl[]nc]_ ihfs ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih ìl [ fiha

ncg_ qcnbion \inb_lcha qcnb chmcabn g_^cn[ncih, Vio%l_ moj+

jim_^ ni î nb[n ncff sio l_[]b [ ]_ln[ch f_p_f i` jli`c]c_h]s*

n_]bhc][ffs ][ff_^ OQQSaa Q]\QS\bÒbW]\$ qbc]b \[mc][ffs g_[hm

sio ][h jl_nns go]b e__j siol gch^ ih qb[n sio chn_h^ ni

ìl fiha j_lci^m i` ncg_, ?on ch gi^_g ncg_m* nb_ nqi ech^m

i` g_^cn[ncih [l_ omo[ffs n[oabn nia_nb_l [h^* i` ]iolm_*

pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih ]f_[lfs chpifp_m ]ih]_hnl[ncih, Vio b[p_

ni gihcnil qb[n%m aicha ih [h^ e__j siol gch^ ì]om_^ ni [

mj_]c`c_^ l[ha_ i` ihaicha m_hm[ncihm, ?on c` sio jl[]nc]_^ domn

nb_m_ nqi nbcham* gimn i` sio ]iof^ _[mcfs x \s _[mcfs* F g_[h

ìl gimn j_ijf_ qcnbch [ `_q gihnbm* ìl mig_ j_ijf_ go]b

miih_l nb[h nb[n x ^_p_fij [ lionch_ qb_l_ sio ]iof^ mcn

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &%(



îqh ìl `c`n__h gchon_m il nq_hns gchon_m [ ^[s* b[p_ siol

\i^s ai chni [ p_ls l_f[r_^ mn[n_* b[p_ siol gch^ a_n go]b

][fg_l nb[h hilg[f* [h^ b[p_ [ `[cl [giohn i` nb_ mnl_mm i`

nb_

^[s*

[]]ogof[n_^

oj

ni

nb[n

jichn*

l_f_[m_

cnm_f`,Qbcm qiof^ b[jj_h \_][om_ ih_ i` nb_ nbcham nb[n ij_h+

cha oj g_^cn[ncih* pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih* î_m* cm nb[n qb_h

sio [nn_h^ ni \i^s m_hm[ncihm* jl_pciomfs oh]ihm]ciom n_h+

mcihm [l_ fc[\f_ ni ]ig_ oj chni ]ihm]ciom [q[l_h_mm, Tb_h [

n_hmcih ]ig_m oj [m [ m_hm[ncih* siol chmnlo]ncihm [l_ hin ni

l_d_]n cn il `cabn cn* \on ni \_ ij_h ni cn [h^ j[s ]f_[l [nn_hncih

ni cn* n[mn_ cnm `f[pil [m cn q_l_ x \on [m sio î nbcm* gimn n_h+mcihm n_h^ ni nb_h [onig[nc][ffs l_f[r, Fn%m fce_ c` sio ehiq

sio%l_ q[fecha [lioh^ fce_ nbcm "6GG bOYSa dS`g bS\aS$ aV]cZRSà

c^ VWUV ^]abc`S$ O\R eOZYa O`]c\R#$ cn%m [ p_ls mnojc^ nbcha ni î*

[h^ sio%l_ h[nol[ffs aicha ni l_f[r ion i` cn F` sio b[p_ p_ls

fcnnf_ ]ihn[]n qcnb siol \i^s* nbioab* sio g[s ]l_[n_ [h^ bif^

nbcm ech^ i` n_hmcih [ff ^[s fiha, Vio mn_[^cfs []]ogof[n_ n_h+

mcihm* qbc]b F%g mol_ [l_ p_ls \[^ ìl siol b_[fnb ch a_h_l[f,

Pi pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih [h^-il ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih &il

[ ]ig\ch[ncih i` nb_g' qiof^ ch^__^ acp_ sio [ lionch_

qb_l_ sio ][h mcn îqh ih]_ il nqc]_ [ ^[s ìl [ `_q gchon_m*

l_f[r nb_ \i^s* l_f[r nb_ gch^ [ fin gil_ x [h^ b[p_ chmcabnm

]ig_ [fiha,

Kiq* F%p_ \__h ][a_s [\ion omcha nbcm qil^ chmcabn* \_][om_ F îh%n q[hn ni g_[h cn domn ch nb_ jms]bifiac][f m_hm_,

I_n%m m[s sio qiof^ jli\[\fs b[p_ ]f_[l_l j_l]_jncihm i`

[mj_]nm i` qb[n sio î* qbi sio [l_* biq siol b[\cno[f j[n+

n_lhm qile [h^ mi ìlnb x [h^ ch mig_ ][m_m* mcgjfs b[pcha

nbim_ chmcabnm qcff ]b[ha_ sio, Tb_h sio l_[fct_ sio%p_ \__h

îcha mig_nbcha p_ls mnojc^* [ fin i` ncg_m nb[n%m mo``c]c_hn,

Lnb_l ncg_m sio b[p_ ni b[ha ch nb_l_ [h^ e__j ih ]f_[lfs

j_l]_cpcha nbcham sio g[s hin fce_ [n [ff,

Tb_h F \_a[h jl[]nc]cha gch^òfh_mm ch fc`_* ìl _r[gjf_*

F l_[ffs \_][g_ [q[l_ i` nb_ [nncno^_ F%^ fiha b[^ niq[l^ j_i+

jf_ qbi n[cfa[n_ g_ ih nb_ `l__q[s, F q[hn_^ ni ecff nb_

&%) _ =:>5 B4:6>46



!("!= \[mn[l^m ìl nbl_[n_hcha gs fc`_* [h^ nb_s ^_m_lp_^

ni ^c_ F q[m [g[t_^ [n nb_ chn_hmcns i` nbcm `__fcha, F nbche

i` gsm_f` [m [ gcf^ g[hh_l_^ jli`_mmil* \on F l_[ffs q[hn_^

nbim_ j_ijf_ ni a_n nb_cl domn ^_m_lnm* ni ^c_ ìl nbl_[n_hcha g_

qcnb nb_cl mnojc^ \_b[pcil,

F b[^ \_aoh [ m_lciom gch^òfh_mm ch fc`_ jl[]nc]_ i` nb_

miln q_%ff \_ ^cm]ommcha miih* nbioab* mi F q[m ]iggcnn_^ ni

]f_[lfs [h^ òffs m__cha qb[n q[m* [h^ F boha ch nb_l_, Qb_

j[lnm i` gs gch^ F jl_`_ll_^ ni nbche i` [m g_ ^c^h%n fce_

m__cha nbcm chn_hm_ ^_mcl_ ni ecff* \on F `caol_^ cn qiof^ ]ig_

oj [ `_q ncg_m* F%^ e__j fiiecha [n cn* b[p_ gs chmcabn* [h^ cn qiof^ miih ai [q[s,

Kij_ GV`SS gSOà i` q[n]bcha nb[n ^_mcl_ ni ecff ]ig_ oj

[fgimn _p_ls ^[s L` ]iolm_* ch l_[fcns* gs fc`_ q[m \_cha

nbl_[n_h_^ \s [ \oh]b i` c^cinm qbi q_l_h%n e__jcha [ jlij_l

[h^ m[`_ ìffiqcha ^cmn[h]_* mi F mojjim_ nbcm l_[fcns b[^

mig_nbcha ni î qcnb e__jcha nb_ `__fcha mi mnliha* \on nb_l_

q[m fcnnf_ il hinbcha F ]iof^ î [\ion nb_cl \_b[pcil,

Pf[ggcha ih gs \l[e_m qb_h mig_ih_ cm n[cfa[ncha cm [fmi

^[ha_liom ch l_[fcns [h^ î_mh%n m__g ni _ô][n_ [hsih_ ni

^lcp_ \_nn_l, Js l_[]ncih* qbc]b q[m ][omcha g_ j[ch* q[m

mig_nbcha F ]iof^ jimmc\fs ]ihnlif* nblioab chmcabn [h^

gch^òfh_mm, T_ff* _p_hno[ffs nb_ l_j_[n_^ i\m_lp[ncih i` nbcm

l_[]ncih qcnb ]f[lcns [h^ mig_ _ko[hcgcns ^c^ ^cgchcmb cn x

[fnbioab F mncff îh%n fce_ n[cfa[n_lm ch l_[fcns

F%p_ e_jn iol ^cm]ommcihm [h^ jl[]nc]_ ch [ mcgjf_ ]ihn_rn

ni^[s* [h^ nb_ ]bic]_ cm oj ni sio [m ni biq go]b i` nb_m_

g_^cn[ncih[f n_]bhcko_m sio q[hn ni \lcha chni siol fc`_* biq

go]b sio q[hn ni jl[]nc]_ \s siolm_f` [h^-il qb_nb_l sio

q[hn ni a_n _p_h \_nn_l [n cn \s a_nncha _rj_ln ]i[]bcha `lig mig_ fi][f &qb_l_ sio fcp_' g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_l qbi ]iof^

b_fj sio, ?on qcnb nb_m_ jl[]nc]_m sio b[p_ b_l_ nb_ jimmc+

\cfcnc_m i` mig_nbcha nb[n ]iof^ g[e_ [ g[dil ^c``_l_h]_ ch

siol fc`_* [m q_ff [m b_fjcha jlipc^_ nb_ mecffm ìl [ m]c_h]_ i`

]ihm]ciomh_mm,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &%B

Tb_h nb_ B[mn_lh mjclcno[f nl[^cncihm mj_[e i` fcpcha ch [

mn[n_ i` cffomcih* ch g[s[* ch m[gm[l[* [h^ nb[n fcpcha ch cffo+

mcih cm qb[n cm ][ff_^ hilg[f \s _p_ls^[s mn[h^[l^m x cn

g[e_m* m[^fs* j_l`_]n m_hm_ ni g_, Qb_ òhhs nbcha ni g_ b[m

[fq[sm \__h nb[n nb_ c^_[ i` fcpcha ch cffomcih mioh^m p_ls

mnl[ha_ ìl T_mn_lh_lm8 q_ îh%n b[p_ nb[n ]ih]_jn, ?on c` sio

fiie [n qb[n q_ ehiq [\ion jms]bifias [h^ jms]bc[nls* sio

qiof^ `ch^ nb[n q_ ehiq `[l gil_ [\ion nb_ []no[f g_]b[h+

c]m i` fcpcha ch cffomcih nb[h F nbche nb_s î ch nb_ B[mn T_

ehiq ît_hm i` q[sm ch qbc]b sio ][h ^cmniln siol j_l]_jncih

i` l_[fcns* [h^ b[p_ [ff milnm i` ]l[ts ^_`_hm_ g_]b[hcmgm* ^cmnilncihm i` j_l]_jncih [h^ doâg_hn* h_olim_m* [h^ mi

ìlnb, T_ domn îh%n jon cn nia_nb_l ni m__ biq go]b q_ fcp_ ch

cffomcih* \_][om_ [`n_l [ff* q_%l_ hilg[f* nb_l_ìl_ q_ îh%n

[jjfs nb[n ehiqf_â_ ni iolm_fp_m,

Pi hiq ìl \lchacha ni^[s%m g_^cn[ncp_ ì]om chni _p_ls+

^[s fc`_,F jl_mog_ hi\i^s b_l_ j[lnc]of[lfs q[hnm ni qcnb^l[q

`lig fc`_ [h^ mcn ih [ ]ombcih ìl _cabn il gil_ biolm [ ^[s

[h^ domn g_^cn[n_* nb[n gimn i` om q[hn ni ]ihncho_ ih qcnb

il^ch[ls fc`_, Ll^ch[ls fc`_ ][h \_ [ ^l[a* \on il^ch[ls fc`_ ][h

[fmi \_ [ fin i` òh [h^ [ l_[f ]b[ff_ha_ Pi* f_n%m m[s sio%l_

n[fecha qcnb [ ]iqile_l qbi m[sm mig_nbcha nb[n jomb_m ih_

i` siol _gincih[f \onnihm, Vio a_n jl_nns [\mil\_^ ch ]b[chm

i` chn_lh[f nbioabnm [h^ _gincihm, Qb_h sio hi fiha_l b_[l

go]b i` [hsnbcha nb[n siol ]iqile_l m[sm \_][om_ sio%l_

m__nbcha chmc^_ [n nb_ cg[ach_^ mfcabn, Fn ][h a_n qilm_ ìl*

][oabn ch nbcm chn_lh[f fiij* siol j_l]_jncih \_]ig_m ^cmniln+

_^ [h^ sio gcmchn_ljl_n qb[n fcnnf_ sio î b_[l i` siol

]iqile_l%m

qil^m

ni

`ch^

òlnb_l

[aal[p[ncih

ch

nb_g,

Viol

]iqile_l g[s hin b[p_ chn_h^_^ [hs boln* nb_ j_l]_cp_

nbl_[n g[s \_ [ ^cmnilncih ih siol j[ln,

Qb_l_ cm `[l nii go]b i` nbcm ch il^ch[ls fc`_, Tiof^h%n cn

\_ hc]_ c` sio ]iof^ î mig_nbcha fce_ nbcm g_^cn[ncih nb_h<

F` sio ]iof^* ch mig_ m_hm_* fcmn_h ni nb_ []no[f mioh^ i` siol

&%+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

]iqile_l%m pic]_* chmn_[^ i` nb_ [hhischa qbch_ siol jms]bi+

fiac][f ^_`_hm_ g_]b[hcmgm b[p_ ]b[ha_^ cn chni< E_[l nb_

[]no[f qil^m siol ]i+qile_l mj_[em* \_ìl_ [ff nb_m_ m[gm[lc]

l_[]ncihm a_n jcf_^ ih nij i` nb_g [h^ ^_mnlis nb_ ilcach[f

g_[hcha i` nb_ qil^m [h^ qb[n_p_l nb_cl m_hm_ q[m< Jcabn q_

hin b[p_ [ ]b[h]_ ni []n [h^ l_[]n go]b gil_ [^[jncp_fs* chn_f+

fca_hnfs* [h^ ]igj[mmcih[n_fs* c` q_ e_jn ch nio]b qcnb l_[fcns*

chmn_[^ i` a_nncha fimn ch iol _gincih[f* m[gm[lc] l_[]ncihm<

Qbcm [`n_lhiih F%g aicha ni ì]om g[chfs ih [ n_]bhcko_

ìl îcha domn nb[n, Qbcm cm [ n_]bhcko_ nb[n cm mig_ncg_m ][ff_^

aSZT%]PaS`dObW]\$ mig_ncg_m aSZT%`S[S[PS`W\U &nb_l_ [l_ ^cmnch]+ncihm* \on nb_s h__^h%n ]ih]_lh om ni^[s'* [h^ cn%m [ n_]bhcko_

ìl ^_p_fijcha [h^ jl[]nc]cha go]b al_[n_l gch^òfh_mm ch

_p_ls^[s fc`_,

F f_[lh_^ nbcm jlcg[lcfs nblioab nb_ n_[]bcham i` [ g[h

h[g_^ @, F, Dol^dc_``* qbi q[m ih_ i` nb_ _[lfs jcih__lm ch

n[echa

B[mn_lh

c^_[m

i`

mjclcno[f

^_p_fijg_hn

[h^

l_][mncha

nb_g ch ìlgm nb[n g[^_ m_hm_ ni [h^ q_l_ _``_]ncp_ ìl gi^+

_lh T_mn_lh_lm, Fhmn_[^ i` Qbcm cm nb_ Eifs [h^ S_h_l[\f_

Ml[]nc]_ îh_ \s Po`cm /4.. s_[lm [ai ch >àb[hcmn[h* î cn

_r[]nfs nb_ m[g_ q[s b_ n[oabn mig_nbcha gi^_lh

T_mn_lh_lm ][h î, F b[p_ [^[jn_^ Dol^dc_``m g_nbi^m [h^

c^_[m ch p[lciom q[sm* fchecha nb_g qcnb gs ehiqf_â_ i`

gi^_lh jms]bifias, Fh ][m_ [hs\i^s cm jlih_ ni g[e_ nb_

gcmn[e_ i` jlid_]ncha nii go]b [onbilcns ih ni g_ [m q_ a_n

chni nbcm g[n_lc[f* jf_[m_ hin_ nb[n F%g hin [h i``c]c[f g_g\_l

il l_jl_m_hn[ncp_ i` [hs ila[hct_^ Dol^dc_`` nl[^cncih il n_[]b+

cha fch_[a_* [h^ F%g ]_ln[chfs hin [onbilct_^ ni n_[]b [hs+

nbcha \s [hs i` nb_m_ i``c]c[f nl[^cncihm* mi [ff nb_ gcm]bc_`

î

cm

gs

iqh

l_mjihmc\cfcns,

Cilnoh[n_fs

T_ff*

[]no[ffs

ih_

i`

gs n_[]b_lm ch nb[n nl[^cncih _h]iol[a_^ g_ ni n_[]b* \on

qb_nb_l nb[n cm i``c]c[f il hin cm [ ]igjf_r jifcnc][f mnils*

[h^ F jl_`_l ni \_ hih+i``c]c[f

Dol^dc_`` b[^ bcm iqh p_lmcih i` nb_ ]ih]_jn i` fcpcha ch

cffomcih* ch m[gm[l[ il g[s[, E_ jon cn \inb mcgjfs [h^ ch [

=:>5 P@FBK@B _ &%,



hog\_l i` q[sm, Cil ih_ nbcha* b_ m[c^ nb[n c` sio q[hn ni

oh^_lmn[h^ j_ijf_* nb_l_ cm hi jichn ch mno^scha jms]bifias,

Mms]bifias cm ìl l_[f j_ijf_, Qi mno^s il^ch[ls j_ijf_* sio

mno^s g_]b[hc]m, E_ q[m ]f_[lfs hin nlscha ni qch `lc_h^m [h^

ch`fo_h]_ j_ijf_ Ecm jlcg[ls q[s i` jonncha cn* l_j_[n_^ ip_l

[h^ ip_l [a[ch* cm nb[n J[h cm [mf__j, Qi jon cn gil_ n_]bhc+

][ffs* sio gcabn m[s nb[n iol il^ch[ls mn[n_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm cm

mi ^l_[gfce_* cm mi go]b [ j[nbifiac][ffs ^cmniln_^ j_l]_jncih

i` qb[n%m l_[ffs aicha ih* \inb ch n_lgm i` j_l]_cpcha nb_ l_[f

qilf^ [lioh^ om [h^ j_l]_cpcha iol iqh l_[f h[nol_* nb[n cn%m

fce_ [ ^l_[g,@igj[lcha il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciomh_mm* hilg[f ]ihm]ciom+

h_mm* ni [ ^l_[g cm kocn_ om_òf, Tb_h sio%l_ ch [ ^l_[g* sio

n[e_ cn [m l_[f, V_m* F ehiq [\ion fo]c^ ^l_[gm &qbc]b [l_ mncff

^l_[gm'* \on q_%ff ìla_n fo]c^ ^l_[gm ìl hiq, Fh [h il^ch[ls

^l_[g* sio n[e_ qb[n%m b[jj_hcha [m \_cha l_[f qbcf_ cn%m

aicha ih, Vio g[s a_n chni [ff milnm i` ^c``c]ofnc_m ch nb_

^l_[g* mo``_l chn_hm_* ohjf_[m[hn _gincihm [h^ mnl_mm x \on

nb_h sio q[e_ oj* [h^ [ff siol jli\f_gm [l_ aih_ Vio îh%n

b[p_ ni mifp_ nbcm n_llc\f_ ^l_[g jli\f_g [hsgil_* \_][om_ cn

q[m domn [ ^l_[g Fn q[mh%n l_[ffs [ jli\f_g ch l_[fcns* cn q[m [

jli\f_g ihfs ch [ mn[n_ i` cffomcih,

Dol^dc_`` m[c^ nb_l_ cm [hinb_l [q[e_hcha jimmc\f_ ìl

bog[h \_cham* [h [q[e_hcha `lig nb_ mf__j i` il^ch[ls ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm, Clig nb_ mi+][ff_^ [q[e_ mn[n_ i` il^ch[ls ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm x b_ nbioabn cn q[m [ ]lo_f die_ ni ][ff il^ch[ls

]ihm]ciomh_mm [ q[echa mn[n_* [ ]ihm]ciom mn[n_ x q_

]iof^ gip_ chni [ a_hoch_fs [q[e_ mn[n_, Clig nb_ j_lmj_]ncp_

i` nbcm nlofs [q[e_h_^ mn[n_* il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciomh_mm ]iof^ \_

m__h

[m

i\pciomfs

p_ls

^l_[gfce_*

[m

[

p_ls

^cmniln_^*

`_p_lcmb*

]l[ts* ^lcp_h mn[n_ qb_l_ q_ a_n chni [ fin i` nlio\f_ [h^ mi

mo``_l [ fin* \on mo``_l caSZSaaZg&

Dol^dc_`` hin_^ nb[n [ `ch_ nbcha [\ion il^ch[ls* hcabnncg_

mf__j ^l_[gm cm nb[n hi g[nn_l qb[n sio î ch nb_g* ih]_ sio

q[e_ oj* nb_ ]ihm_ko_h]_m [l_ aih_, Vio ][h mcah [ ]b_]e

&%- _ =:>5 B4:6>46



acpcha [q[s [ff siol m[pcham ch siol hcabnncg_ ^l_[gm* \on

qb_h sio q[e_ oj* hi jli\f_g, Qb_ nlio\f_ cm q_%l_ l_[ffs

p_ls \[^fs ion i` cn ch iol il^ch[ls q[echa mn[n_ x [h^ q_ ][h

mcah ]b_]em* [h^ nb_ \[he ][mb_m nb_g, Pi q_ fcp_ iol fc`_ [h^

[]n `lig [ ^cmniln_^ mn[n_* q[echa mf__j* m[gm[l[* g[s[,

S_ls l_f_p[hn ni nb_ `[]n nb[n q_%l_ [n [ m]c_hnc`c] ]ih`_l_h]_

ih ^_p_fijcha [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* Dol^dc_`` [fmi b[^

qb[n F ]ihmc^_l [h _mm_hnc[ffs m]c_hnc`c] [nncno^_, Tbc]b cm mcg+

cf[l ni qb[n nb_ ?o^^b[ b[^* []no[ffs, ?inb i` nb_g m[c^* ch

_``_]n* F îh%n _rj_]n sio ni PSZWSdS [ qil^ i` qb[n F n_[]b,

Bmj_]c[ffs ih]_ F%g aih_* [h^ b[p_ \__h g[^_ chni mig_ ech^

i` mjclcno[f [onbilcns Ai hin []]_jn [hs i` qb[n F%p_ n[oabn

\_][om_ cn ]ig_m ih [onbilcns* \_][om_ inb_l j_ijf_ \_fc_p_ ch

cn* \_][om_ cn%m p_h_l[\f_ [h^ qb[n hin, Q[e_ nbcm mno``* acp_ cn

_hioab chcnc[f _h_las il \_fc_` ni []ncp[n_ cn* [h^ bSab cn F` cn

qilem ìl sio qb_h sio n_mn cn ion* ]ihncho_ ni qile qcnb cn

[h^

om_

cn,

F`

cn

î_mh%n

j[mm

nb_

n_mn

i`

qilecha

ch

nb_

l_[f

qilf^* îh%n \_fc_p_ [ qil^ i` cn

F fce_ \inb Dol^dc_``m [h^ nb_ ?o^^b[%m [nncno^_m, L`

]iolm_ sio ehiq qb[n b[jj_h_^ qcnb nb_ ?o^^b[ ìl nii

g[hs j_ijf_8 cn%m go]b _[mc_l ni ^_c`s mig_ih_* qilmbcj

nb_g* [h^ [mmog_ nb_s qcff î nb_ di\ i` m[pcha sio nb[h ni

[]no[ffs ai nblioab [ff nb_ qile i` jl[]nc]cha nb_cl n_[]bcham,

> mg[ff jlijilncih i` j_ijf_ f[\_f_^ &\s om' [m ?o^^bcmnm

[]no[ffs î nb_ g_^cn[ncihm [h^ inb_l jl[]nc]_m ni ]b_]e

ion ?o^^bcmg ìl nb_gm_fp_m* [h^ [ mg[ff hog\_l i` j_ijf_

[]no[ffs î qb[n Dol^dc_`` n[oabn,

Dol^dc_`` nif^ j_ijf_ nb_s b[p_ ni `clmn \_]ig_ [q[l_ i`

nb_ h[nol_ i` nb_ il^ch[ls mn[n_ nb_s fcp_ ch, Qb_ jlcg[ls n_]b+

hcko_ ìl nbcm q[m m_f`+i\m_lp[ncih, Fn q[m hin mo``c]c_hn ni

[]]_jn bcm mn[n_g_hnm nb[n il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciomh_mm cm ^l_[gfce_

[h^ ^cmniln_^, Vio b[p_ ni `ch^ nbcm ion ìl siolm_f`, Qi î

nbcm* sio î hin _ha[a_ ch gil_ chn_ff_]no[f [h[fsmcm, T_%l_

[fl_[^s aii^ [n nb[n, T_%p_ [^gcnn_^ nb[n, O_g_g\_l F mn[ln+

_^ nbcm qilembij \s mn[ncha nb[n sio [ff b[^ qilf^+]f[mm

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &%.

chn_ff_]nm< Qi l_[ffs oh^_lmn[h^ nb_ h[nol_ i` il^ch[ls ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm sio b[p_ ni* ch [ l[nb_l fcn_l[f m_hm_* ai \[]e ni nb_

^[n[ i` fc`_,

F n[fe_^ [\ion _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_ nbcm gilhcha, Js p_lmcih

i` Dol^dc_``m c^_[m cm _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_ [jjfc_^ ih nb_ f_p_f i`

jms]bifiac][f &^[l_ F m[s mjclcno[f ch nbcm alioj<' aliqnb,

?_ìl_ sio ][h ]b[ha_ siolm_f` ch [hs l_[ffs _``_]ncp_ q[s* sio

b[p_ ni a_n nb_ ^[n[ [\ion biq sio l_[ffs [l_, Vio b[p_ ni

g[e_ chhog_l[\f_ i\m_lp[ncihm i` qb[n sio%l_ l_[ffs fce_,

Tb[n nbcm omo[ffs g_[hm cm s_[lm i` nlscha ni a_n ch nb_ b[\cn

i` i\m_lpcha siolm_f`* i\m_lpcha siolm_f` ch _p_ls jimmc\f_

mcno[ncih* [h^ i\m_lpcha siolm_f` []]ol[n_fs* ch ^_n[cf* [h^

cgj[lnc[ffs* [m [ m]c_hncmn mbiof^, T_ b[p_ ni ^_p_fij [h

i\m_lpcha òh]ncih* [h^ i\m_lp_l,

Kiq gimn i` om [fl_[^s b[p_ ih_ ech^ i` i\m_lp_l \ocfn ch,

Pig_ j_ijf_ m__g ni f[]e cn* \on gimn i` om b[p_ ih_ nb[n

Cl_o^ ][ff_^ nb_

ac^S`SU]& Qb_ moj_l_ai cm nb_ `l[ag_hn_^ j[ln

i` iolm_fp_m nb[n ehiqm [ff nb_ lof_m [h^ cm l_[^s ni doâ_ om

qb_h q_%l_ \[^, Qb[n%m hin [ m]c_hnc`c] i\m_lp_l* hin [h cgj[l+

nc[f* i\d_]ncp_ i\m_lp_l ihfs ]olciom ni ehiq nb_ nlonb i`

nbcham Qb[n%m [h i\m_lp_l qcnb [ mn[e_ ch nbcham \_cha nb_ lcabn

q[s* [h i\m_lp_l nb[n cm [fmi [ doâ_* dols* ao[l^ [h^ _r_]o+

ncih_l* [h [onig[n_^ m_n i` g_hn[f b[\cnm qbc]b b[m nb_ [\cf+

cns ni g[e_ om `__f \[^* `__f aocfns qb_h q_ î mig_nbcha nb[n

cn î_mh%n [jjlip_ i`, Dol^dc_`` b[^ hi om_ ìl nb_ moj_l_ai [n

[ff, Fn%m [ om_òf mi]c[f g_]b[hcmg ìl ]ihnliffcha nb_ \_b[pcil

i` mf__jcha j_ijf_* \on inb_lqcm_ cn%m hin p_ls aii^ c` sio l_[f+

fs q[hn ni q[e_ oj, Vio h__^ ni ^_p_fij [ go]b gil_ m]c_h+

nc`c] i\m_lp_l, Vio h__^ ni ^_p_fij [ jilncih i` siol gch^ nb[n

cm ]olciom [\ion qb[n [g F `SOZZg fce_< Tb[n î F `SOZZg î< >h^ ni nls ni i\m_lp_ siol _rn_lh[f []ncihm* siol chn_lh[f nbioabnm*

siol chn_lh[f `__fcham [h^ []ncihm [m ]f_[lfs [h^ i\d_]ncp_fs

[m jimmc\f_,

Dol^dc_`` i`n_h om_^ nb_ [h[fias i` ^_p_fijcha [ j[ln i`

siolm_f` nb[n ]iof^ n[e_ g_hn[f mh[jmbinm* al[ô[ffs \ocf^cha

&&% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

oj [ boa_ [f\og i` mo]b mh[jmbinm i` qb[n sio%l_ []no[ffs

fce_ ch [ff milnm i` mcno[ncihm ch fc`_, Qb[n q[m \[]e qb_h jbi+

nial[jbm ^c^h%n fc_ ?_ìl_ q_ b[^ ^cacn[f l_nio]bcha [p[cf[\f_*

mi

i`

]iolm_

nb_

[h[fias

f_[p_m

mig_nbcha

ni

\_

^_mcl_^

hiq[+^[sm, ?on Dol^dc_``m [jjli[]b l_[ffs cm [ òh^[g_hn[ffs m]c_h+

nc`c] [nncno^_, Tb[n [l_ sio l_[ffs fce_ qb_h sio%l_ [n nb_ mnil_

n[fecha ni nb_ ]f_le* qb_h sio%l_ ih nb_ nicf_n* qb_h sio%l_

n_[]bcha [ ]f[mm* qb_h sio%l_ ch nb_ f[\il[nils< >m sio ]iff_]n

hog_liom mh[jmbinm [h^ ^_p_fij [h^ j_l`_]n [ ]iggcng_hn

ni fiiecha [n nb_g [m i\d_]ncp_fs [m jimmc\f_* ni m__ qb[n

sio%l_ l_[ffs fce_* nb_ ìoh^[ncih ìl _``_]ncp_ aliqnb cm f[c^,

Qb[n [nncno^_ i` i\m_lpcha siolm_f`* i` ]l_[ncha [ h_onl[f

i\m_lp_l* [ TOW` eWb\Saa$ [m cn%m mig_ncg_m \__h ][ff_^* cm [ g[dil

g_hn[f ^cm]cjfch_ ch [h^ i` cnm_f` nb[n qcff \_ach ni \lcha [\ion

g[dil ]b[ha_m ch sio, Dol^dc_`` jl_m_hn_^ cn [m [ l[nb_l j[mmcp_

^[n[ a[nb_lcha jli]_mm* j[cl_^ qcnb nb_ chdoh]ncih ni nls hin ni

]b[ha_ siolm_f` ìl nb_ `clmn `_q s_[lm i` m_f`+i\m_lp[ncih jl[]+nc]_, F` sio nls ni ]b[ha_ siolm_f` \_ìl_ sio l_[ffs oh^_lmn[h^

siolm_f`* sio%ff jli\[\fs ][om_ nlio\f_, F%p_ ain mig_ ql_h]b+

_m [h^ m]l_q^lcp_lm* ìl chmn[h]_9 [hs\i^s h__^ nb_cl ][l noh_^

oj< F îh%n []no[ffs ehiq go]b [\ion biq _hach_m qile* \on

F ]iof^ fiim_h [h^ ncabn_h mig_ nbcham [h^ n[e_ i`` mig_

j[lnm qbim_ òh]ncih î_mh%n g[e_ m_hm_ ni g_, F momj_]n sio

qiof^h%n l_[ffs q[hn g_ ni qile ih siol ][l

Dol^dc_`` nbioabn nb[n gimn [nn_gjnm [n m_f` ]b[ha_ x

gimn c` hin [ff i` nb_ qilf^%m m_f`+cgjlip_g_hn msmn_gm x

q_l_ fc[\f_ hin ni qile q_ff \_][om_ nb_s q_l_ îh_ qcnbion

[ ]f_[l oh^_lmn[h^cha i` _r[]nfs biq ih_%m iqh g_hn[f

g[]bch_ls qile_^, Pi `clmn sio b[p_ ni \ocf^ oj [ òh^ i`

oh^_lmn[h^cha `lig [ff nb_m_ g_hn[f mh[jmbinm, Vio î nb[n \s omcha qb[n fcnnf_ ]ihnlif ip_l [nn_hncih sio b[p_ ni ]l_[n_ [

j[ln nb[n q[n]b_m* nb[n i\m_lp_m, Qb[n i\m_lpcha j[ln c^_[ffs

î_mh%n [jjlip_ il ^cm[jjlip_ i` qb[n cn m__m* cn omo[ffs î_mh%n

nls ni chn_l`_l_* \on cn domn nlc_m ni a_n nb_ `[]nm, Qi a_n ]f_[l_l

j_l]_jncih i` qb[n Wa$ qcnbion ]ihòmcha cn qcnb qb[n q_%p_

=:>5 B4:6>46 !&&&

\__h n[oabn aV]cZR \_,

Pioh^m [ fin fce_ pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih* î_mh%n cn< Vio ][h

]_ln[chfs ^_m]lc\_ pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih nb[n q[s* [m [ g_nbi^

i` nlscha ni n[e_ [ j[ln i` nb_ gch^ [h^ ^_pin_ cn ni domn a_n+

ncha ]f_[l_l j_l]_jncihm i` qb[n []no[ffs cm b[jj_hcha

gig_hn ni gig_hn, Qb_ \ca* i\pciom ^c``_l_h]_ b_l_

\_nq__h nb_ nl[^cncih[f pcj[mm[h[ [jjli[]b [h^ Dol^dc_``m

[jjli[]b cm nb[n pcj[mm[h[ cm f[la_fs îh_ mcnncha ih [ ]ombcih

ch [ koc_n liig* \_][om_* n_]bhc][ffs mj_[echa* cn%m p_ls b_fj+

òf ni g_^cn[n_ oh^_l nbim_ ech^ i` ]ih^cncihm, Vio [l_ ]onncha

îqh ionmc^_ ^cmnl[]ncihm* mi sio%l_ gil_ fce_fs ni hinc]_ nb_

qilecham i` siol iqh gch^ [h^ siol iqh \i^s [h^ f_[lh

cgjiln[hn nbcham nb[n q[s, Dol^dc_`` nbioabn nb[n aicha i`` ih

[ mj_]c[f mjclcno[f jl[]nc]_ l_nl_[n ih]_ ch [ qbcf_ gcabn ch^__^

\_ [ om_òf n_]bhc][f g[h_op_l* \on cn ihfs b[m fcgcn_^ p[fo_

\_][om_ nb_ jf[]_ sio a_h_l[n_ [ff siol nlio\f_m cm ch _p_ls^[s

fc`_,

Pi

nb_

jf[]_

sio

l_[ffs

h__^

ni

m__

qb[n

sio%l_

l_[ffs

fce_*

ni \_ gch^òf* cm ch _p_ls^[s fc`_, Qb[n%m qb_l_ nb_ []ncih cm,

Fn ][h \_ jl_nns _[ms &cahilcha biq b[l^ f_[lhcha g_^cn[+

ncih cm ìl mig_ j_ijf_' ni \_ j_[]_òf [h^ mjclcno[f [h^

]igj[mmcih[n_ c` sio%l_ i`` ch [ \_[oncòf jf[]_* mcnncha qcnb

[ \oh]b i` b[jjs fiiecha [h^ fce_+gch^_^ j_ijf_ qbi [l_

[fmi mcnncha ih nb_cl ]ombcihm* ]ihn_gjf[ncha nb_ \_[ons i` nb_

nl__m [h^ `fiq_lm, T_ ][h [ff `__f jl_nns aii^ ch jf_[m[hn ]cl+

]ogmn[h]_m, Kin fce_ qb_h nb[n !"##(! \[mn[l^ ]onm sio i``

ih nb_ `l__q[s* il n[cfa[n_m nii ]fim_ \_bch^ sio Pi Dol^dc_``

_gjb[mct_^ nb_ [\mifon_ h_]_mmcns i` ^_p_fijcha gch^òfh_mm*

q[echa oj* ch _p_ls^[s fc`_,

Tbcf_ m_f`+i\m_lp[ncih cm [ n_]bhcko_ ni jl[]nc]_ \s siol+

m_f`

ch

[ff

[mj_]nm

i`

siol

fc`_*

nb_l_

[l_

mi]c[f

[mmcmn[h]_-l_ch+ìl]_g_hn [h^ mj_]c[f [mmcmn_^ ]cl]ogmn[h]_m, Pno^_hnm ]ig_

ni l_aof[l alioj g__ncham* ìl chmn[h]_* [h^ n[fe [\ion nbcham

nb_s b[p_ i\m_lp_^ [\ion nb_gm_fp_m [m [ l_mofn i` qilecha ih

\_cha gil_ gch^òf ch nb_cl fcp_m* [h^ mi a_n [ ]_ln[ch [giohn

i` mi]c[f mojjiln ìl nb_cl _`ìlnm* [m q_ff [m n_]bhc][f jichn_lm

&&' _ =:>5 B4:6>46



`lig nb_ n_[]b_l [h^ gil_ _rj_lc_h]_^ mno^_hnm, Qbcm b_fjm*

i` ]iolm_* [ al_[n ^_[f, Fn%m p_ls b[l^ ni î gch^òfh_mm jl[]+

nc]_ qcnb hi mi]c[f mojjiln qb[nmi_p_l* ni \_ nb_ ihfs ih_

[lioh^ qbi cm chn_l_mn_^ ch nbcm ech^ i` nbcha, Jch^òfh_mm* nlscha ni i\m_lp_ nb_ nlonb i` qb[n cm ch mjcn_ i` qb[n cn%m moj+

jim_^ ni \_* cm hin _r[]nfs [ g[dil mi]c[f ai[f ch iol ]ofnol_,

M_ijf_ f_[lh [ fin [\ion nb_gm_fp_m îcha Dol^dc_``c[h

m_f`+i\m_lp[ncih, F%ff n[fe [\ion nb_ n_]bhcko_m ìl îcha nbcm

mbilnfs, Bp_lsih_* ìl chmn[h]_* qcff f_[lh [\ion j[lnm i` nb_g+

m_fp_m qbc]b nb_s î hin fce_* qbc]b nb_s [l_ _g\[ll[mm_^ ni

^cm]ip_l T_ [ff b[p_ j[lnm i` iolm_fp_m fce_ nb[n, M_ijf_ qcff

[fmi f_[lh [\ion j[lnm i` nb_gm_fp_m nb[n [l_ l_[ffs kocn_ qih+

^_lòf \on qbc]b [l_ [fmi bcabfs mojjl_mm_^, F%g [ nioab aos9

F îh%n ]i^^f_ j_ijf_ fce_ mig_ qcgj x \on F hinc]_ nb[n F%g

[]no[ffs kocn_ a_hnf_ qcnb j_ijf_ qbi [l_ bolncha* il mig_+

nbcha fce_ nb[n, Pi nb_l_ [l_ [ qbif_ p[lc_ns i` nbcham ni

i\m_lp_* hin domn h_a[ncp_ [mj_]nm i` iol m_fp_m, > fin i` jimc+ncp_ nbcham a_n l_jl_mm_^* [m q_ff [m h_a[ncp_ nbcham* oh^_l nb_

jl_mmol_m i` iol mi]c[f msmn_g,

Pi nbcm cm m_f`+i\m_lp[ncih* [h []no[f jl[]nc]_ i` gch^òf+

h_mm [m q_ff [m [ mn[lncha jichn* [ ìoh^[ncih* ìl _p_h al_[n_l

gch^òfh_mm, Vio ][h* c` sio q[hn* qlcn_ îqh siol i\m_lp[+

ncihm ch hin_\iiem x [fnbioab nb_l_ cm [ l_[f ^[ha_l nb[n qcff

nolh chni domn gil_ chn_ff_]no[fct[ncih x \on nb_ cgjiln[hn

nbcha cm ni a_n ]f_[l* []]ol[n_ jc]nol_m ch siol gch^, Pi sio a_n

[ ]f_[l_l [h^ ]f_[l_l ]iff_]ncih i` oh^_lmn[h^cham [\ion qb[n

sio OQbcOZZg R] [h^ `__f* siol j[nn_lhm i` \_b[pcil [h^ chh_l

l_[]ncihm* _n],

>a[ch F q[hn ni mnl_mm nb[n nb_ cgjiln[hn nbcha b_l_ cm nb[n

m_f`+i\m_lp[ncih

cm

hin

g_l_fs

chn_ff_]no[f

[h[fsmcm,

Qbcm

cm

hin

mcnncha îqh [n hch_ i%]fi]e ch nb_ _p_hcha nbchecha* F q[m [

fcnnf_ n_hm_ [n nb_ ali]_ls mnil_ ]b_]eion ni^[s, I_n g_ nls ni

`caol_ ion qb[n nb[n q[m [\ion, F` F gcr [ fcnnf_ Cl_o^* [ fcnnf_

>^f_l [h^ [ fcnnf_ mi]ci^sh[gc]m alioj nb_ils b_l_* F ][h ]ig_

oj qcnb [ jf[omc\f_ nb_ils i` qbs F `_fn nb[n q[s [h^ qbs F

=:>5 B4:6>46 &&(

m[c^ qb[n F m[c^, Fn%m hin nb[n, Qb_l_ [l_ mig_ jf[]_m ìl nb_i+

ls ch gch^òfh_mm jl[]nc]_* \on nb_ _mm_h]_ i` cn cm nb[n sio

f_[lh [n nb_ ncg_ sio%l_ [n nb_ mnil_* ch nb_ ]b_]eion fch_* `__f+

cha [ fcnnf_ n_hm_* f_[lh \s _hb[h]_^ i\m_lp[ncih SfOQbZg biq

sio `__f n_hm_ ch nb[n gig_hn, Br[]nfs biq [l_ sio gipcha

siol \i^s ch nb[n gig_hn< Br[]nfs qb[n [l_ sio m[scha ch

nb[n gig_hn< Br[]nfs qb[n cm nb_ nih_ sio%l_ jlid_]ncha ch

siol pic]_ qb_h sio m[s mig_nbcha ch nb[n gig_hn< Fn%m nls+

cha ni a_n nb_l_ ih nb_ mjin* ch nb_ gig_hn* ch nb_ b_l_+[h^+

hiq* ni i\m_lp_ gil_ jl_]cm_fs,

Qb[n nlscha ni \_ nb_l_ ih nb_ mjin* ni \_ gil_ òffs [fcp_

ch nb_ jl_m_hn gig_hn ni siol _rj_lc_h]_* cm qb[n cm ]ihmc^+

_l_^* ch g[hs q[sm* ih_ i` nb_ _mm_h]_m* c` hin bVS _mm_h]_*

i` l_[]bcha mig_ ech^ i` _hfcabn_hg_hn ch p[lciom mjclcno[f

nl[^cncihm,

F ][h%n mnl_mm i`n_h _hioab nb[n nb_l_ cm [ qc^_mjl_[^

oh^_lmn[h^cha ch g[hs mjclcno[f nl[^cncihm i` nbcm c^_[ i` fcp+

cha ch cffomcih, M[lnc]of[lfs nb[n eS R] \]b ZWdS W\ bVS VS`S O\R

\]e& JS ZWdS W\ bVS bVS`S O\R bVS\& T_ fcp_ ch nb_ s_mn_l^[sm [h^

nb_ nigilliqm, T_ fcp_ ch [\mnl[]ncihm [h^* [m [ l_mofn* [l_ hin

[ff nb[n q_ff noh_^ ch ni qb[n cm []no[ffs aicha ih,

Kiq îh%n n[e_ nb[n ni _rnl_g_m8 q_%l_ [ff q_ff noh_^ ch

_hioab nb[n q_ ^c^h%n a_n loh ip_l \s [ ][l qb_h q_ q[fe_^

[]limm nb_ mnl__n ih nb_ q[s b_l_ ni^[s, T_%p_ ain nb_ gchc+

gog ]ihn[]n h_]_mm[ls ìl molpcpcha ch \[mc] jbsmc][f l_[fcns

îqh &omo[ffs', ?_sih^ nb[n gchcgog nb_l_ [l_ mi g[hs

gil_ mo\nf_ nbcham* _mj_]c[ffs ch n_lgm i` iol chn_l[]ncihm

qcnb inb_l j_ijf_* qb_l_\s \_cha _p_h [ fcnnf_ noh_^ ion* sio

gcmm il ^cmniln siol j_l]_jncih i` cgjiln[hn nbcham, Pi sio []n

ch

q[sm

nb[n

[l_

g[f[^[jncp_*

hin

kocn_

noh_^

ch*

[h^

sio

l_[j

nb_ ]ihm_ko_h]_m i` siol &gcm'j_l]_jncihm [h^ []ncihm,

Pi q_ ]ig_ ni nb_ []n i` ]iggcnncha siolm_f` ni m_f`+

i\m_lp_* ni m_f`+l_g_g\_l, Tb[n [l_ sio îcha* j_l]_cpcha*

`__fcha Ob bVWa [][S\b3 Tb[n SfOQbZg [l_ sio îcha [n nbcm

gig_hn< >m nbcm [nncno^_ i` ij_h gch^_^* _mm_hnc[ffs m]c_hnc`+

&&) _ =:>5 B4:6>46

c] ]olcimcns \_]ig_m [ jligch_hn j[ln i` siol g_hn[f j[nn_lhm*

cn \_achm ni g[e_ [ mbc`n niq[l^ fcpcha ch l_[fcns* niq[l^ fcpcha

ch nb_ gig_hn, Fh nb_ fiha loh* nbcm ]b[ha_m siol fc`_,

Fn%m hin nb[n sio%l_ ^_fc\_l[n_fs nlscha ni ]b[ha_ [hsnbcha*

\on cn b[jj_hm, Cil _r[gjf_* sio g[s b[p_ nb_ _rj_lc_h]_ i`

m[scha mig_nbcha ni [ `lc_h^ [h^* [h biol f[n_l* sio l_[fct_ cn

q[m kocn_ ch[^p_ln_hnfs chmofncha ni nb_ j_lmih sio m[c^ cn ni

[h^* ohìlnoh[n_fs* cn%m nii f[n_ ni m[s [hsnbcha ni ]b[ha_ cn

hiq, I[n_l mb_ n[fe_^ [\ion siol chmofncha \_b[pcil ni gono+

[f `lc_h^m* _n], T_ [ff* ohìlnoh[n_fs* ehiq biq nb_m_ nbcham

ai `lig nii go]b ^cl_]n _rj_lc_h]_ ?on mojjim_ nb[n qcnbch

[ gchon_ [`n_l sio m[c^ mig_nbcha mnojc^* \_ìl_ mb_ q[fe_^

i``* sio q_l_ jl_m_hn _hioab ni l_[fct_ qb[n sio%^ îh_< Vio

qiof^ b[p_ [ ]b[h]_ ni n_ff siol `lc_h^ >b T[cn* _r]om_ g_

F domn m[c^ mig_nbcha l_[ffs mnojc^ Pojjim_ sio q_l_ jl_m_hn

_hioab nb[n* [m sio mn[ln_^ ni ij_h siol gionb [h^ m[s cn* sio

l_[fct_^

lcabn

nb_h

[h^

nb_l_*

F%g

l_[ffs

[\ion

ni

m[s

mig_+nbcha mnojc^, F%g aicha ni \_ mills [h^ mnijj_^ siolm_f`, F`

sio f_[lh ni fcp_ ch nb_ jl_m_hn* nb_l_ cm [ ]b[h]_ ni î nbcm,

Qb_l_ cm [ hc]_ [h[fias F gcabn mb[l_ qcnb sio `lig [h

cgjiln[hn \iie \s Oi\_ln A_ Oijj, Qb_ h[g_ i` nb_ \iie cm

GVS @OabS` :O[S &^_ Oijj /746', E_ n[fe_^ [\ion iol gch^m

[m \_cha fce_ [ ]cns x [ q[ff_^* g_^c_p[f ]cns x [h^ fce_ [hs

]cns* nb_l_ [l_ [ fin i` ^c``_l_hn h_cab\ilbii^m, Qb_l_ [l_ j[lnm

i` nb_ gch^ ]cns qb_l_ nb_l_ [l_ fc\l[lc_m [h^ [ln gom_ogm*

j[lnm qb_l_ nb_l_ [l_ jifc]_ mn[ncihm [h^ d[cfm* hc]_ l_mc^_hnc[f

[l_[m* [h^ j[lnm nb[n [l_ mfogm qcnb p_ls mfcgs ]b[l[]n_lm fcp+

cha ch nb_g [h^ qb[nhin, Qb_ gch^ ]cns* ohìlnoh[n_fs* b[m [

l[nb_l ch_``_]ncp_ ]_hnl[f aip_lhg_hn qbc]b cm hin ch p_ls

aii^ ]ihnlif Fh A_ Oijj%m [h[fias* nb_l_ [l_ q[ffm [lioh^ nb_ ]cns [h^ [ fi]e[\f_ _hnl[h]_ a[n_* qcnb [ q[n]bg[h, F` nb_

q[n]bg[h q[m [f_ln* b_ ]iof^ ^_]c^_ qbi ni f_n ch [h^ ion i`

nb_ ]cns, Qbcm ih_ fiiem fce_ [h [acn[nil qbi cm aicha ni ai

îqh ni nb_ mfogm [h^ mn[ln [ lcin, F%ff ]fim_ nb_ a[n_ [h^ hin

f_n bcg ]ig_ ch, Qb[n ih_ domn ain ion i` d[cf [h^ cm aicha ni

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &&*



nb_ h_rn niqh ni mn_[f mig_nbcha [h^ loch iol l_jon[ncih* F

qih%n f_n b_l ion F` sio ][h a_n [ `[cl [giohn i` [q[l_h_mm

chni nb_ jl_m_hn gig_hn* sio ][h _r_ln [ `[cl [giohn i` ]ih+

nlif ip_l siol mo\m_ko_hn l_[]ncihm* \on ih]_ nb_ l_[]ncihm

b[jj_h* nb_s%l_ go]b b[l^_l ni ]ihnlif* [h^ i`n_h cn%m nii f[n_,

F%ff acp_ sio [h _r[gjf_ i` nbcm* qb[n ][h b[jj_h qb_h

F%g l_g_g\_lcha ni i\m_lp_ gsm_f`* ni e__j mig_ [nn_hncih ch

nb_ jl_m_hn gig_hn, ?on F nii i`n_h ìla_n ni jl[]nc]_ nbcm* hi

g[nn_l biq go]b F p[fo_ cn,

Pig_ncg_m mig_nbcha qcff mn[lnf_ g_ x \iig x [ fio^

hicm_ b[jj_hm mig_qb_l_* il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n, Js \i^s

mn[lnm ni dogj, Kiq c` F%g hin m_f`+i\m_lpcha* m_f`+l_g_g\_l+

cha* ì]omcha mig_ [nn_hncih ni nls ni fcp_ ]fim_ ni nb_ jl_m_hn*

F%g aicha ni dogj* F%g aicha ni mn[lnf_ x nbcm cm [ b[l^qcl_^

jbsmcifiac][f l_[]ncih ni [ mo^^_h mncgofom x [h^ qcnbch

[jjlircg[n_fs b[f` [ m_]ih^ ni ih_ m_]ih^* nb_ jbsmcifiac][f

l_[]ncih qcff b[p_ [^l_h[fch_ mn[ln ]iolmcha nblioab gs \i^s,

&F m[s [^l_h[fch_ ìl mcgjfc]cns* acp_h [ff nb_ f[n_mn l_m_[l]b cn

g[s []no[ffs \_ [ gcr i` `c`ns il gil_ chìlg[ncih[f ]b_gc+

][fm' Qb_ [^l_h[fch_ qcff [gjfc`s [ff i` gs jl_pciom jbsmci+

fiac][f [h^ jms]bifiac][f mn[lnf_ l_[]ncihm [h^ F%p_ ain [n f_[mn

[ b[f` biol i` \_cha qcl_^ [h^ h_lpiom [h^ nqcn]bs ]igcha

F` F%g jl_m_hn* c` F%g j[scha ]ihm]ciom [nn_hncih ni nb_ b_l_+

[h^+hiq qb_h nb_ \iig b[jj_hm* nbioab* nb_l_ cm mncff [h

chcnc[f dogj x nb_ mioh^ cm mn[lnfcha x \on F chmn[hnfs* gch^+

òffs* ehiq cn q[m domn [ mioh^ [h^ hinbcha _fm_, Js i\m_lp[+

ncih cm nb[n nb_ [^l_h[fch_ î_mh%n mn[ln `fiqcha [h^ F îh%n

b[p_ ni ^_[f qcnb b[f` [h biol i` nqcn]bch_mm ]ihm_ko_hn ih

nbcm, Qb[n%m domn ih_ i` nb_ mcgjf_ [^p[hn[a_m i` fcpcha ]fim_l

ni nb_ jl_m_hn, Pcgjfs ]iggcnncha siolm_f` ni mig_ ech^ i`

m_f`+i\m_lp[ncih* m]c_hnc`c][ffs mj_[echa* ni nls ni i\m_lp_ nb_

^[n[ i` siol fc`_ \_nn_l l[nb_l nb[h [onig[nc][ffs a_nncha ][llc_^

[q[s ch siol nb_ilc_m* [h^ a_nncha ch nb_ b[\cn i` îcha cn l_a+

of[lfs* cm ih_ q[s ni jliô]_ cgjiln[hn ]b[ha_m ch siol fc`_,

Qb_l_ [l_ gil_ msmn_g[nc] q[sm ni ]b[ha_ siol fc`_ [h^

&&+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46



fcp_ gil_ ch nb_ jl_m_hn nb[n chpifp_m m_f`+i\m_lp[ncih [h^ [

]_ln[ch ^_fc\_l[n_ ]ofncp[ncih i` [nn_hncih, Ccaol_ / b_fjm

_rjf[ch nbcm,

E_l_ cm nb_ gch^* l_jl_m_hn_^ ih nb_ f_`n ch [ff nbl__ jb[m+_m i` nb_ ^c[al[g, E_l_ cm nb_ _rn_lh[f qilf^* ih nb_ lcabn,

Tb_h mig_nbcha b[jj_hm* sio%l_ mncgof[n_^ [h^ siol [nn_h+

ncih ai_m ion, Cil _r[gjf_* sio b_[l [ fio^ \[ha* il mig_+

\i^s m[sm b_ffi* il nb_ jbih_ lcham, Fh il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciomh_mm

nb_ \ofe i` siol [nn_hncih ai_m ion* ch^c][n_^ \s nb_ nbc]e

=:>5 B4:6>46 # & & ,

[lliq, Qbcm cm hilg[f* cn%m m_gc+pifohn[ls ch n_lgm i` ]ih+

nlif* cn%m m_gc+[onig[nc] [nn_hncih,

Qb_h* [m nb_ gc^^f_ j[ln i` nb_ ^c[al[g mbiqm* iol [oni+

g[nc] b[\cnm [l_ mo]b nb[n [fgimn [ff i` iol [nn_hncih gcabn

q_ff \_ al[\\_^ oj \s chn_lh[f l_[]ncihm ni nb_ _rn_lh[f mncg+

ofom, Pig_\i^s m[sm b_ffi* sio [onig[nc][ffs m[s b_ffi, Vio

îh%n b[p_ ni nbche [\ion cn, > fio^ \[ha [h^ sio%l_ [ff

qioh^ oj ch `_[l [h^ qih^_lcha* >l_ nb_s mbiincha [n g_<

>h^ mi ìlnb, >h [jj_l]_jncp_ g[mm i` g_hn[f* _gincih[f [h^

\i^cfs b[\cnm cm [liom_^ \s nb_ mncgofom [h^ jl_nns go]b [ff

siol [nn_hncih [h^ _h_las cm om_^ oj \s nb_m_ l_[]ncihm ch

hilg[f ]ihm]ciomh_mm,

?on [ nbcl^ mnsf_ cm jimmc\f_* mbiqh ch nb_ \innig nbcl^ i`

Ccaol_ /, Dol^dc_``m jlcg[ls n_]bhcko_ ìl \_cha gil_ jl_m+

_hn* ìl m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha* cm ni ^_fc\_l[n_fs mjfcn nb_ [lliq i`

[nn_hncih* mi nb[n hi g[nn_l qb[n b[jj_hm* sio h_p_l [ffiq [ff

siol [nn_hncih ni \_ n[e_h \s [hsnbcha* \_ cn _rn_lh[f mncgofom

il chn_lh[f l_[]ncih, > mg[ff [giohn i` cn cm [fq[sm e_jn ch nb_

lif_ i` i\m_lp_l, > mg[ff [giohn [fq[sm ai_m ni nb_ f[\il[+

nils* qb_l_ nb_ chh_l m]c_hncmn cm* [m cn q_l_* n[echa hin_m ih

qb[n cm b[jj_hcha mj_]c`c][ffs* nbcm chmn[hn* nb_h nbcm h_rn

chmn[hn* [h^ nb_h nbcm h_rn chmn[hn* OR W\TW\Wbc[&

Qbcm ^_fc\_l[n_ mjfcn i` [nn_hncih ][h g[e_ g[dil ]b[ha_m

ch nb_ q[s sio fcp_ siol fc`_, Fhmn_[^ i` _p_hnm al[\\cha [ff i`

siol _h_las [h^ nb_h mn[lncha [ff nb_ [onig[nc] jms]bifiac][f

g[]bch_ls x sio ehiq* qb_h_p_l mig_\i^s fiiem [n g_ nb[n

q[s F a_n mo]b [h^ mo]b [ ech^ i` l_[]ncih x chmn_[^ i` nb[n

ech^ i` nbcha g_]b[hc][ffs [h^ [onig[nc][ffs b[jj_hcha*

[ h_q ko[fcns i` _rj_lc_h]_ l_mofnm* qbc]b F fce_ ni n_lg

aÔQW]ca\Saa& Fhmn_[^ i` fc`_ \_cha kocn_ mi jl_mm_^* qcnb ih_

l_[]ncih [h^ []ncih [h^ l_[]ncih [h^ []ncih* _n]_n_l[* _n]_n_l[*

ih_ lcabn [`n_l [hinb_l* nb_l_ cm [ fcnnf_ \cn i` mj[]_ _rj_lc_h]_^

[lioh^ _p_hnm, Vio b[p_ gil_ ncg_ ni oh^_lmn[h^ nb_g ch [

l_f[r_^* bifcmnc] q[s* [h^ b[p_ gig_hnm ni ]ihmc^_l qb[n

sio%l_ îcha il mn[lncha ni î,

&&- _ =:>5 B4:6>46



F%p_ \_aoh ^_m]lc\cha nbcm _``_]n [m mj[]ciomh_mm ihfs f[n_+

fs9 F qiof^h%n b[p_ \__h [\f_ ni î nb[n _p_h [ `_q s_[lm [ai,

V_[lm [ai F niie m_p_l[f ]iolm_m ih g_^cn[ncih `lig [ Qc\_n[h

f[g[* Q[lnb[ha Qofeo* [n nb_ Kschag[ Fhmncnon_ ch ?_le_f_s,

Lh_ i` nb_ nbcham b_ n[fe_^ [\ion ch g[hs f_]nol_m nb[n l_[ffs

chnlcao_^ g_ q[m `ch^cha nb_ mj[]_ \_nq__h nbioabnm, F

ìoh^ nb[n [ `[m]ch[ncha ]ih]_jn [h^ F nbioabn [\ion cn [ al_[n

^_[f \on F h_p_l ìoh^ [hs mj[]_ \_nq__h gs nbioabnm Fn q[m

[ al_[n bsjinb_mcm* nbcm mj[]_ \_nq__h nbioabnm* \on gs

nbioabnm q_l_ Wiig+tiig+tiig+tiig x ]ihnchoiom,

Kiq F `ch[ffs ehiq qb[n Q[lnb[ha Qofeo q[m n[fecha [\ion,

Qb_ m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha jli]_mm* nb_ mjfcnncha i` nb_ [lliq i`

[nn_hncih* ]l_[n_m [ fcnnf_ &mig_ncg_m [ fin i`' mj[]_ [lioh^

nbcham* mi fc`_ cm hin mi b_]nc], Qb_l_ cm [ fcnnf_ gil_ ncg_ ni

]ihmc^_l nbcham* ni []n gil_ m_hmc\fs [h^ g_nbi^c][ffs, Qb_l_

cm [ gil_ [fcp_ [h^ m[ncm`scha ko[fcns ni fc`_, Kiq* F%p_

_rjf[ch_^ cn ni sio ch [h [\mnl[]n ìlg qcnb nb_ [lliq i` [nn_h+

ncih g_n[jbil ch Ccaol_ /, Bmm_hnc[ffs* sio [fq[sm e__j [ fcnnf_

\cn i` siol pifohn[lcfs ]ihnliff[\f_ [nn_hncih ò_fcha nb_

i\m_lpcha j[ln i` siol gch^* chmn_[^ i` f_nncha [ff i` cn \_cha

[nnl[]n_^ ni [hsnbcha,

Cil nbim_ i` sio qbi qills nb[n hin acpcha òff [nn_hncih

ni nb_ ionmc^_ gcabn g[e_ sio m__g ch[onb_hnc]* _mj_]c[ffs

c` sio%l_ hin acpcha siol òff [nn_hncih ni mig_ih_ qbi cm n[fe+

cha ni sio x F%p_ ehiqh j_ijf_ ni b[p_ nbcm nb_il_nc][f qills

x cn î_mh%n qile nb[n q[s, Qbcm g[s m__g j[l[îrc][f ih [h

chn_ff_]no[f f_p_f* \on [n nb_ ^[n[ f_p_f* _rj_lc_hnc[ffs* m_f`+

l_g_g\_lcha g[e_m sio [ \_nn_l j_lmih ch l_f[ncihmbcjm

\_][om_ sio%p_ \_]ig_ mig_ih_ qbi []no[ffs j[sm [nn_hncih

ni nb_ inb_l j_lmih chmn_[^ i` \_cha bsjhinct_^ \s siol

]ih]_jnm* siol nb_ilc_m [h^ \_fc_`m [h^ l_[]ncihm [\ion nb_g,

?on _hioab i` nb_m_ chnliô]nils l_g[lem, I_n g_ a_n chni

nb_ jl[]nc][fcnc_m i` m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha* i` gch^òfh_mm ch

_p_ls^[s fc`_,

Qb_ jl[]nc][f q[s i` îcha nbcm cm l[nb_l fce_ pcj[mm[h[

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &&.



[a[ch* il mig_qb[n fce_ nb_ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_*

\on cn%m [^[jn_^ ni _p_ls^[s fc`_, Vio îh%n b[p_ ni \_ mcnncha

ih [ mj_]c[f ]ombcih ch [ koc_n liig ni \_ [\f_ ni m_f`+i\m_lp_

[h^

m_f`+l_g_g\_l,

Qb_

jl[]nc][f

q[s

cm

ni

mjfcn

siol

[nn_hncih

mi nb[n [ mg[ff* \on mcahc`c][hn j[ln i` siol gch^ x cn î_mh%n

g[nn_l _r[]nfs biq go]b x 3 j_l]_hn* /. j_l]_hn* /3 j_l]_hn*

cn p[lc_m `lig gig_hn ni gig_hn x e__jm nl[]e i` mig_

mj_]c`c_^ [mj_]n i` m_hm[ncih ch siol jbsmc][f \i^s* qbcf_ nb_

l_mn ai_m [\ion cnm di\ i` OQbWdSZg fiiecha [n [h^ a_h_l[ffs

OQbWdSZg m_hmcha* nb_ qilf^ [lioh^ sio,

Qb_ q[s m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha cm omo[ffs n[oabn cm nb[n sio

f_[lh ni m_hm_ siol [lgm [h^ f_am* ni e__j nl[]e i` nb_ `fiq i`

m_hm[ncihm ch siol [lgm [h^ f_am* qbcf_ mcgofn[h_iomfs Z]]YW\U

[n nb_ qilf^ [lioh^ sio* ZWabS\W\U ni nb_ qilf^ [lioh^ sio

&n[mncha cn qb_h cn%m [jjlijlc[n_* nio]bcha cn qb_h cn%m [jjli+

jlc[n_ [h^ mi ìlnb'* [fq[sm qcnb [ fcnnf_ [nn_hncih []ncp_fs j[c^

ni

m_hm[ncihm

ch

siol

[lgm

[h^

f_am,

Qb_

]ihm_ko_h]_

i`

nbcm

jl[]nc]_ cm nb[n chmn_[^ i` _p_hnm [h^ l_[]ncihm ]igcha [fiha

[h^ [onig[nc][ffs al[\\cha [ff siol [nn_hncih [h^ []ncp[ncha

[ff siol b[\cno[f g_hn[f [h^ _gincih[f g[]bch_ls* nb_ ^_fc\+

_l[n_ [nn_hncih ni siol \i^s [h]bilm sio ch nb_ gig_hn, Viol

[lgm [h^ f_am [l_ h_p_l nb_l_ [h^ nb_h8 siol [lgm [h^ f_am [l_

[fq[sm b_l_* [fq[sm hiq,

Qbcm ^_fc\_l[n_ ì]omcha i` [nn_hncih ch nqi ^cl_]ncihm ch

m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha b[m mig_ chn_l_mncha _``_]nm, Cclmn* cn e__jm

[ff nb[n [onig[nc] g[]bch_ls i` siol gch^ `lig [fq[sm aicha

òff ncfn \s hin f_nncha cn al[\ [ff siol [nn_hncih, P_]ih^* _p_h

nbioab sio%l_ j[scha f_mm &[onig[nc]' [nn_hncih ni _rn_lh[f

nbcham* ch nb[n nb_s [h^ siol [onig[n_^ l_[]ncihm ni nb_g

îh%n [onig[nc][ffs al[\ siol [nn_hncih* mig_biq sio

m__-m_hm_ nb_g \_nn_l* gil_ ]f_[lfs [h^ []]ol[n_fs nb[h hil+

g[ffs* \_][om_ siol jl_]ih]_jncihm* siol \_fc_`m* siol chn_l+

h[f l_[]ncihm îh%n e__j ]fio^cha nb_ jc]nol_ [m go]b [m nb_s

om_^ ni, Pi \s n[echa mig_ i` siol [nn_hncih [q[s `lig siol

[onig[nc] l_[]ncihm* sio []no[ffs \_]ig_ \_nn_l [n m__cha nb_

&'% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

ionmc^_ qilf^ x [h^ nb_ ionmc^_ qilf^ [fmi \_]ig_m [ go]b

h_[n_l jf[]_ T_%ff q[cn ih ^cm]ommcha nb[n [mj_]n òlnb_l ohncf

q_ b[p_ mig_ ^cl_]n _rj_lc_h]_,

Fh [ gig_hn F%ff mbiq sio biq ni î nbcm, F q[hn ni l_gch^ sio [a[ch* nbioab* i` nb_ lc^c]ofiomh_mm i` qb[n

q_%l_ îcha b_l_ ni^[s, Qi n_[]b [ff i` nb_ _mm_hnc[fm i` gch^+

òfh_mm jl[]nc]_ ch [ ih_ ^[s qilembij< Fh [ mchaf_ \iie< F%g

acpcha sio [ fin i` lc]b ìi^* \on sio ][h%n ^ca_mn cn [ff, Pi e__j

nlscha ni ìffiq qb[n q_%l_ îcha* \on îh%n \_ nii b[l^ ih

siolm_f` c` cn î_mh%n [ff g[e_ m_hm_ [h^ jliô]_ al_[n l_mofnm

lcabn [q[s Fn qcff \_ kocn_ aii^ _hioab c` sio b[p_ mig_

n[mn_m i` qb[n%m jimmc\f_ ih [ `clmn nls* mi sio ][h m__ c` sio

q[hn ni ìffiq nbcm oj,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &'&



@E>MQBO 6

Ml[]nc]_8 P_f`+O_g_g\_lcha

&_l_%m biq m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha cm îh_, Vio mn[ln \s îcha

[ g_^cn[ncp_ _r_l]cm_* [ \i^s m][h, Fn cm [ gil_ ^cl_]n_^

ìlg i` pcj[mm[h[ nb[h q_%p_ îh_ _[lfc_l ni^[s, Qbcm

\i^s m][h cm [h _r_l]cm_ nb[n%m nl[^cncih[ffs îh_ `clmn nbcha ch

nb_ gilhcha, Vio mbiof^ n[e_ `cp_ ni n_h gchon_m ni î cn*

mig_ncg_m gil_ c` sio fce_, Pj_h^ nb_ ncg_ nohcha chni siol \i^s m_hm[ncihm* j[lnc]of[lfs siol [lgm [h^ f_am, Qbcm m_hmc+

nct_m sio ni nb_cl _rcmn_h]_ [h^ m_hmils ko[fcnc_m, Fn _g\i^c_m

sio, Qb_h sio nls ni e__j nl[]e i` [lg [h^ f_a m_hm[ncihm

nblioabion nb_ _hncl_ ^[s* qbcf_ sio inb_lqcm_ ai [\ion

OQbWdSZg j_l]_cpcha siol qilf^ x [h^ [ff milnm i` chn_l_mncha

nbcham b[jj_h qb_h sio î nb[n,

F qcff aoc^_ sio nblioab nb_ \i^s m][h* nb_ gilhcha _r_l+]cm_ [m cn%m ][ff_^, Pig_ i` gs mno^_hnm b[p_ [fmi ][ff_^ nbcm

m_hmcnctcha i` nb_ [lgm [h^ f_am nb_ ^`W[W\U SfS`QWaS&

Vio îh%n b[p_ ni î nbcm jlcgcha _r_l]cm_ \_ìl_ m_f`+

l_g_g\_lcha* \_ìl_ jl[]nc]cha m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &'(

nblioabion nb_ ^[s8 sio ][h domn \_ach ^cl_]nfs mjfcnncha [nn_h+

ncih \_nq__h gihcnilcha nb_ \i^s nblioab [lgm [h^ f_am

[h^ j_l]_cpcha nb_ l_mn i` nb_ qilf^ ch [h []ncp_ `[mbcih, ?on

cn

omo[ffs

b_fjm

[

fin

ni

n[e_

[

fcnnf_

ncg_

ni

m_hmcnct_

siolm_f`

ni cn `clmn nbcha ch nb_ gilhcha,

Qcg_ ]ihmnl[chnm [l_ mo]b nb[n q_ qcff b[p_ ni ai nblioab

nbcm gil_ koc]efs nb[h F qiof^ fce_* \on gil_ ^_n[cfm ih nbcm

][h \_ ìoh^ ch gs \iiem ?WdW\U bVS @W\RTcZ ?WTS &Q[ln /772'

il JOYW\U H^ &Q[ln /764',

"GVS W\WbWOZ T]`[ ]T bVWa SfS`QWaS$ Oa UWdS\ VS`S$ aV]cZR PS a^`SOR

]dS` bS\ b] beS\bg [W\cbSa#

Pcn fce_ q_ q_l_ aicha ni î [ g_^cn[ncih , , , @fim_ siol

_s_m , , , Q[e_ [ gchon_ ni domn m_nnf_ îqh , , , [h^ \_ ]ig+

ìln[\f_ , , , F%ff []no[ffs acp_ sio [ fiha ìlg i` nbcm gilhcha

_r_l]cm_ qbc]b qcff \_ fce_ [h chn_lh[f g[mm[a_ i` siol \i^s

,,, Bp_h nbioab nbcm cm [ m]c_hnc`c] ]ih`_l_h]_* \_ jl_j[l_^ ìl

[ fcnnf_ jf_[mol_

Le[s* hiq ì]om siol [nn_hncih ch nb_ q[s q_ f_[lh_^ nbcm

gilhcha* qcnb ij_hcha oj g_^cn[ncih* ih siol lcabn ìin, , ,

[h^ domn ij_h siol gch^ ni `__fcha qb[n_p_l m_hm[ncihm nb_l_

[l_* ch siol lcabn ìin* [n nbcm gig_hn, , , Gomn fce_ nb_ pcj[m+

m[h[ g_^cn[ncih* nb_l_ [l_ hi aii^ il \[^ m_hm[ncihm , , , Qb_l_ cm hinbcha sio aV]cZR il aV]cZR\!b `__f , , , ?on domn noh_

ch ni qb[n_p_l sio R] `__f, , ,

Fn gcabn \_ q[lg ,,, cn gcabn \_ ]if^ ,,, cn gcabn cn]b , , ,

cn gcabn \_ hog\ ,,, cn gcabn \_ q[lg* qbi ehiqm< F îh%n

ehiq qb[n siol ìin `__fm fce_, ?on sio ][h j[s [nn_hncih , , ,

O_g_g\_l iol [h[fias* sio j[s [nn_hncih [m c` mig_ih_%m

acpcha sio mig_nbcha ^_fc]ciom* mig_ mo\nf_ ]l_[ncih i` aiol+

g_n ]iiecha* ni n[mn_ , , , Gomn qb[n cm nb_ ko[fcns i` m_hm[ncih

ch siol lcabn ìin `WUVb \]e & && &

Fn g[s \_ [ mn_[^s m_hm[ncih ,,, il cn gcabn ]b[ha_ `lig

gig_hn ni gig_hn , , , \on domn ìffiq nb[n ko[fcns i` nb[n

&') _ =:>5

B4:6>46

m_hm[ncih ,,, F` cn `__fm hog\* `__f SfOQbZg qb[n hog\h_mm `__fm

fce_* gig_hn ni gig_hn,,, F` cn `__fm fce_ hinbcha* qb[n cm

nb_ _r[]n ko[fcns i` nb[n hinbcha* gig_hn \s gig_hn<

Kiq mbc`n siol ì]om oj nblioab nb_ [hef_ [h^ chni nb_fiq_l j[ln i` siol lcabn f_a* siol ][f`,,, mi sio%l_ hiq m_hm+

cha nb_ fiq_l f_a `lig nb_ [hef_ oj nblioab nb_ eh__ , , , C__f

qb[n_p_l nb_ ko[fcns i` m_hm[ncih cm nb_l_ , , ,

Kiq [a[ch l_g_g\_l* nb_l_ cm hinbcha sio%l_ mojjim_^ ni

`__f il hin `__f, ,, Gomn `__f qb[n_p_l cm nb_l_ , , ,

Kiq mbc`n siol ì]om oj ni nb_ ojj_l b[f` i` siol lcabn f_a*

siol nbcab* `lig nb_ eh__ nblioab nb_ bcj ,,, Tb[n%m nb_ ko[f+

cns i` m_hm[ncih nb_l_<

Gomn [m ch g_^cn[ncih* c` siol gch^ q[h^_lm i`` ni inb_l

nbcham* qb_h sio l_[fct_ cn%m îh_ nb[n* domn a_hnfs \lcha cn

\[]e,,,

Kiq mbc`n siol ì]om ni siol lcabn b[h^ [h^ m_hm_ qb[n+

_p_l m_hm[ncihm nb_l_ [l_ ch siol lcabn b[h^ , , , `lig nb_ `ch+

a_lm nblioab nb_ qlcmn, , ,

Kiq [a[ch mbc`n siol ì]om* ojq[l^* ni siol lcabn ìl_[lg

,,, Mf_[m_ m_hm_ siol lcabn ìl_[lg* `lig nb_ qlcmn nblioab nb_

lcabn _f\iq ,,, >a[ch* F îh%n ehiq qb[n cn qcff \_ fce_ ìl sio

,,, Fn ]iof^ \_ g[hs nbcham ,,, Fn ]iof^ \_ ]b[hacha nbcham , , ,

Tb[n_p_l cn cm Ob bVWa W\abO\b$ domn ij_h siol gch^ ni cn,,, [h^

[jjl_]c[n_ cn ch [ l_f[r_^ q[s , , , Kiq mbc`n siol [nn_hncih oj ni nb_ ojj_l b[f` i` siol lcabn

[lg* `lig nb_ _f\iq [ff nb_ q[s oj ni [h^ ch]fo^cha nb_

mbiof^_l , , , P_hm_ qb[n%m nb_l_ , , ,

Kiq gip_ []limm siol \i^s* ni nb_ ojj_l b[f` i` siol f_`n

[lg* `lig nb_ mbiof^_l îqh nblioab nb_ f_`n _f\iq , , , [h^

m_hm_ qb[n%m nb_l_ , , ,

Kiq mbc`n siol [nn_hncih ni siol f_`n ìl_[lg* `lig nb_

_f\iq nblioab nb_ qlcmn, , , [h^ m_hm_ nb[n, , ,

Kiq m_hm_ siol f_`n b[h^* `lig nb_ qlcmn îqh nblioab

nb_ `cha_lncjm ,, ,

Kiq mbc`n siol [nn_hncih îqh ni nb_ ojj_l b[f` i` siol

=:>5 B4:6>46

_ &'*



f_`n f_a* `lig nb_ bcjm îqh nblioab nb_ eh__ , , , m_hmcha

qb[n_p_l%m nb_l_ , , ,

O_g_g\_l nb_l_ cm hi q[s cn%m mojjim_^ ni `__f* domn

ìffiq* ij_h+gch^_^fs* qb[n_p_l%m nb_l_ , , , Jig_hn+\s+

gig_hn , , ,

Kiq mbc`n siol ì]om îqhq[l^ ni nb_ fiq_l b[f` i` siol

f_`n f_a* `lig nb_ eh__ nblioab nb_ [hef_ ,,,

>h^ hiq m_hm_ siol f_`n ìin, , ,

Kiq q_%l_ aicha ni qc^_h iol ì]om , , , ?li[^_h siol

[nn_hncih* mi sio m_hm_ qb[n_p_l m_hm[ncihm il j[nn_lhm i` m_h+

m[ncihm nb_l_ [l_ ch \inb `__n [n ih]_ , , , Tb[n_p_l m_hm[ncih

il j[nn_lh i` m_hm[ncihm cm ch \inb `__n hiq* \_ [q[l_ i` cn,,,

P_hm_ cnm mn_[^ch_mm il p[lc[ncih `lig gig_hn ni gig_hn,,,

Kiq qc^_h nb_ ì]om _p_h gil_* mi qbcf_ sio ]ihncho_ ni

m_hm_ \inb `__n* sio [fmi m_hm_ \inb fiq_l f_am , , ,

Vio omo[ffs b[p_ ni f_n ^_n[cfm i` m_hm[ncih ai [m sio

qc^_h nb_ ì]om* nb[n%m ie[s* \on m_hm_ nb_ ip_l[ff j[nn_lh [m

q_ff [m i]][mcih[f ^_n[cfm , , ,

Kiq \li[^_h siol ì]om òlnb_l* [h^ \lcha ch [ff i` siol

f_am [h^ `__n, , ,

Kiq \li[^_h nb_ ì]om _p_h òlnb_l* mi ch [^^cncih ni

m_hmcha siol `__n [h^ f_am* sio [^^ ch \inb b[h^m , , ,

>h^ [^^cha siol ìl_[lgm [fmi , , ,

>h^ [^^cha siol ojj_l [lgm [m q_ff* mi hiq sio%l_ m_hm+cha nb_ eV]ZS ÔbbS`\ ]T m_hm[ncih ch siol [lgm [h^ f_am* `__n

[h^ b[h^m , , ,

Kiq qbcf_ sio ]ihncho_ ni m_hm_ nb_ j[nn_lh i` m_hm[ncih

ch siol [lgm [h^ f_am x [h^ sio%ff [onig[nc][ffs ch]fo^_

b[h^m [h^ `__n qb_h_p_l F g_hncih [lgm [h^ f_am x òlnb_l

qc^_h nb_ ì]om* mi sio fcmn_h ni qb[n_p_l mioh^m nb_l_ [l_

,,, Pi sio b_[l nb_ ^cmn[hn pic]_m `lig ionmc^_ nb_ liig qb_h

nb_s [l_ nb_l_* ìl chmn[h]_ , ,, sio b_[l gs pic]_ , , , sio g[s

b_[l j_ijf_ ]ioabcha il gipcha , , , [h^ qb[n_p_l inb_l

mioh^m i]]ol ,,,

Tb[n_p_l sio b_[l* sio [fmi mcgofn[h_iomfs b[p_ siol

&'+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

[nn_hncih mjfcn* mi sio m_hm_ m_hm[ncihm ch siol [lgm [h^

f_am, , ,

Viol b_[lcha g[s ch]fo^_ [fmi nb_ [jj[l_hn [\m_h]_ i`

mioh^m* \on m_hm_ nb_ ko[fcns i` [o^cnils mj[]_ [lioh^ sio ,, ,

Kiq \li[^_h siol ì]om _p_h òlnb_l* mi ch nb_ h_rn `_q

m_]ih^m* sio a_hnfs ij_h siol _s_m [h^ \_ach ni fiie [lioh^

nb_ liig , , , qbcf_ mcgofn[h_iomfs fcmn_hcha ni nb_ ko[fcns i`

qb[n_p_l mioh^m nb_l_ [l_ ,,, [h^ `__fcha nb_ j[nn_lh i` m_h+

m[ncihm ch siol [lgm [h^ f_am , , ,

@i [b_[^ [h^ ij_h siol _s_m hiq* [h^ fiie []ncp_fs [n

p[lciom nbcham ch nb_ liig , , , Iiie [n mig_nbcha ìl [ `_q

m_]ih^m ,,, [h^ nb_h fiie [n mig_nbcha _fm_ ìl [ `_q m_]ih^m

, , , [h^ nb_h fiie [n mig_nbcha _fm_ ìl [ `_q m_]ih^m , , ,

qbcf_ ]ihnchocha ni m_hm_ siol [lgm [h^ f_am , , , [h^ ni b_[l

qb[n_p_l mioh^m nb_l_ [l_,

Qbcm fiiecha j[ln hiq cm p_ls ^c``_l_hn `lig nb_ _[lfc_l

g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_m, Vio îh%n `cr siol _s_m ih [hsnbcha ìl

gil_ nb[h [ `_q m_]ih^m , , , Vio îh%n j[le siol _s_m [hs+

qb_l_* \on sio OQbWdSZg fiie , , , Iiie [n _p_lsnbcha [m c` sio%p_

h_p_l m__h cn \_ìl_ , , , qbcf_ fcmn_hcha* qbcf_ m_hmcha siol

[lgm [h^ f_am,

Kiq nb_ q[s sio ^cpc^_ siol [nn_hncih qcff p[ls `lig

gig_hn ni gig_hn ,,, >n ncg_m pcmcih qcff n[e_ oj [ fin i`

siol [nn_hncih* \_][om_ pcmcih cm [ p_ls îgch[hn m_hm_, E_[lcha cm `[clfs îgch[hn [fmi* \on nls ni [fq[sm e__j [lioh^

n_h j_l]_hn i` siol [nn_hncih ch m_hmcha siol [lgm [h^ f_am , , ,

>m F m[c^* fiie [lioh^ , , , Qb_ mi]c[f lof_ i` jifcn_h_mm nb[n

m[sm sio gomn fiie mn_[^cfs [n nb_ mj_[e_l cm hiq l_m]ch^_^

Iiie [n inb_l nbcham* îh%n `cr[n_ ih g_ , , ,

Kiq biq g[hs i` sio `__f mig_ ech^ i` ]b[ha_ ch nb_

ko[fcns i` siol ]ihm]ciomh_mm< I_n g_ m__ mig_ b[h^m, & @]ab

VO\Ra U] c^&# Dii^

H__j oj nbcm aS\aW\U$ Z]]YW\U$ O\R ZWabS\W\U jli]_ôl_, Qls ni

e__j cn oj nb_ l_mn i` iol ncg_ nia_nb_l, Fh `[]n* F l_]igg_h^

nb[n sio e__j cn oj ìl nb_ l_mn i` siol fc`_

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &',

Tb[n%m b[jj_hcha cm nb[n* ch [ a_h_l[f m_hm_* sio%l_ \_cha

gil_ ]ihm]ciom* gil_ [q[e_* nb[h sio omo[ffs [l_, Fhmn_[^ i`

[onig[nc] b[\cnm [h^ mncgofc lohhcha nb_ g[]bch_ls i` siol

gch^* sio%l_ ^_fc\_l[n_fs ]ihnliffcha qb[n lohm \s nb_ q[s

sio ^_jfis siol [nn_hncih,

@iof^ q_ a_n [ `_q jb_hig_hifiac][f ^_m]lcjncihm i`

qb[n j_ijf_ [l_ _rj_lc_h]cha<

PQRABKQ8 <b eOa Tc\

Br]_ff_hn ?on F hinc]_ sio mjie_ ch nb_ j[mn n_hm_, Fn eOa

òh< E[p_ sio mnijj_^< F%^ fce_ sio ni mn[ln [a[ch* sio îh%n

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Qbcm cm [ ^_+bsjhimcm chô]ncih

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l[nb_l nb[h [ff siol [lgm* f_am* `__n [h^ b[h^m<

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siol chn_lh[f ]ih^cncih domn \s nb_ q[s sio [ff [l_ fiiecha [h^

[]ncha, Qbcm cm p_ls ^c``_l_hn `lig nb_ chn_ff_]no[f bcab q_%ff \_

ih nb_ l_mn i` nb_ q__e* [m q_ b_[l j[j_l [`n_l j[j_l [n nbcm

qih^_lòf* \on ib mi chn_ff_]no[f ]ih`_l_h]_

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j[lnm i` nb_ chmnlo]ncihm, Fn g_[hm sio%l_ mf__js,

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V_m* q_ff cn gcabn hin \_ _r[]nfs nb_ m[g_ [m il^ch[ls

mf__j,

Qbcm q[lg oj jli]_ôl_* nbcm gilhcha _r_l]cm_* nbcm jl_f+o^_ ni m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha* î_m l_kocl_ mecffm mcg+

cf[l ni nbim_ l_kocl_^ ch g_^cn[ncih, T_ b[p_ ni ^_p_fij [h

[\cfcns ni bif^ [ momn[ch_^ [nn_hncih[f ì]om oh^_l ]ih^cncihm

nb[n [l_ ^c``c]ofn ch mig_ q[sm, T_ [l_ mcnncha mncff* q_%l_ ]ig+

ìln[\f_* q_%l_ hin b[pcha ni []n, Qb[n g[e_m cn _[mc_l ni mfcj i``

chni mf__j8 \on q_ b[p_ ni g[chn[ch ì]om ni a_n \_sih^ nb[n,

Tb[n _fm_ [l_ j_ijf_ _rj_lc_h]cha<

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=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &'.

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gs ]oj i` q[n_l<

"FbcRS\b aZ]eZg O\R [W\RTcZZg `STWZZa 6GG!a Qc^#

< domn ain [ ]ihm]ciom ]oj i` q[n_l S_ls aii^

Mf_[m_ ai ih,

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Cfcj \[]e [h^ ìlnb<

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Qbcm jl[]nc]_ i` m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha cm l_koclcha

[ fin9 sio gomn g[chn[ch siol ì]om ih [ff nbl__ [mj_]nm x

m_hmcha siol [lgm [h^ f_am* fcmn_hcha* fiiecha x mcgofn[h_+

iomfs, Pi [ fin i` j_ijf_ `ch^ nb_s î n_h^ ni [fn_lh[n_ \[]e

[h^ ìlnb* hinc]cha* m[s* mioh^m* nb_h m_hm[ncihm ch nb_ [lgm

[h^ f_am* nb_h qb[n nb_s%l_ fiiecha [n* _n], Qb[n%m aii^ nii*

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`_l_hn `lig gimn i` qb[n omo[ffs b[jj_hm ni iol [nn_hncih,

>h^ [m F m[c^ ni nb_ a_hnf_g[h ch nb_ \[]e liq nb_l_ nii* c` cn%m

^c``c]ofn ni g[chn[ch nb_ _hncl_ [lgm [h^ f_am ì]om* sio ]iof^

\lcha cn îqh* m[s* ni domn siol b[h^m, F` nb[n%m nioab sio ][h

\lcha cn îqh ni ih_ b[h^ ni e__j nl[]e i`, Ai \lcha ch nb_ fcm+

n_hcha [h^ nb_ fiiecha [fiha qcnb mig_ \i^s j[ln ì]om

nbioab* nbcm cm [ jl[]nc]_ ìl gch^òfh_mm ch fc`_ [h^ ch [fgimn

[ff fc`_ mcno[ncihm q_ b[p_ ni m__ [h^ b_[l qb[n%m [lioh^ om

Qbcm cm hin [ nlcjjcha ion g_^cn[ncih,

PQRABKQ8 < TSZb O aS\aS ]T ^SOQS&

F b_[l nb_ j[mn n_hm_ [a[ch, C_fn< Fm nb_ m_hm_ i` j_[]_ aih_

[fl_[^s<PQRABKQ8 JSZZ \]$ bVS`S O`S ]bVS` bVW\Ua VO^^S\W\U$ SdS\ PSbbS`

bVO\ ^SOQS&

Lb ?_nn_l nb[h j_[]_, Le[s Q_ff om gil_* nb[n%m p_ls

chn_l_mncha,

PQRABKQ8 FW\QS Wb eOa a] ^SOQSTcZ$ < RSQWRSR <!R ^ZOg eWbV bVS

&(% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

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bVOb e]cZR \]`[OZZg aQO`S [S& <T < T]QcaSR bVS eOg < cacOZZg R]$ F

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VOR O b]]Z bVOb < Q]cZR caS b] RSOZ eWbV TSO`&

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fcmn_hcha* mi cn \_]ig_m [ `[clfs l_[^cfs [p[cf[\f_ mecff* [ff milnm

i` mnl_mmòf mcno[ncihm qcff \_]ig_ [ fin _[mc_l ni b[h^f_* [h^

nb_l_ qcff \_ [ al_[n ch]l_[m_ ch ]f[lcns,

I_n g_ acp_ sio [ fcnnf_ ]ih]_jno[f b_fj b_l_, Kiq F b[p_

ni q[n]b gsm_f` ]fim_fs ch îcha nbcm x F%g aicha ni n[fe [\ion m]c_h]_ ìl [ gchon_* [h^ nb[n%m [ p_ls b_[^s ^lche ìl

g_* ]ihnchocha qcnb iol [h[fias i` [ nbioabn[bifc] \_cha fce_

[h [f]ibifc]* mi F%p_ ain ni ^cm]cjfch_ gsm_f` ni e__j mig_ i`

g_ b_l_* hiq ch gs \i^s,

F` sio ^_p_fij nbcm m_hm_ i` m_f` l_g_g\_lcha \s m_hmcha*

fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha* e__jcha j[ln i` siolm_f` jl_m_hn \s

[h]bilcha mig_ [nn_hncih ch siol \i^s* F nbche sio%ff \_]ig_

[ \_nn_l m]c_hncmn* \_][om_ sio%ff mn[s ch ]f_[l_l ]ihn[]n qcnb nb_

^[n[ nb[n sio%l_ qilecha qcnb, Viol nb_ilctcha qcff \_ gil_

^[n[ \[m_^* [h^ mi gil_ fce_fs ni \_ []]ol[n_ [h^ om_òf*

chmn_[^ i` siol gch^ aicha i`` chni `fcabnm i` `[h]s nb[n b[p_

mi fcnnf_ ni î qcnb nb_ ^[n[ nb[n mig_^[s sio ^cm]ip_l sio

b[p_ [h [jj[l_hnfs \lcffc[hn chn_ff_]no[f _^c`c]_ nb[n î_mh%n

l_f[n_ ni [hsnbcha ch nb_ l_[f qilf^,

?on nb[n%m chn_l_mncha ni jf[s qcnb `_[l nb_ q[s sio ^c^, Ai

[hs i` sio ehiq [\ion nbcm _s_ gip_g_hn ^_m_hmcnct[ncih

nb_l[js nb[n%m \_]ig_ mi jijof[l ch nb_ j[mn `_q s_[lm<

&Pb[jcli /773' F îh%n ehiq nb[n go]b [\ion cn* \on ih_ i`

nb_ nbcham F%p_ f_[lh_^ g[e_m g_ momj_]n cn%m [ fcnnf_ \cn fce_ nbcm, Qb_s e__j j_ijf_ gipcha nb_cl _s_m [lioh^* [h^ mi nb_

]fc_hnm% `_[lm ][h%n \ocf^ oj ni nb_ m[g_ ip_lqb_fgcha f_p_f

nb_s omo[ffs î, T_%l_ gipcha iol _s_m [lioh^ ch [ mcgcf[l

q[s* [m q_ff [m j[scha ^_fc\_l[n_ [nn_hncih ni qb[n q_%l_ fiie+

cha [n* [h^ nb_ ]ihmn[hnfs ]b[hacha mncgof[ncih b_fjm e__j

=:>5 B4:6>46 # & ( &

iol [nn_hncih `lig a_nncha mno]e ch cnm b[\cno[f jf[]_m* `lig

a_nncha ]igjf_n_fs mo]e_^ oj \s [h _gincih[f nl[j,

>hinb_l l_f_p[hn ]ih]_jn b_l_ F f_[lh_^ `lig @[lf foha%m

qlcncham* \on cn%m i` go]b qc^_l l_f_p[h]_ nb[h nb_ q[s foha

omo[ffs [jjfc_^ cn, foha n[fe_^ [\ion nb_ Q]\abSZZObW\U ^]eS` ]T

nb_ oh]ihm]ciom gch^, Eiq g[hs i` sio ][h m__ nb_ ]ihmn_f+

f[ncih i` nb_ ?ca Acjj_l qb_h sio fiie [n nb_ mes [n hcabn<

"4Z[]ab OZZ VO\Ra U] c^&#

Le[s, F` cn%m hin ]fio^s nihcabn* F q[hn sio ni ai ionmc^_

[h^ fiie [n cn x [h^ nb_h nls ni m__ cn ìl qb[n cn l_[ffs cm* domn

[ \oh]b i` l[hîg jichnm i` fcabn, Qb[n%m siol big_qile [mmcahg_hn,

F îh%n fce_ ni \c[m sio qb_h F [me sio ni g[e_ [h i\m_l+

p[ncih* \on mch]_ q_ qih%n \_ g__ncha nigilliq F%ff n[fe [\ion

nb_ fce_fs l_mofn, Fn%m aicha ni \_ l_[f b[l^ ni î, Lh]_ q_%p_

ain nb_ c^_[ i` [ ]ihmn_ff[ncih chni iol b_[^* cn ]ihnlifm nb_

q[s iol j_l]_jncih cm ]ihmnlo]n_^* [h^ cn%m p_ls b[l^ ni a_n

[q[s `lig nb[n ]ihmnlo]ncih* foha n[fe_^ [\ion jiq_lòf ]ih+

n_hnm ]igcha oj `lig nb_ ]iff_]ncp_ oh]ihm]ciom* [l]b_nsj_m*

nb[n nb_h ]ihmn_ff[n_^ nb_ l_mn i` g_hn[f òh]ncihcha [lioh^

nb[n ]il_* \on ]ihmn_ff[ncih cm l_[ffs [ `[l gil_ a_h_l[f jlch]c+

j[f [\ion nb_ ila[hct[ncih i` j_l]_jncih,

Lh]_ q_ b[p_ [h c^_[* [ ]ih]_jn i` mig_nbcha* nb[n ]ih+

]_jn n_h^m ni mnlihafs \c[m nb_ ]ihmnlo]ncih i` iol j_l]_jncihm mi q_ m__ nb_ ]ihmnlo]n, Tb_h mig_nbcha `_[lòf ]ig_m [fiha*

ìl _r[gjf_* cn n_h^m ni ]ihmn_ff[n_ `_[l, Fn ila[hct_m* ]ihmn_f+

f[n_m _p_lsnbcha [lioh^ cnm_f` ni l_chìl]_ `_[lòf ko[fcnc_m* [h^

i` ]iolm_ nb_ `_[l cm nb_h go]b qilm_, Jimn il [ff i` iol [nn_h+

ncih cm mo]e_^ oj chni [ bcabfs ]b[la_^ ]ihmnlo]ncih nb[n g[s

m_lciomfs ^cmniln iol oh^_lmn[h^cha i` nb_ []no[f mn[n_ i` nb_

qilf^,

?s b[pcha ^_fc\_l[n_fs e_jn mig_ [nn_hncih \[]e* nblioab

m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha* nblioab m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha*

nbioab* [ff nb[n [onig[nc] ]ihmn_ff[ncih i`n_h î_mh%n n[e_

jf[]_, M_l]_jncihm n_h^ ni e__j nb_ chn_hmcnc_m [h^ ko[fcnc_m

&(' _ =:>5 B4:6>46

nb_s []no[ffs b[p_* l[nb_l nb[h \_cha alimmfs ch`f[n_^ \s

[onig[nct_^* l_[]ncp_ jli]_mm_m, Fn%m nb_ m[g_ nbcha F n[fe_^

[\ion nbcm gilhcha qcnb Pbcht_h Vioha%m _ko[ncih nb[n mo`+

`_lcha _ko[fm j[ch gofncjfc_^ \s l_mcmn[h]_, O_mcmn[h]_ [ffiqm

[onig[nc] jli]_mm_m ni []ncp[n_* ]ihmn_ff[ncih n[e_m jf[]_*

mig_nbcha \ca cm \ocfn oj ion i` qb[n g[s \_ mg[ff ch l_[fcns*

[h^ q_ &om_f_mmfs' mo``_l [ fin, 5g RSZWPSÒbSZg Q]\b`]ZZW\U bVS

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Wb e]`Ya&

V_m, Js ]igg_hnm [l_ chn_h^_^ ni \_ p_ls a_h_l[f \_][om_

F îh%n b[p_ [hs l_[f `[gcfc[lcns qcnb nb_ n_]bhcko_9 domn mig_

nbcham F%p_ l_[^ [\ion cn,

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eVS\ R]W\U RWTTWQcZb bVW\Ua W\ [g ZWTS$ ZWYS ^`]UÒ[[W\U O Q][^cb%

S` ]` `SORW\U O bSQV\WQOZ [O\cOZ& F][SbVW\U bVOb `S_cW`Sa OZZ [g

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Lh_ i` gs mno^_hnm q[m [ ]igjon_l jlial[gg_l* [h^ b_

b[^ _r[]nfs nb_ m[g_ ech^ i` jli\f_g sio%l_ n[fecha [\ion* cn%m

mo]b [h chn_ff_]no[ffs ^_g[h^cha di\, Tb_h q_ qiof^ b[p_

alioj g__ncham [h^ mj_]c[f qile g__ncham* qb_l_ nb_l_ q[m

mi]c[f mojjiln ìl m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha* b_ b[^ [

l_[mih[\f_ ^_al__ i` mo]]_mm [n cn, ?on nb_h qb_h b_ m[n îqh

=:>5 B4:6>46 # & ( (

ch `lihn i` nb_ bsjhimcm g[]bch_* [m b_ ][ff_^ cn x bcm ]ig+

jon_l [n qile x [h^ [ff nb[n qih^_lòf chìlg[ncih jijj_^

oj ih nb_ m]l__h* b_ q[m lionch_fs fimn ch cn, F b[p_ nb_ m[g_

jli\f_g qb_h F mcn ch `lihn i` gs ]igjon_l ni qlcn_* a_n gs

_g[cf* _n], Qb[n miln i` chn_ff_]no[ffs ^_g[h^cha mcno[ncih cm

ih_ i` nb_ gimn _r]_jncih[ffs ^c``c]ofn ]cl]ogmn[h]_m ni

l_g_g\_l siolm_f` ch,

?[]e ch nb_ cgg_^c[n_ b_l_+[h^+hiq* F hinc]_ mig_ i` sio

[l_ fiiecha [n g_ nii mn_[^cfs, O_g_g\_l hin ni mn[l_ `cr_^fs

qb_h sio%l_ m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha* fiie Q]\aQW]caZg$

RSZWPSÒbSZg [n mig_nbcha ìl [ `_q m_]ih^m [h^ nb_h ^_fc\_l+[n_fs mqcn]b ni mig_nbcha _fm_,

F` sio n[e_ [h [\mifoncmn pc_q* c` sio \_fc_p_ nb[n c` sio%l_

hin îcha nbcm m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha domn lcabn nb_h

sio%l_ hin îcha [hsnbcha qilnbqbcf_* nb_h sio m_n siolm_f`

oj ìl finm i` `[cfol_ _rj_lc_h]_m, Qb_l_ [l_ ncg_m qb_h cn%m

[^[jncp_

[h^

[jjlijlc[n_

ni

\_

bcabfs

[\mil\_^

ch

j[lnc]of[l

ech^m i` n[mem* fce_ qlcncha [ ]igjon_l jlial[g* _mj_]c[ffs c`

cn%m [ m[`_ _hpclihg_hn nb[n cm ohfce_fs ni g[e_ oh_rj_]n_^

^_g[h^m ih sio, Tb_h [ n[me mnl_n]b_m nb_ fcgcnm i` siol

][j[]cns [h^ mecff* sio l_[ffs b[p_ ni acp_ cn [ boh^l_^ j_l]_hn

i` siol [nn_hncih, ?on* î sio _p_l a_n [ ^lche i` q[n_l< Bp_l

ai ni nb_ \[nbliig< Bp_l n[e_ [ foh]b \l_[e< Fn%m jl[]nc][f ch

[ mcno[ncih fce_ nb[n ni g[e_ om_ i` nb_ \l_[e ncg_m ni ]ig_

\[]e ion i` nb_ nl[h]_* [m cn q_l_* i` \_cha nin[ffs [\mil\_^ ch

nb_ n[me* ni nb_h \_ jl_m_hn ch _[]b []ncih i` nb_ \l_[e, >m sio

q[fe ni nb_ q[n_l ]iif_l* \_ [q[l_ i` biq _[]b mn_j sio n[e_

`__fm* nb_ []ncih i` `cffcha siol ]oj* qb[n ^lchecha nb_ q[n_l

[]no[ffs `__fm fce_ gig_hn+ni+gig_hn* _n], >h^ nb_h sio î

ai

big_

`lig

nb_

di\

i]][mcih[ffs*

lcabn<

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sio

q[hn

ni

g_hn[ffs n[e_ siol di\ big_ qcnb sio [h^ fcp_ ch nb_ [\mnl[]+

ncihm [h^ nbioabnm [\ion cn ìl_p_l* il qiof^ sio fce_ mig_

\l_[em ìl fcpcha ch l_[fcns* ch m_hmo[fcns* ch nb_ b_l_+[h^+hiq<

F q[hn ni [^^l_mm nbcm ]ih]_lh l_[fcmnc][ffs* hin domn [jjfs

j_l`_]ncihcmnc] mn[h^[l^m nb[n gcabn \_ [jjlijlc[n_ ìl gihem

&() _ =:>5 B4:6>46

[h^ hohm \on hin ìl nb_ l_mn i` om, F%g acpcha sio [ n[mn_ i` [

jimmc\f_ q[s i` fcpcha nb[n%m kocn_ qih^_lòf [h^ om_òf* \on

F%ff \_ nb_ `clmn ni [^gcn nb[n cn%m p_ls b[l^ ni î cn [h^ momn[ch

cn, Bc` a]QWOZ agabS[ VOa \] caS T]` OeOYS ^S]^ZS$ mi nb_l_ cm hi

mi]c[f l_chìl]_g_hn [h^ l_q[l^ ìl \_]igcha gil_ [q[e_,

M_ijf_ qbi loh [m g_]b[hc][f li\inm ][h î j_l`_]nfs `ch_

qcnbch iol mi]c[f msmn_g x cahilcha nb_ \caa_l jc]nol_, Qb_l_

cm [ hc]b_ ìl _p_ls ih_ i` nb_g* _p_h c` cn%m ch [ h_a[ncp_ lif_9

gch^f_mmh_mm ch]l_[m_m mi]c[f mn[\cfcns* ch [ mnl[ha_ m_hm_, Qbcm

cm ih_ i` nb_ n_llc\f_ m_hm_m i` Dol^dc_``m mn[n_g_hn nb[n sio

îh%n h__^ jms]bifias ni oh^_lmn[h^ j_ijf_* sio h__^

g_]b[hc]m,

Pig_ncg_m qb_h j_ijf_ [me g_ qb[n ech^ i` jms]bifiacmn

F [g* F n_ff nb_g F%g [ nl[hmj_lmih[f \_b[pcilcmn, F nbche q_

b[p_ _rnl[il^ch[ls mjclcno[f ^]bS\bWOZa$ \on gimn i` nb_ ncg_ nb_

\_b[pcilcmnm q_l_ lcabn9 nb_l_ cm hi h__^ ni jimnof[n_ [ gch^

[h^

q_

][h

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oh^_lmnii^

[m

b[\cn

^lcp_h*

]ih^cncih_^

\ci+fiac][f g[]bch_m, >h^ nb[n g_]b[hc][f fc`_ ][h \_ iol nin[f

`[n_, ?on* _p_h c` q_ îh%n b[p_ [ omo[f mi]c[f mcno[ncih nb[n

jligin_m ]igcha ni iol m_hm_m x [h^ nb_l_ cm nb[n qih^_lòf

if^ ìfe jbl[m_* ]igcha ni siol m_hm_m nb[n b[m mi go]b qcm+

îg ch cn x lcabn \]e sio [l_ ]igcha ni siol m_hm_m

>hs\i^s hinc]_ nb[n ch [^^cncih ni b_[lcha [h^ fiiecha* inb_l

m_hm_m [l_ mb[lj_l< >hs\i^s hinc]_ nb[n nbcham [l_ \lcabn_l

nb[h nb_s q_l_* ìl chmn[h]_<

)*+$%(*" 6<J" K?@J IL>$ /KJ I<8CCP HL@K< JKI@B@E> 8E; /EK<I<JK@E>

>b* s_m* s_m >h^ \_ìl_ q_ ^c^ nbcm cn q[m domn [ bin_f ][l+

j_n* domn ôff* ohchn_l_mncha* f[la_fs ohj_l]_cp_^ \[]ealioh^,

F` sio f_[lh ni ]ig_ ni siol m_hm_m nbcm q[s* qb_h sio

jl[]nc]_

m_hmcha*

fiiecha*

[h^

fcmn_hcha*

sio

qcff

^cm]ip_l

[

p_ls chn_l_mncha m_]l_n, JS ZWdS W\ O\ O`b [caSc[ Bp_lsqb_l_

sio ai* sio%ff `ch^ mnlcecha* pcn[f* i`n_h \_[oncòf [h^ OZWdS

nbcham [h^ j_ijf_ ch nb_ qilf^* _p_h ch ]ihp_hncih[ffs h_a[+

ncp_ ]cl]ogmn[h]_m* chmn_[^ i` nb[n m[g_ if^ qilf^ sio%p_ fimn

chn_l_mn ch [h^ j[s fcnnf_ [nn_hncih ni, P_hmcha* fiiecha [h^

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &(*



fcmn_hcha `l_mb_hm nb_ qilf^ chmn_[^ i` f_nncha om a_n fimn ch

nb[n ôffcha ?__h* nb_l_* îh_ nb[n [nncno^_,

I_n%m n[e_ [g [nn_hncih jl[]nc]_ \l_[e, F îh%n q[hn ni ip_l+

fs ncl_ siol pifohn[ls [nn_hncih gom]f_m, F%ff a_n l_[f chn_ff_]+

no[f ìl [ gchon_ [h^ f_n sio l_f[r, Pj[]_ ion ìl [ m_]ih^*

qbcf_ F n_ff sio nbcm ih_,

Lh_ i` Dol^dc_``m gimn chn_l_mncha c^_[m q[m [\ion qb[n

b_ ][ff_^ nb_ T]]R ]T W[^`SaaW]\a& E_ n[oabn nb[n* kocn_ [mc^_

`lig nb_ mj_]c`c] chìlg[ncih j[lnc]of[l m_hmils mncgofc acp_

om* nb_s [fmi []n [m [ ech^ i` ìi^* [ ech^ i` hiolcmbg_hn ìl

iol h_lpiom msmn_g* [h^ iol h_lpiom msmn_g h__^m nb[n hiol+cmbg_hn, T_ l_]iahct_ nb_ h__^ ìl [ \[f[h]_^ [h^ [^_ko[n_

^c_n ih [ jbsmcifiac][f f_p_f, T_ ][h a_n ^_`c]c_h]s ^cm_[m_m, F`

q_ îh%n a_n _hioab pcn[gch @* ìl _r[gjf_* q_ a_n m]olps,

Qb_l_ [l_ [ff milnm i` mnl_mm_m q_%l_ gil_ pofh_l[\f_ ni c` q_

îh%n b[p_ jlij_l hiolcmbg_hn il jlij_l ^c_n, Dol^dc_`` m[c^

nb_ m[g_ nbcha bif^m nlo_ jms]bifiac][ffs8 c` q_ îh%n a_n nb_

jlij_l ìi^ i` cgjl_mmcihm* q_ mo``_l `lig jms]bifiac][f ^_`c+

]c_h]s ^cm_[m_m,

Lh_ i` nb_m_ ^_`c]c_h]s ^cm_[m_m l_mofncha `lig [ f[]e i`

\[f[h]_^ [h^ ko[fcns m_hmils cgjl_mmcihm g[hc`_mnm cnm_f` [m

mig_ &oh+ il m_gc+]ihm]ciom' j[ln i` om ehiqcha nb[n q_%l_

hin l_[ffs [fcp_* nb[n q_%l_ hin l_[ffs b_[fnbs* mi [m [ ]ihm_+

ko_h]_ q_%l_ ^_mj_l[n_fs fiiecha ìl gil_ mncgof[ncih* [hs+

nbcha ni nls ni `cff nb_ f[]e, Pi q_ a_n [^^c]n_^ ni alimm* ]l[mm*

_gincih[ffs chn_hm_ mncgof[ncih, Qb_ n_f_pcmcih cm ih /6 biolm

[ ^[s mbiqcha om pcif_h]_ [h^ ^cm[mn_l* q_ ^lcp_ l_]ef_mmfs &F

`_[l* nb_l_ìl_ F [g* ni alimmfs gi^c`s A_m][ln_m% @iacni*

_lai mog,'* q_ l_[^ ch nb_ j[j_lm [\ion [ff nb_ gol^_lm* q[lm*

[h^ ^cm[mn_lm* q_ oh]ihm]ciomfs ]l_[n_ nlio\f_ qcnb iol fip_^ ih_m &F%g `__fcha mnliha _gincihm ch nbcm [laog_hn* nb_l_ìl_

F [g'* _n]_n_l[ x q_%l_ nlscha ni a_n _hioab honlcncih `lig

cgjl_mmcihm \s _[ncha g_hn[f dohe ìi^* nlscha ni `cff iol

h__^ qcnb _cO\bWbg qb_h q_ îh%n ehiq biq ni a_n _cOZWbg& Fn%m

\_nn_l nb[h hinbcha* nb[h m_hmils mn[lp[ncih* \on cn î_mh%n

&(+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

hiolcmb q_ff* ìl ch iol jolmocn i` ko[hncns nb_ ko[fcns i` nb_

ìi^ i` cgjl_mmcihm cm jiil &pcn[gch ^_`c]c_h]c_m' [h^ ]ih+

n[chm [ff milnm i` nirchm,

Clig Dol^dc_``m jichn i` pc_q* ìl chmn[h]_* q_%ff [fq[sm

b[p_ q[lm \_][om_ [ff nb[n n_llc\f_ _r]cn_g_hn acp_m om [ f[la_

ko[hncns i` cgjl_mmcih hiolcmbg_hn* cn mbi]em om chni [ fcnnf_

\cn gil_ q[e_òfh_mm, F l_][ff nb[n Pno^m Q_le_f qlin_ [ \iie

[\ion j_ijf_%m g_gilc_m i` nb_ m_]ih^ Tilf^ T[l &Q_le_f

/762'* ìl chmn[h]_* [h^ gimn j_ijf_ l_g_g\_l_^ nb_ q[l [m

nb_ gimn [fcp_ [h^ pcn[f ncg_ ch nb_cl fcp_m Qb_ ]imnm* \inb ch

nb_ l_[f qilf^ [h^ ch iol jms]b_m* [l_ n_llc\f_* i` ]iolm_,?on c` sio ]ig_ ni siol m_hm_m* jl[]nc]_ nbcm ech^ i` m_f`+

l_g_g\_lcha x [h^ eS!`S Q][W\U POQY b] ]c` aS\aSa \]e$ iol

mj[]_+ion \l_[e cm ip_l x nb_h il^ch[ls _p_hnm acp_ om `[l

gil_ hiolcmbg_hn i` nbcm ìi^ i` cgjl_mmcihm* \_][om_ q_%l_

^`SaS\b ìl nb_g, ?inb nb_ ko[hncns [h^ nb_ ko[fcns ai oj* [h^

nb_ nirchm i` h_a[ncp_ chh_l l_[]ncihm [l_ l_ô]_^, Vio îh%n

h__^ ni b[p_ [ `c`ns+nbiom[h^+îff[l j[chncha b[hacha ih siol

q[ff ni [jjl_]c[n_ pcmo[f \_[ons Gomn [\ion [hsnbcha sio fiie

[n* WT sio%l_ jl_m_hn nb_l_* jl[]nc]cha nbcm m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha

jli]_mm* cm gil_ pcpc^* gil_ [fcp_* gil_ \_[oncòf Fn%m l_[ffs

kocn_ ch]l_^c\f_, Fn hiolcmb_m sio ch [ p_ls l_[f m_hm_,

F îh%n ehiq biq ni ]igjf_n_fs nl[hmf[n_ nb_ c^_[ i` ìi^

i` cgjl_mmcihm chni ]ihp_hncih[f jms]bifiac][f n_lgm s_n* [h^

F îh%n nbche q_ b[p_ nb_ jms]bifiac][f l_m_[l]b ni \[]e cn oj*

\on F nbche Dol^dc_`` q[m ^_`chcn_fs ih ni mig_nbcha, Fn g[e_m

m_hm_ ni g_* j_lmih[ffs* `lig gs ^cl_]n _rj_lc_h]_,

PQRABKQ8 GVWa Wa ^`]RcQW\U O dS`g \WQS Sf^S`WS\QS$ Pcb Wb!a U]W\U

OUOW\ab VOPWb b] RSZWPSÒbSZg caS ObbS\bW]\ ZWYS bVWa$ O\R Wb bOYSa

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Qb[n%m aii^ nbchecha* ni \_ ]ih]_lh_^ qcnb jl_p_hncha nb_

b[\cno[ncih i` nb_ _rj_lc_h]_ i` m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_h+

cha, Lh_ i` iol al_[n_mn mnl_hanbm [h^ iol al_[n_mn ]olm_m cm q_

][h b[\cno[n_ [hsnbcha, JS QO\ Ocb][ObWhS O\g âgQV]Z]UWQOZ

=:>5 B4:6>46 # & ( ,



Tc\QbW]\W\U W\ ZWTS$ [h^ cn%m kocn_ ]f_[l ni g_ nb[n sio ][h fcn_l+

[ffs ai nblioab fc`_ qcnbion [hs l_[f* hih+[onig[nct_^ ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm, Qb_ jimmc\cfcnc_m i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm ][h \_ [onig[n+

c][ffs om_^ oj ch nb_ g[]bch_ls i` nb_ il^ch[ls m_f`* qcnb

fc`_ \_cha g[chfs [ l_[]ncih l[nb_l nb[h [ ]ihm]ciom* `l__ []ncih,

B[lfc_l mig_\i^s \lioabn oj qb[n jbcfimijb_l A[pc^

@b[fg_lm b[m n_lg_^ nb_ b[l^ jli\f_g i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm

&@b[fg_lm /774'* biq ]ihm]ciomh_mm* qbim_ h[nol_ m__gm mi

i\pciomfs ^c``_l_hn `lig jbsmc][f g[nn_l* ][h [lcm_ `lig [

jbsmc][f \l[ch, Cil j[ln i` [ n_]bhc][f [hmq_l* sio ]iof^ m__

nb_ fcnnf_ ]igg_hn[ls F qlin_ ìl nb_ tig\c_ cmmo_ i` nb_

=]c`\OZ ]T 6]\aQW]ca\Saa FbcRWSa &Q[ln /773', ?on F n_h^ ni [al__

qcnb Dol^dc_`` ch g[hs q[sm nb[n il^ch[lcfs nb_l_ cm hi ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm [lioh^ ni qills [\ion, Qb_l_ cm [ mnl_[g i` _rj_+

lc_h]_* \on cn%m f[la_fs [ j[mmcp_* l_[]ncp_ mnl_[g i` _rj_lc_h]_,

Qbcham b[jj_h ni om* nb_ g[]bch_ls n[e_m ip_l* _rj_lc_h]_m

[h^ l_[]ncihm b[jj_h, Qb_l_ [l_ p_ls `_q i` nb_ jlij_lnc_m q_

b[\cno[ffs [nnlc\on_ ni ]ihm]ciomh_mm* mo]b [m `l__ qcff* ^cm+

]lcgch[ncih* [h^ mi ìlnb, Bp_lsnbcha b[jj_hm ih [ gil_

g_]b[hc][f f_p_f, 5cb bVS`S QO\ PS `SOZ Q]\aQW]ca\Saa&

Kiq b[\cno[ncih cm ch^__^ nb_ _h_gs, 7SZWPSÒbS$ ]ih+

m]ciom p[lc_ns ch g_hn[f òh]ncihcha cm [h cgjiln[hn q[s i`

`cabncha b[\cno[ncih, Pi* ch [^^cncih ni nbcm a_h_l[f jl[]nc]_ i`

\lchacha [nn_hncih ni nb_ jl_m_hn \s ^cpc^cha cn [giha m_hm+

cha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha* Dol^dc_`` n[oabn g[hs mj_]c[f

_r_l]cm_m ni ]ofncp[n_ ]ihm]ciom [nn_hncih [h^ qcff _p_h gil_

chn_hm_fs, Cil _r[gjf_* [fq[sm hinc]_* qb_h sio q[fe nblioab

[ îilq[s* qbc]b ìin ai_m nblioab `clmn,

Kiq nb[n mioh^m fce_ [ mcffs nbcha ni q[mn_ siol _`ìln ih*

_r]_jn nb[n nb_ []n i` q[fecha nblioab îilq[sm cm mig_nbcha nb[n sio î g[hs ncg_m [ ^[s qcnbion l_[ffs \_cha ]ihm]ciom

i` nb_ []n, ?s nl[chcha siolm_f` ni \_]ig_ ^_fc\_l[n_fs [q[l_ i`

nbcm []ncih* sio ][h \_]ig_ gil_ a_h_l[ffs ]ihm]ciom* ìl

[mc^_ `lig nb_ mj_]c`c]m* sio [l_ nl[chcha qcff [h^ chn_hncih

ch a_h_l[f,

&(- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

?on nbcm ech^ i` _r_l]cm_ ][h \_]ig_ [onig[nct_^ nii, F

l_g_g\_l pcmcncha nb_ Dl__h Dof]b W_h @_hn_l hilnb i` P[h

Cl[h]cm]i ih]_* [h^ nb_s nif^ pcmcnilm nb_s b[^ [ gch^òfh_mm

lof_ nb_l_ nb[n sio [fq[sm q_hn nblioab îilm qcnb siol f_`n

ìin `clmn, F nbioabn nb[n q[m h_[n [h^ p_ls W_h* F qiof^h%n

[lao_ [a[chmn îcha nb[n x [m [ n_gjil[ls jl[]nc]_, ?on `lig

qb[n F%p_ oh^_lmnii^ `lig Dol^dc_`` [h^ gi^_lh jms]bifias

[h^ gs iqh _rj_lc_h]_* F nbche aicha nblioab îilm qcnb

siol f_`n ìin `clmn qcff qile q_ff ni g[e_ sio gil_ ]ihm]ciom

ìl [ qbcf_, >h^ nb_h* [ff nii miih* sio%ff mcgjfs b[p_ nb_

[onig[nc] b[\cn i` mn_jjcha nblioab îilm qcnb siol f_`n ìin `clmn* j_lb[jm []]igj[hc_^ \s nb_ [onig[nc] nbioabn i` F [g

\_cha gch^òf,

Qb[n%m nb_ qilmn j[ln i` cn* m__< Vio ][h bVW\Y OP]cb nbcm

m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha qcnbion []no[ffs R]W\U cn, Vio

][h nbche [\ion \_cha gil_ jl_m_hn qcnbion []no[ffs îcha cn,

GVS ]\Zg `SOZ O\aeS` b] bVS VOPWbcObW]\ O\R Ocb][ObWhObW]\ ^`]P%

ZS[ Wa O T`S_cS\bZg `SOTTW`[SR Q][[Wb[S\b b] `SOZZg eO\bW\U b] PS

^`SaS\b$ O\R O Q]\abO\b SfO[W\ObW]\ ]T g]c` ]e\ [W\R O\R Sf^S`W%

S\QS& Vio h__^ ni ^cl_]nfs m__ qb_h sio b[p_ ch^__^ mo\mnc+

non_^ nb_ nbioabn i` nb_ jl[]nc]_ ìl nb_ []no[f jl[]nc]_,

Lh_ i` nb_ ^cm]cjfch_m nb[n F nls ni jl[]nc]_* ìl chmn[h]_* cm

nb[n qb_h F a_n oj [h^ n[fe ni j_ijf_ [h^ î [ qilembij fce_

nbcm [\ion \_cha gil_ jl_m_hn* F b[p_ ni \_ l_[ffs ][l_òf [h^

i\m_lp_ gsm_f` mi [m hin n[fe [\ion nb_ ko[fcnc_m i` \_cha jl_m+

_hn qb_h F%g hin \_cha jl_m_hn, Fn b[jj_hm mig_ncg_m x

F \f[nb_l ih [\ion \_cha jl_m_hn* j[scha [nn_hncih ni nb_

b_l_+[h^+hiq* qb_h F%g bsjhinct_^ \s gs nbioabnm [h^ q[s

ion i` nio]b,

T_ ][h [onig[nct_ [hsnbcha* [h^ cn%m n_llc\f_, Vio ][h fcp_ siol qbif_ fc`_ ch [onig[nct_^ [\mnl[]ncihm [h^ hin

_p_h ehiq cn, Pi ch l_mjihm_ ni siol ]ih]_lh [\ion b[\cno[+

ncih n[echa ip_l siol jl[]nc]_* s_m* cn%m [ \ca jli\f_g, Vio ][h

m_n oj mj_]c`c] _r_l]cm_m [h^ e__j ]b[hacha nb_g ]ihmn[hnfs [m

[h cgjiln[hn q[s i` ^_[fcha qcnb nb[n, A_fc\_l[n_ hip_fns

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &(.

b_fjm, Vio ][h î mig_ mj_]c`c] jl[]nc]_* fce_ i\m_lpcha qbc]b

ìin sio _hn_l [ îilq[s qcnb* il [fq[sm _hn_lcha qcnb [ mj_]+

c`c_^ ìin* \on e__j ]b_]echa* [h^ c` cn q_[lm ion [`n_l [ q__e*

c` sio%l_ ]igìln[\fs [h^ [onig[nc][ffs mfcjjcha chni

nbioabnm [\ion nb_ jl[]nc]_ chmn_[^ i` []no[ffs îcha cn*

]b[ha_ ni [ h_q ih_, F` cn f[mnm ìl nqi q__em* aii^,

PQRABKQ8 JVOb VO^^S\a WT g]c \] Z]\US` VOPWbcObS O\g

Sf^S`WS\QSN

F îh%n ehiq c` nin[f ^cmb[\cno[ncih* ^_[onig[nct[ncih* cm

jimmc\f_, Qb_l_ [l_ mi g[hs [onig[ncmgm ch iol \i^s [h^

gch^ ?on qb[n ]iof^ ]b[ha_ ch [ p_ls f[la_ q[s cm nb[n chmn_[^ i` 77,777 j_l]_hn i` siol l_mjihm_m \_cha [onig[+

nct_^* g[s\_ nb_s ]iof^ ai îqh ni 73 j_l]_hn il 7. j_l]_hn,

F` nb[n b[jj_hm* nb_l_ qcff \_ [ g[dil ]b[ha_ ch nb_ q[s ch

qbc]b sio _rj_lc_h]_ fc`_,

>fmi* c` sio g[e_ finm i` nb_m_ _`ìlnm ni \_ gil_ jl_m_hn*

_p_h

c`

sio

][h%n

g[h[a_

ni

`__f

nb[n

sio

[l_

mnlihafs

gch^òf*

[nn_hncp_ [n [ff gig_hnm* [`n_l [ fin i` jl[]nc]_ nb_l_ î_m

\_]ig_ [ ]b[ha_, Qb_ ]b[ha_ cm nb[n jin_hnc[f gch^òfh_mm cm

hin [m `[l [q[s, Tb_h sio q[hn ni \lcha siol [nn_hncih ni

nb_ b_l_+[h^+hiq* ni \_nn_l i\m_lp_ _rn_lh[f [h^ chn_lh[f l_[f+

cns* chmn_[^ i` òff_l ]ihm]ciomh_mm* gch^òfh_mm* \_cha* \s

[h[fias* [ gcf_ \_fiq nb_ mol`[]_ ch iol il^ch[ls mn[n_* cn%m

ihfs `cp_ boh^l_^ `__n \_fiq nb_ mol`[]_, Tb_h ]cl]ogmn[h]_m

il chn_hncih ][ff ìl cn* sio ][h a_n ni nb_ mol`[]_* ni al_[n_l

gch^òfh_mm* go]b _[mc_l x chmn_[^ i` nbl__ ^[sm f[n_l m[scha*

@imb* c` ihfs F%^ \__h gil_ [q[l_ qb_h F q[m b[pcha nb[n

`cabn [h^ m[scha nbim_ mnojc^ nbcham

Le[s* [l_ j_ijf_ l_g_g\_lcha ni m_hm_ nb_cl [lgm [h^

f_am ch mjcn_ i` nbcm l[nb_l ]ih]_jno[f n[fe<"4 TOW` \c[PS` ]T VO\Ra U] c^#

T[cn ih_ gchon_ ih gil_ ko_mncihm9 f_n g_ ]b[ha_ nb_

ko[fcns i` iol _rj_lc_h]_ [ fcnnf_ \cn hiq,

@fim_ siol _s_m ih_ gig_hn,,, m_hm_ siol [lgm [h^ f_am

,,, Qbcm cm domn [ fcnnf_ l_`l_mb_l ^cj chni siol \i^s hiq,,, C__f

&)% _ =:>5 P@FBK@B

siol [lgm [h^ f_am , , , >^^ b_[lcha ni siol _rj_lc_h]_ , , ,

Pfiqfs ij_h siol _s_m ,,, Kiq ìl [\ion nbl__ il ìol m_]ih^m

_[]b* fiie nbl__ il ìol inb_l j_ijf_ ch nb_ _s_* ih_ [`n_l

[hinb_l* qbcf_ ]ihnchocha ni m_hm_ siol [lgm [h^ f_am [h^

fiie [h^ fcmn_h , , ,

Le[s* hiq qcnb nb[n fcnnf_ l_`l_mb_l oh^_l iol \_fnm* q_ ][h

b[p_ siol ko_mncihm,

PQRABKQ8 F][SbW[Sa eVWZS <![ aS\aW\U$ Z]]YW\U$ O\R ZWabS\W\U$

< eWZZ `S[S[PS` a][SbVW\U bVOb bVS aWbcObW]\ `S[W\Ra [S ]T$ O\R bVS

[S[]`WSa aSS[ []`S dWdWR bVO\ cacOZ$ bVSg TSSZ ZWYS ZWdW\U [S[]`WSa&

Qb[n%m chn_l_mncha nb[n cn%m _hb[h]_^ siol g_gilc_m* nb[n qb_h sio î cn* nb_ g_gilc_m [l_ gil_ pcpc^, Qb[n%m j[lnc[ffs

nlo_ ìl g_* [fnbioab g_gils b[m h_p_l \__h gs mnliha

jichn, P_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha _hb[h]_m gs jl_m_hn

_rj_lc_h]_* \on cn omo[ffs î_mh%n î nii go]b ìl g_gilc_m

ih_ q[s il nb_ inb_l, F%g mncff ìla_nòf, Cilnoh[n_fs [m [ jli+

`_mmil F b[p_ [ mi]c[f fc]_hm_ ìl [\m_hngch^_^h_mm nb[n acp_m

g_ [h []]_jn[\f_ _r]om_ ìl ìla_nncha

PQRABKQ8 5cb Wa\!b Ô`b ]T bVOb PSQOcaS Wb!a a] SOag b] USb RWa%

bÒQbSR O\R \]b `S[S[PS`N JVS\ <![ `SOZZg ^`SaS\b$ < R] `S[S[PS`

[]`S dWdWRZg& <b!a bVS bW[Sa bVOb <![ c\Q]\aQW]caZg R]W\U bVW\Ua$ USb%

bW\U ]\ eWbV [g ZWTS$ bVOb < `SOZZg Z]aS Wb& F] < e]cZR OU`SS eWbV bVOb&

V_m* F nbche gimn j_ijf_%m _rj_lc_h]_ cm nb[n g_gils ìl

nbcham îh_ qbcf_ gil_ jl_m_hn cm ch^__^ gil_ mifc^ nb[h

g_gils i` _p_hnm i]]ollcha ch iol il^ch[ls* m[gm[lc] mf__j

mn[n_,

PQRABKQ8 <![ e]\RS`W\U$ 7`& GO`b$ eVg Wa bVS b]à] ZSTb ]cb W\

bVS []`\W\U SfS`QWaS O\R W\ ZObS` aS\aW\U$ Z]]YW\U$ O\R ZWabS\W\U3

F b[p_ nbl__ l_[mihm ìl hin ^_fc\_l[n_fs ^cl_]ncha siol

[nn_hncih ni siol nilmi, Cclmn* nb[n%m nb_ q[s F f_[lh_^ cn `lig j_ijf_ n_[]bcha cn [m Dol^dc_`` jl_mog[\fs n[oabn cn, P_]ih^*

mcgjfs [^^cha ch nilmi m_hm[ncihm ]l_[n_m [ fin gil_ mncg+

of[ncih ni e__j nl[]e i`* [h^ nb[n g[e_m cn b[l^_l ìl g[hs

M_ijf_, ?on nb_ l_[mih F acp_ gimn nb_il_nc][f cgjiln[h]_ ni

cm nb[n* \[m_^ ih mig_ jms]binb_l[j_onc] l_m_[l]b* nb_l_ cm

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &)&

_pc^_h]_ nb[n mig_ i` iol _gincih[f nl[og[m [l_ fcn_l[ffs

mnil_^ ch nb_ \i^s, Qb_s ]ill_mjih^ qcnb il [l_ ]ill_f[n_^

qcnb m_hm[ncihm ch j[lnc]of[l \i^s fi][ncihm* [h^ nbim_ fi][+

ncihm [l_ omo[ffs ch nb_ nilmi, S_ls `_q j_ijf_ b[p_ nl[og[m

mnil_^ ch nb_cl ìl_[lgm* ìl chmn[h]_* \on qb_h sio a_n chni

nb_ \_ffs* nb_ b_[ln* _n],* sio [l_ ch jin_hnc[ffs []ncp_ [l_[m,

Pi* c` sio n_ff j_ijf_ ni e__j nl[]e i` nb_cl qbif_ \i^s

m_hm[ncihm* sio gcabn [n mig_ ncg_m []]c^_hn[ffs jomb j_ijf_

chni []ncp[ncha [l_[m qb_l_ nl[og[nc] g_gilc_m [l_ mnil_^,

Qb[n%m nb_ nb_il_nc][f l_[mihcha nb[n%m f_^ g_ ni mn[s [q[s

`lig ì]omcha j_ijf_ ih nb_cl nilmim, F îh%n ehiq biq a_h+_l[ffs cgjiln[hn cn cm* [h^ F%g mol_ nb[n qbcf_ cn gcabn \_ [h

cgjiln[hn ]ihmc^_l[ncih ìl mig_ j_ijf_* cn%m hin ìl inb_lm, F

n_[]b m_hmcha siol [lgm [h^ f_am [m siol \[mc] \i^s l_`_l_h]_

jichn ch nb_ b_l_+[h^+hiq* \on c` nb_ l_mn i` siol \i^s ]ig_m

ch h[nol[ffs* nb[n%m `ch_, M_lmih[ffs F m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h [m

[ qbif_ \i^s _r_l]cm_, ?on nb_ nl[^cncih[f q[s i` n_[]bcha cn cm

qcnb domn nb_ [lgm [h^ f_am,

)*+$%(*" 'J 8 D8KK KF @JFC8K< K?< 8IDJ

8E; C<>J =IFD K?< I<JK F= K?< 9F;P J<EJ8K@FE$ / ?8M< I<8C ;@==@:LCKP

N@K? K?8K" ?8M@E> NFIB<; FE N?FC< 9F;P J<EJ8K@FE @E FK?<I NFIB$

V_m* lcabn, F b_[l [ ko[fcns ch siol pic]_ nb[n moaa_mnm ni g_

nb[n sio%l_ hin m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha [hs gil_, F

b[p_h%n acp_h gs omo[f [^gihcncih nb[n c` sio [me [ ko_mncih*

\_ mol_ ni ]ihncho_ ni m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h qbcf_ sio î

nb[n, F%^ fce_ ni l_]igg_h^ nb[n hiq* [fnbioab F ehiq cn cm ^c`+

`c]ofn ni n[fe [h^ mn[s ]ihm]ciom ìl gimn i` om, Fn%m [ m[^ ]ig+

g_hn ih nb_ bog[h l[]_* \on qb_h q_ ij_h iol gionb* nb_

]f[lcns i` iol ]ihm]ciomh_mm omo[ffs ^cm[jj_[lm, T_%l_ ^__jfs

bsjhinct_^

\s

nb_

[]ncih

i`

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F

chpcn_

sio

ni nls nb[n [h^* ch `[]n* F nbche sio%ff `ch^ siol ko_mncihm qcff

\_ gil_ chn_l_mncha c` sio ][h ]ihncho_ nb_ m_hmcha* fiiecha*

[h^ fcmn_hcha jli]_mm qbcf_ sio [me nb_g,

)*+$%(*" /D NFE;<I@E> @= G<I?8GJ 8E 8IK@JK D@>?K ?8M< 8E <8J#

@5 B4:6>46

D<EKJ" <JG<:@8CCP N@K? K?< M@JL8C HL8C@K@<J F= K?< NFIC;$

>l_ sio [h [lncmn<

PQRABKQ8 KSa$ < eOa O\ O`bWab$ O[]\U ]bVS` bVW\Ua& 4\R < bOYS

RWTTS`S\b YW\Ra ]T U`]c^ e]`Y POQY Ob V][S OZZ bVS bW[S&

F îh%n ehiq c` nbcm qiof^ \_ _[mc_l ìl [lncmnm il hin, F mom+

j_]n [lncmnm cm hin [ bigia_h_iom ][n_ails, Qb_l_ [l_ jli\[+

\fs g[hs ^c``_l_hn ech^m i` j_ijf_ fogj_^ nia_nb_l oh^_l

nb[n f[\_f, Qb_ [\cfcns ni hinc]_ nbcham ch nb_ _rn_lh[f qilf^

gil_ jl_]cm_fs ]iof^ ]ig_ [\ion \_][om_ sio%l_ îcha mig_+

nbcha fce_ nbcm m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha* il cn ]iof^ mcg+

jfs \_ nl[chcha nb[n%m \_]ig_ g_]b[hc][f* ch [ m_hm_* [ b[\cn i` j[scha gil_ [nn_hncih ni mj_]c`c] m_hmils ko[fcnc_m i`

nbcham, Pi* F îh%n ehiq, Ll cn ]iof^ i]]ol gil_ h[nol[ffs

[giha [lncmnm,

Pj_[echa i` h[nol[f* nb_ nqi ij_hcha mn[ht[m i`

Til^mqilnb%m ji_g <\bW[ObW]\a ]T <[[]`bOZWbg [l_ [jlijim

b_l_8

4?<I< N8J 8 K@D< N?<E D<8;FN >IFM< 8E; JKI<8D"

4?< +8IK? 8E; <M<IP :FDDFE J@>?K"

4F D< ;@; J<<D 8GG8I<C<; @E :<C<JK@8C C@>?K"

4?< >CFIP 8E; K?< =I<J?E<JJ F= 8 ;I<8D"

Qb_h b_ b[m ni mqcn]b ni bcm &[h^ iol' hilg[f [ôfn j_l+

mj_]ncp_,

/K @J EFK EFN 8J / ?8M< BEFNE F= PFI<"

4LIE N?<I<JFR?K FI ;8P"

4?< C@>?K N?@:? / ?8M< J<<E"

/ EFN :8E J<< EF DFI<$

Fh

gs

gil_

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Til^mqilnb

cm

n[fecha

[\ion

nb_ [onig[nct[ncih i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* [\ion Dol^dc_``%m ^_jc]+

ncih i` hilg[f ]ihm]ciomh_mm [m [ ech^ i` mf__j il ^l_[g

mn[n_, @bcf^l_h m__g ni b[p_ gil_ h[nol[f pcn[fcns* gil_

[q[l_h_mm9 nb_s fcp_ ch [ gil_ chn_l_mncha* gil_ m_hmoiom

qilf^, ?on q_%l_ nii \oms [h^ cgjiln[hn ìl nb[n x [h^ q_

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &)(

fcp_ cgjip_lcmb_^ fcp_m [m [ l_mofn,

PQRABKQ8 < VOdS a][S Q][[S\ba ]\ bVOb& < eO\b b] `c\ bVWa Pg

%g]c& K]c!dS UWdS\ ca RSZWPSÒbS ^`]QSRc`Sa T]` bc\W\U W\ PSbbS` b] bVS

e]`ZR$ Pcb [g Sf^S`WS\QS Wa bVOb bVWa QO\ VO^^S\ \ObcÒZZg a][S%

bW[Sa$ eVS\ g]c!`S W\ O\ Sa^SQWOZZg U]]R []]R& <a\!b Wb a][SeVOb

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F nbche sio%l_ n[fecha [\ion mig_nbcha mcgcf[l* s_m,

P_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha î_m hin b[p_ ni \_ [ nin[ffs

[lnc`c]c[f _r_l]cm_ ch _r_lncha iolm_fp_m* [m [ ^_fc\_l[n_ []n i`

qcff, @_ln[ch h[nol[f ]cl]ogmn[h]_m ][h g[e_ cn _[mc_l ìl om ni mjfcn iol [nn_hncih nb[n q[s* l[nb_l mjihn[h_iomfs* [h^ ]_l+

n[ch ih_m ][h g[e_ cn b[l^_l, Ji^_lh fc`_ a_h_l[ffs g[e_m cn

b[l^_l,

Cil chmn[h]_* qb_h nb_ Echôm [h^ ?o^^bcmnm i` _[lfc_l

ncg_m n[fe_^ [\ion fcpcha ch g[s[ il m[gm[l[* F nbche qb[n

nb_s ^c^h%n òffs [hnc]cj[n_ cm nb[n q_ hiq b[p_ nb_ gimn n_]b+

hifiac][ffs [^p[h]_^ m[gm[l[ nb[n%m _p_l _rcmn_^ ih nb_ `[]_

i` nb_ jf[h_n Vio h__^ h_p_l b[p_ [ gig_hn [fih_ qcnb siol

iqh gch^ ch iol ]ofnol_ hiq Vio qcff miih &[fl_[^s ìl

mig_' \_ [\f_ ni a_n boh^l_^m i` ]b[hh_fm i` m[n_ffcn_ n_f_pc+

mcih [h^ l[^ci mbiqm* sio ][h l_]_cp_ _hilgiom [giohnm i`

dohe g[cf [h^ g[a[tch_m* sio ][h mj_h^ [ff siol q[echa

biolm ch ]b[n liigm ih nb_ h_n* il ìffiqcha nb_ h_qm Fh iol

g[n_lc[ffs lc]b T_mn* g[hs i` om ][h ^cmnl[]n iolm_fp_m go]b

i` iol _hncl_ fcp_m, Qbcm ch]fo^_m omcha qile [m [ ^cmnl[]ncih,

T_ ^cmnl[]n iolm_fp_m `lig qb[n cm _mm_hnc[f x [h^ go]b i`

gi^_lh fc`_ cm ]ihnchoiom ^cmnl[]ncih, Bp_h iol c^_[ i` [

p[][ncih x f_n%m ai m__ nbcm mcn_* nb_h lomb ni nbcm jf[]_* [h^

nb_h

nb[n

mcn_*

[h^

nb_h

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mcn_*

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@l[ggcha ch p[mn _cO\bWbWSa i` fiq ko[fcns ìi^ i` cgjl_m+

mcihm &nb_ m_hmils cgjl_mmcihm qiof^ \_ bcab ko[fcns WT bVS

jf[]_m q_l_ fiie_^ [n gil_ ]ihm]ciomfs' ni nls ni g[e_ oj ìl

nb_ f[]e i` _cOZWbg ch fc`_ cm [ ^_mj_l[n_ [h^ bcab ]imn mnl[n_as

&)) _ =:>5 B4:6>46



nb[n ihfs j[lnc[ffs mo]]__^m, I[mn mogg_l* ìl _r[gjf_* gs

qc`_ [h^ F ][gj_^ ìl m_p_l[f ^[sm ch nb_ \_[ons i` nb_ Dl[h^

Q_nihm K[ncih[f M[le* \on q_l_ [g[t_^ qb_h ih_ i` nb_

l[ha_lm nif^ om nb_ [p_l[a_ pcmcnil%m ncg_ ch nb_ j[le q[m ih_

biol x nb_ ncg_ cn niie ni ^lcp_ nblioab ih nb_ q[s ni

V_ffiqmnih_* qbcf_ m[scha Iiie [n nb_ \_[oncòf giohn[chm

ion nb_ f_`n qchîq* [m nb_s tcjj_^ nblioab Kin nii g[hs

j_ijf_ hiq[^[sm ai i`` ni [ koc_n jf[]_* fce_ [ f[e_ il ìl_mn*

[h^ domn ech^ i` mfiq îqh [h^ PS bVS`S$ a_n chni nb[n mfiq_l*

h[nol[f lbsnbg,

Qbcm cm [h [jjlijlc[n_ jf[]_ ni chnliô]_ nb_ ^cmnch]ncih

Dol^dc_`` g[^_ \_nq__h-[n_ ^Sà]\OZWbg [h^ SaaS\QS& Bmm_h]_ cm

qb[n q_%l_ \ilh qcnb, Fn%m hin _r[]nfs nb_ m[g_ ìl _p_ls\i^s*

\on cn%m mig_nbcha p_ls \[mc] [h^ h[nol[f, ?on [m q_ aliq oj*

_mm_h]_ cm mojjl_mm_^ [h^ i`n_h _``_]ncp_fs ecff_^, Lol h[nol[f*

pcn[f _h_las cm mnif_h `lig _mm_h]_ [h^ [ j_lmih[fcns cm ]l_[n_^

chmn_[^, Dol^dc_``* biq_p_l* l_`_ll_^ ni il^ch[ls j_lmih[fcns [m

`[fm_ j_lmih[fcns, F go]b jl_`_l `[fm_ j_lmih[fcns ni nb_

qil^ _ai g[hs mjclcno[f j_ijf_ om_ mi j_dil[ncp_fs* \_][om_

ìl jms]bifiacmnm nb_l_ cm [ kocn_ jimcncp_ m_hm_ i` _ai [m l_[f+

cns jlch]cjf_ [fmi, C[fm_ j_lmih[fcns cm [ff nb_ nbcham sio q_l_

]ih^cncih_^ chni nbchecha sio [l_* nb[n sio chp_mn gimn il i`

[ff siol _h_las chni* nb[n sio bolls oj ni î* ni î* ni î ,,,

ni î* gcmn[e_hfs nbchecha cn%m sio, Fn l_mofnm `lig mi]c[f [h^

j[l_hn[f jl_mmol_m nb[n g[e_ sio ^_hs mig_ i` siol `__fcham

[h^ j_l]_jncihm &Dii^ \ism h_p_l nbche [\ion nbcham fce_

nb[n' [h^ ip_l chp_mn ch inb_lm &A[^^s qcff \_ mi boln c` sio

îh%n \_]ig_ [ î]nil nii',

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mi]c[f n_lgm* \on mo^^_hfs mb_ mn[lnm ni l_[fct_ mig_nbcha fce_

F ^c^h%n l_[ffs q[hn ni \_ [ î]nil F îh%n fce_ nb_ qile F î

F%g domn jf_[mcha gs j[l_hnm* F%p_ q[mn_^ gs fc`_ F%g hin

JFKA P@FBK@B _ &)*

îcha [hsnbcha F l_[ffs \_fc_p_ cm qilnbqbcf_ Qbcm ech^ i`

]lcmcm i]]olm qb_h j_ijf_ l_[fct_ nb[n go]b i` qb[n nb_s%p_

n[e_h ni \_ nb_cl iqh m_fp_m* nb[n nb_s%p_ c^_hnc`c_^ qcnb* b[m

hin \__h mig_nbcha i` nb_cl ]biimcha* [h^ g[s* ch `[]n* \_

]ihnl[ls ni nb_cl ^__j_l cgjofm_m* nb_cl _mm_h]_, Qb[n%m qbs

Dol^dc_`` ][ff_^ Wb TOZaS j_lmih[fcns, Qb_l_ q[mh%n go]b i` [ `l__

[h^ ]ihm]ciom ]bic]_ nb_l_, T_ q_l_ domn ]bcf^l_h* g[hcjof[n+

_^ [h^ jl_mmol_^ \s j[l_hnm [h^ ]ofnol_, ?on nb_ mnl[n_ac_m q_

q_l_ ìl]_^ ni [îjn ni a_n \s* ni ]ij_* _p_h c` hiq iongi^+

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\_][g_ `[fm_ j_lmih[fcns* [onig[nc][ffs lohhcha om [h^ omcha

oj iol fc`_ _h_las,

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_l lbsnbg nb[h iol omo[f `l[hnc] fc`_ ][h b_fj,

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Vio ][h om_ j[ch [m [ l_gch^_l ni î nbcm m_f`+l_g_g\_l+

cha _r_l]cm_* il sio ][h domn l_[]n ni cn ch [h [onig[n_^ q[s* il

î _p_lsnbcha sio ][h ni a_n lc^ i` cn lcabn [q[s, F îh%n nbche

j[ch î_m cn [onig[nc][ffs* sio qih%n \_ m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^

fcmn_hcha domn \_][om_ sio%l_ ch j[ch,

PQRABKQ8 JSZZ$ ^c`^]aSZg bV]cUV$ < ^c`^]aSZg aWb ]\ O\ c\Q][%

T]`bOPZS QVOW`$ O VO`R QVOW` eVS\ ) [SRWbObS& Ki* F îh%n nbche j[chòf jimnol_m [l_ ]bim_h ni g[e_ j[ch

mjfcn siol [nn_hncih, Js j_lmih[f _rj_lc_h]_ cm sio ][hhin

b[\cno[n_* ][hhin [onig[nct_ m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha, Qb_l_ b[m ni

\_ nbcm [n f_[mn mg[ff []n i` eWZZ ni mjfcn* ni ^cl_]n [nn_hncih,

Qbcham ][h ]ig_ [fiha ch il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciomh_mm [h^ mjfcn

&)+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

siol [nn_hncih* \on nb[n%m domn g_]b[hc][f l_[]ncih,

J_]b[hc][f mjfcn cm hin nb_ m[g_ nbcha [m chn_hncih[f mjfcn, F`

sio ]l_[n_^ nb_ chn_hncih[f mjfcn sio gcabn nb_h om_ mig_

j[ch ]ihm]ciomfs [m [ l_gch^_l* [m [ ech^ i` ò_f* \on j[ch

^S` aS qih%n g[e_ sio m_f`+l_g_g\_l,

F qih^_l c` q_ mbiof^ n[e_ [ \l_[e ìl [ `_q gchon_m< F

chpcn_ sio ni ]ihncho_ jl[]nc]cha m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_h+

cha ôlcha nb_ \l_[e* F îh%n l_kocl_ cn, F%ff n_ff sio [h [gom+

cha* \on ohìlnoh[n_fs chmnlo]ncp_* [h_]în_ ni m_h^ sio ih

siol q[s ni nb_ \l_[e,

Fh nb_ _[lfs 5.m* [`n_l F%^ \__h n_[]bcha [n R@ A[pcm ìl [

`_q s_[lm* [ ]iff_[ao_ &Gim_jb Isihm' [h^ F q[hn_^ ni n_[]b [

]iolm_ ch bog[hcmnc] jms]bifias, Lol jms]bifias ^_j[lng_hn

]iff_[ao_m q_l_ p_ls momjc]ciom i` nb_ c^_[, Qb_s%^ b_[l^

[\ion bog[hcmnc] jms]bifias, M_ijf_ b[p_ _gincihm [h^

_rj_lc_h]_m ch bog[hcmnc] qile* nb_s qiof^ b[p_ _gincihm

[h^ _rj_lc_h]_m lcabn nb_l_ ch nb_ ]f[mmliig Qb_s q_l_ hin [n

[ff mol_ _gincihm [h^ _rj_lc_h]_m b[^ [hs jlij_l jf[]_ ch

jms]bifias il [ ohcp_lmcns ]f[mmliig

Pi iol ]iff_[ao_m ihfs [ffiq_^ om ni n_[]b bog[hcmnc]

jms]bifias qcnb nb_ jlipcmcih nb[n [n nb_ \_achhcha i` nb_ `clmn

]f[mm i` _[]b ]iolm_* q_ qiof^ ìlg[ffs [hhioh]_ ni mno^_hnm

nb[n qbcf_ q_ gcabn i]][mcih[ffs î [h _rj_lc_hnc[f _r_l]cm_

nb[n chpcn_^ nb_g ni b[p_ [h _rj_lc_h]_* hi _rj_lc_h]_ q[m

l_kocl_^* [h^ [hsnbcha nb_s ^c^ il ^c^h%n _rj_lc_h]_ qiof^

hin [``_]n nb_cl al[^_ Pi F chpcn_* \on îh%n l_kocl_* sio ni

chn_l[]n qcnb _[]b inb_l ôlcha nb_ \l_[e qbcf_ nlscha ni

l_g_g\_l ni m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h, Fn qcff \_ p_ls chn_l_mncha

c` sio î,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &),



@E>MQBO 7

CU\HWK H BJPLTJL UM 4UTXJPUZXTLXX

Qb_l_ cm ih_ òlnb_l ]ih]_jno[f cn_g F q[hn ni g_hncih

nb[n%m cgjiln[hn ni a_n []limm ni^[s, Qb_h q_ ][h om_ nb_

l_mn i` iol ncg_ ni ai chni gil_ ^_jnb ih [hs [mj_]n i`

qb[n q_ [fl_[^s ]ip_l_^* il \l[h]b ion [ fcnnf_ `lig nb_l_,

T_%l_ b_l_ ìl [ g__ncha ][ff_^ Qiq[l^ [ P]c_h]_ i`

@ihm]ciomh_mm, Qb_l_ [l_ g[hs ^c``_l_hn c^_[m i` qb[n cn g_[hm ni b[p_ [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm, Cil mig_ ^cm+

]cjfch_m* cn g_[hm _rjf[chcha ]ihm]ciomh_mm OeOg ch [ g[n_+

lc[fcmnc] `l[g_qile* ni \_ [\f_ ni m[s nb[n ]ihm]ciomh_mm cm

hinbcha \on nb_ []ncpcns i` \l[ch ]_ffm ch ho]f_om hog\_l

1*0/5*247 il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n, F%g af[^ j_ijf_ [l_ îcha

l_m_[l]b ni _fo]c^[n_ nb_ q[s nb_ \l[ch qilem, Qb_ \l[ch ]_l+

n[chfs b[m [ g[dil [h^ pcn[f chpifp_g_hn ch ]ihm]ciomh_mm* \on

F%g g[chfs chn_l_mn_^ ch ]ihm]ciomh_mm ^S` aS& F îh%n nbche q_

mbiof^ l_[^cfs \os chni [h [nncno^_ fce_ T_ff* iol chn_l_mn ch

]ihm]ciomh_mm cm mig_nbcha q_ b[p_ ni nif_l[n_ ohncf nb_

jbsmc]cmnm il nb_ h_olifiacmnm l_[ffs _rjf[ch cn &[q[s' ìl om*

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &).

[h^ nb_h cn qcff hi fiha_l \_ [ jottf_, < O[ Q]\aQW]ca\Saa& Js

_rj_lc_h]_ i` gs ]ihm]ciomh_mm cm nb_ gimn ^cl_]n ^[n[ [\ion

l_[fcns nb[n F b[p_, F%p_ ain [ pcn[ffs cgjiln[hn [mmi]c[ncih qcnb

gs \i^s [h^ gs h_lpiom msmn_g nii* \on F [g ]ihm]ciomh_mm,

GVS _cOZWbg ]T bVOb Q]\aQW]ca\Saa Wa bVS RcOZWbg ]T [g ZWTS&

F%g hin mifcjmcmnc] _hioab ni nbche F%g nb_ ihfs ih_ qbi

jimm_mm_m \[mc] ]ihm]ciomh_mm, F nbche [ff sio ìfem [l_ ]ih+

m]ciom nii, T_%p_ \__h n[fecha [\ion q[sm ch qbc]b _[]b i` om*

[m ch^cpcô[fm* ]iof^ \_]ig_ \_nn_l [\f_ ni i\m_lp_ ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm* [h^* [m iol j_lmih[f ehiqf_â_ i` iol iqh ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm ch]l_[m_m* nb_ `l__îg q_ b[p_* nb_ [\cfcns ni om_

[h^ ]ihnlif nb[n ]ihm]ciomh_mm* [fmi ch]l_[m_m, ?on f_n%m gip_

iol nbchecha hiq ni nb_ mb[l_^ mi]c[f f_p_f* niq[l^ ^_p_fij+

cha [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* niq[l^ [ \i^s i` mi]c[ffs

mb[l_^ ehiqf_â_* mo]b nb[n iol ch^cpcô[f ehiqf_â_ ]iof^

\_ _rj[h^_^ [h^ _hlc]b_^ \s ]ihmofn[ncih qcnb nb[n mb[l_^

ehiqf_â_* \s chn_l[]ncih qcnb inb_l ]ihm]ciom gch^m, F ]iof^

ai ion [h^ al[ô[ffs `caol_ ion [ff nb_ jlch]cjf_m i` ]b_gcmnls

gsm_f`* \on F qiof^ mol_ a_n [ \iimn \s jc]echa oj [ n_rn\iie

ih ]b_gcmnls, @[h q_ a_n [ mcgcf[l n_rn\iie ih ]ihm]ciomh_mm<

F g_hncih_^ _[lfc_l nb[n* bcmnilc][ffs* jms]bifias ch nb_

f[mn ]_hnols nlc_^ ni \_ [ m]c_h]_ i` nb_ gch^* nlc_^ ni \_ [h

chnlimj_]ncp_ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm x [h^ cn ^c^h%n qile

p_ls q_ff, Qb_ nqi \ca jli\f_gm F g_hncih_^ q_l_ f[]e i`

nl[ch_^ i\m_lp_lm [h^ _rj_lcg_hn_l \c[m, Qb_ E_ll Ai]nil

Mli`_mmil%m nb_ilc_m h__^_^ ni \_ jlip_^ c` sio q_l_ aicha ni

e__j siol di\* [h^ cn jli\[\fs q[mh%n _p_h ]ihm]ciom `[echa8

nb_ chnlimj_]ncp_ i\m_lp_lm% iqh _rj_lc_h]_m q_l_ jli\[\fs

mb[j_^ \s nb_ \c[m_m nb_s q_l_ ]ihm]ciomfs [h^ oh]ihm]ciom+

fs mo\d_]n_^ ni* mi nb_s g[hc`_mn_^ ch nb[n ìlg* [h^ mol_ _hioab* nb_s m[q qb[n nb_s mbiof^ b[p_ m__h, ?_fc_pcha

cm m__cha* ni l_p_lm_ nb_ if^ mn[n_g_hn, @[h q_ a_n [ \_nn_l

m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm<

F q[hn ni mj_]of[n_ [\ion ?o^^bcmg ìl [ gig_hn [m [

jimmc\f_ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm &[h^ [m [ jimmc\fs [nnl[]ncp_

:B? _ =:>5 B4:6>46

[]ncpcns ìl nbim_ i` sio qbi m_lciomfs q[hn ni òlnb_l ^_p_f+

ij g_^cn[ncp_ gch^òfh_mm', E_l_ cm [ nl[^cncih mn[ln_^ \s

mig_ih_ qbi* [m F g_hncih_^ _[lfc_l* _``_]ncp_fs m[c^ Aih%n

n[e_ [hsnbcha ih [onbilcns, E_l_ [l_ nb_ g_nbi^m ìl i\m_lp+

cha siol gch^ [h^ cnm h[nol_, Di ch nb_l_ [h^ `caol_ cn ion ìl

siolm_f` Qbcm cm hin domn ìl siolm_f`* []no[ffs* ìl nb_ gil_

[q[e_ [h^ _hfcabn_h_^ sio a_n* nb_ f_mm b[lg sio î inb_lm

[h^ nb_ gil_ b_fjòf sio [l_,

E_l_ cm [h chmjclcha nl[hmf[ncih i` qb[n nb_ ?o^^b[ []no+

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F g_[h* nb[n%m l_[ffs q_cl^ F [g ih_* F [g [ ]ihm]ciomh_mm*

=:>5 B4:6>46 # & * &

F m__ sio l[cmcha siol b[h^ [a[ch, Vio%l_ hin aicha ni [me

g_ ni ^_`ch_ l_[fcns* [l_ sio<

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F î n[e_ _rj_lc_h]_ [m jlcg[ls, Brj_lc_h]_ cm ]_ln[chfs jlc+

g[ls ìl g_, F [g gs _rj_lc_h]_ Kiq qb_h F nbche [\ion gs

_rj_lc_h]_ &qbc]b nbchecha []ncpcns cm j[ln i` gs _rj_lc_h]_*

i` ]iolm_* [ j[lnc]of[l ech^ i` _rj_lc_h]_'* F mn[ln g[echa ]f[m+

mc`c][ncihm, Lh_ i` nbim_ ]f[mmc`c][ncihm cm nb_ mi+][ff_^ l_[f* jbsmc][f qilf^, Tb[n nb[n _``_]ncp_fs g_[hm cm nb[n ]_ln[ch ][n+

_ailc_m i` gs _rj_lc_h]_ mbiq [ al_[n ]ihmcmn_h]s [giha

nb_gm_fp_m [h^ [ kocn_ f[qòf* jl_^c]n[\f_ chn_ll_f[ncihmbcj*

mo]b nb[n* [m [ bS\bObWdS e]`YW\U Vg^]bVSaWa$ F nb_ilct_ nb[n nbim_

nbcham _rcmn ionmc^_ g_* ch^_j_h^_hn i` gs ]ihm]ciomh_mm,

Qb_ nb_ils i` [h ch^_j_h^_hnfs _rcmncha jbsmc][f qilf^*

qcnb ]b[l[]n_lcmnc]m a_h_l[ffs ch^_j_h^_hn i` inb_l [mj_]nm i`

gs ]ihm]ciomh_mm* cm [ p_ls aii^ qilecha bsjinb_mcm* lcabn< F

îh%n \_fc_p_ nb[n F b[p_ ni g[e_ [hs ech^ i` _`ìln ni chmol_

nb[n nb_ gif_]of_m i` nb_ n[\f_ l_f[n_ ni _[]b inb_l ch mo]b [

q[s nb[n nb_ n[\f_ g[hc`_mnm [m mifc^* ìl _r[gjf_* ch il^_l

ni bif^ gs af[mm i` q[n_l ch jf[]_* F nbche nb_s%ff î nb_cl nbcha

qcnbion gs b[pcha ni qills [\ion cn, Qbcm nb_ils i` [h ch^_+

j_h^_hnfs _rcmncha jbsmc][f qilf^ cm p_ls l_f[rcha ni gs gch^,

?on nbcm _rj_lc_h]_ i` m__cha nb_ [jj[l_hnfs ch^_j_h^_hn+

fs _rcmncha af[mm i` q[n_l mcnncha ih nb_ [jj[l_hnfs ch^_j_h^+

_hnfs _rcmncha n[\f_ ch `lihn i` g_* qcnb hi _`ìln ih gs j[ln

ni g[chn[ch cn* cm mncff [h Sf^S`WS\QS ch n_lgm i` qb[n%m ^cl_]nfs

[p[cf[\f_

ni

g_,

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qilecha bsjinb_mcm,

?on g[hs j_ijf_ b[p_ aih_ ih \_sih^ nbcm jichn8 nb_s

b[p_ hin ihfs bsjinb_mct_^ nbcm ionmc^_ qilf^ nb[n _rcmnm ch+

^_j_h^_hnfs i` om* nb_s%p_ ainn_h mi chpifp_^ ch nb_ j[lnc]of[lm

=:>5 B4:6>46 # & * (

i` cn nb[n nb_ ch^_j_h^_hn l_[fcns i` nb_ jbsmc][f qilf^ cm hi

fiha_l l_]iahct_^ [m [ qilecha bsjinb_mcm, Fn b[m g[^_ [ jms+

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[h^ ofncg[n_ l_[fcns, Brj_lc_h]_ ^S` aS hiq \_]ig_m [ gsmn_ls

ni _rjf[ch, Fh^__^* g[hs nb_h ][ff _rj_lc_h]_ mig_ miln i`

_jcjb_hig_hih* [ `[h]s jbcfimijbc][f q[s i` g[echa

_rj_lc_h]_* ]ihm]ciomh_mm* m_]ih^[ls [h^ ohcgjiln[hn

\_][om_ q_ ][h%n cg[ach_ [ jbsmc][f \[mcm ìl ]ihm]ciomh_mm,

F%p_ [fq[sm ìoh^ nbcm fch_ i` jlial_mm kocn_ [g[tcha [h^

[gomcha8 q_ mn[ln `lig ^cl_]n _rj_lc_h]_* q_%p_ hinc]_^ mig_

]ihmcmn_hn [h^ chn_ll_f[n_^ _rj_lc_h]_m* bsjinb_mct_^ [h ch^_+ j_h^_hn jbsmc][f qilf^* ain mi _h[gil_^ i` cn nb[n _rj_lc_h]_

hi fiha_l g[e_m m_hm_ ch nbcm &gil_ l_mnlc]n_^' jbsmc][f `l[g_+

qile* [h^ hiq iol jlcg[ls mn[lncha jichn* []no[f* ^cl_]n _rj_+

lc_h]_ b[m aih_ [q[s< F%g hin aicha ni qills [\ion nb[n ih_

I_n%m n[fe [\ion [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm, ?o^^bcmg ][h

\_ [ p_ls chn_l_mncha _r[gjf_ ni ^cm]omm ch nbcm ]ihn_rn, >m F

m[c^ _[lfc_l* nb_ ?o^^b[ q[m hin [onbilcn[lc[h, E_ m[c^ fiie*

b_l_ [l_ niifm ìl _r[gchcha siol iqh gch^* nb_s ][h f_[^

sio ni mig_ p_ls cgjiln[hn chmcabnm [\ion siol m_f` [h^

nb_ h[nol_ i` l_[fcns* nls nb_g, F` cn qilem ìl sio* al_[n F` cn

î_mh%n qile ìl sio* ]_ln[chfs îh%n \_fc_p_ nb_g, Aih%n

\_fc_p_ nb_g \_][om_ nb_ ?o^^b[ m[c^ mi* nb[n%m nb_ f[mn nbcha

sio mbiof^ î, F nbche nb[n c` nb_ ?o^^b[ q_l_ [fcp_ ni^[s* b_

qiof^ \_ p_ls ohb[jjs [n [ff nb_ ?o^^bcmnm nb_l_ [l_* nb_

j_ijf_ qbi \_fc_p_ b_%m mig_ ech^ i` ^cpch_ \_cha qbi a[p_

om Qb_ Qlonb qbc]b q_ mbiof^ j[mmcp_fs []]_jn, F g[e_ nb[n f[mn

mn[n_g_hn qcnb l_mj_]n ni jijof[l ?o^^bcmg* i` ]iolm_* hin nb_

go]b mg[ff_l []ncp_ g_^cn[ncih[f nl[^cncih qcnbch ?o^^bcmg,

Fn

fiiem

fce_

nb_l_

gcabn

\_

mig_nbcha

qcnbch

nb[n

g_^cn[ncih

nl[^cncih nb[n q_ gi^_lh T_mn_lh_lm qiof^ l_]iahct_ [m [

m]c_h]_ i` gch^ nb_l_* il [n f_[mn nb_ \_achhcham i` ih_,

Tb[n î q_ m__ ch nb_ []ncp_ ?o^^bcmn g_^cn[ncih nl[^cncih<

M_ijf_ [l_ n[oabn mig_ \[mc] g_nbi^m ìl i\m_lpcha nb_ gch^*

g_^cn[ncih n_]bhcko_m* [h^ nb_h mj_h^ s_[lm [mmcôiomfs

&*) _ =:>5 B4:6>46

g[echa i\m_lp[ncihm qcnbch nb_ f[\il[nilc_m i` nb_cl iqh

gch^m* omcha* [m cn q_l_* nb_ gc]lim]ij_ i` g_^cn[ncih ni fiie

[n nb_ `ch_l mnlo]nol_ i` nb_ gch^, Qb_s mb[l_ nb_cl i\m_lp[ncihm

ch chn_lj_lmih[f ]ihn[]n [h^ n_[]bcha* [h^ ch nb_ fiha+f[mncha

]iggohc][ncihm i` nb_cl qlcnn_h m]lcjnol_m, >m [ l_mofn i` nb_cl

iqh i\m_lp[ncihm [h^ l_`f_]ncihm* g[hs i` nb_g ]ihncho_ ni

g[e_ nb_ m[g_ ]f[cg nb_ ?o^^b[ ^c^* h[g_fs* nb[n nbcm ]iljom

i` ehiqf_â_ cm hin [ \_fc_` msmn_g, O[nb_l* cn cm p[fc^ [h^ om_+

òf chìlg[ncih [\ion l_[fcns,

Qb_m_ g_^cn[ncih n_]bhcko_m &]iojf_^ qcnb gil[f [h^

jl[]nc][f lof_m ìl fcpcha siol fc`_* qbc]b [l_ ]ihmc^_l_^ [h

_mm_hnc[f j[ln i` nb_ nl[chcha' [l_ nbom l_j_[n_^fs ]f[cg_^ ni

\_ nb_ niifm \s qbc]b sio [fmi ][h j_lmih[ffs p_lc`s nb[n qb[n

nb_s n[fe [h^ qlcn_ [\ion cm ch^__^ nb_ l_[f h[nol_ i` nb_

gch^, Qb_m_ [^p[h]_^ jl[]ncncih_lm* iol i\m_lp_lm i` gch^*

qcff _rjf[ch ni om qb[n nb_s ][h [\ion nb_cl ^cm]ip_lc_m [h^

oh^_lmn[h^cham

[\ion

nb_

nlo_

h[nol_

i`

nb_

gch^

[h^

l_[fcns,

?on [n nb_ m[g_ ncg_ nb_s qcff []ehiqf_â_ nb[n go]b i` qb[n

nb_s b[p_ f_[lh_^ ][h%n l_[ffs \_ [^_ko[n_fs _rjf[ch_^ ch

qil^m \_][om_ qil^m* fiac] [h^ f[hao[a_* [l_ ihfs [ mg[ff j[ln

i` nb_ nin[fcns i` gch^ x hin ni g_hncih nb[n iol il^ch[ls

]ihm]ciomh_mm* qb_l_ q_ [l_ mi [nn[]b_^ ni qil^m* cm n_llc\fs

^_fo^_^ [hsq[s, ?on nb_s ]ihncho_ ni ]f[cg nb[n b_l_ [l_ nb_

jli]_ôl_m sio ][h ai nblioab ni oh^_lmn[h^ qb[n gch^ cm ch

[ jliìoh^ q[s,

Qb[n mioh^m [ fin fce_ [h _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_, Ql[ch_^ jl[]nc+

ncih_lm* omcha l_`ch_^ g_nbi^m ni g[e_ jl_]cm_ i\m_lp[ncihm*

l_[]bcha ]_ln[ch ech^m i` ]ih]fomcihm* ]iggohc][ncha nb_g

ni nb_cl j__lm, ?on `lig iol T_mn_lh j_lmj_]ncp_ q_ [l_ l_[ffs

]olciom8 cm

cn [ m]c_h]_*

il

cm

cn [ l_fcacih<

Qb_ qilecha ^cmnch]ncih F%ff g[e_* ìl iol joljim_m*

\_nq__h [ m]c_h]_ [h^ [ l_fcacih cm nb[n [ m]c_h]_ l_[ffs cm

ij_h+gch^_^ [h^ ij_h+_h^_^, > m]c_h]_ n[e_m nb_ [nncno^_

nb[n q_ îh%n ehiq _p_lsnbcha* \on q_ q[hn ni `ch^ ion* `ch^

ion ìffiqcha nb_ g_nbi^m i` _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_ nb[n F n[fe_^

=:>5 B4:6>46 # & * *

[\ion _[lfc_l, Tb[n q_ g[e_ i` qb[n q_ `ch^ ion* nb_

bsjinb_m_m* nb_ nb_ilc_m ni _rjf[ch nb_ ^[n[* cm OZeOga ij_h ni

òlnb_l n_mn* [m nb_ ^[n[ cm [fq[sm nb_ jlcg[ls ^_n_lgch[hn, >

l_fcacih* ih nb_ inb_l b[h^* \_fc_p_m nb[n \[mc][ffs nb_s b[p_

ain [ff nb_ cgjiln[hn nlonb îqh, Fn gcabn h__^ [ fcnnf_ l_`ch_+

g_hn ch [ `_q n_]bhc][f [l_[m* \on \[mc][ffs nb_l_ [l_ hi

cgjiln[hn* òh^[g_hn[f ko_mncihm8 nb_s b[p_ [fl_[^s \__h

acp_h nb_ nlonb i` _p_lsnbcha nb[n%m cgjiln[hn ni ehiq,

Kiq ?o^^bcmg x ?o^^bcmg cm [ n_lg chp_hn_^ \s

T_mn_lh gcmmcih[lc_m* ch]c^_hn[ffs* ni ][n_ailct_ [ qc^_ p[lc_ns

i` \_fc_`m [h^ jl[]nc]_m x ]f_[lfs ][h \_]ig_ [ l_fcacih* [h^

ìl gimn j_ijf_ qbi ][ff nb_gm_fp_m ?o^^bcmnm* cn cm, Qb_

?o^^bcmn [onbilcns `caol_m* koincha m]lcjnol_ qbc]b cm hin ni

\_ ko_mncih_^* n_ff sio nb_ q[s nbcham [l_* [h^ sio nls ni fcp_

siol fc`_ ch []]il^[h]_ qcnb nb[n, Jimn ?o^^bcmnm []no[ffs

îh%n g_^cn[n_ go]b [n [ff, Qb_s nls ni fcp_ [ gil[f fc`_ [h^

acp_

[fgm

ni

nb_

gihem

[h^

hohm,

Qb_

gihem

[h^

hohm*

nb_

jli`_mmcih[fm* [m cn q_l_* î nb_ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_m* oh^_l

nb_ mb[l_^ \_fc_` nb[n nb_m_ gihem [h^ hohm g_^cn[ncha b_fjm

[ff nb_ j_ijf_ ch nb_ qilf^* _mj_]c[ffs nbim_ a_h_liom miofm

qbi b_fj mojjiln nb_ gihem [h^ hohm, F%g ip_lmcgjfc`scha

n_llc\fs* i` ]iolm_, Qb[n%m kocn_ j[l[ff_f ni T_mn_lh l_fcacih*

qb_l_ il^ch[ls ìfe nls ni fcp_ [ gil[f fc`_ [h^ ]l_[n_ g_lcn \s

[]nm i` ]b[lcns [h^ ech^h_mm* \on f_[p_ nb_ [^p[h]_^ mno`` ni

nb_ jli`_mmcih[fm,

?on nb_l_ [l_ g[hs m_lciom jli`_mmcih[fm ch ?o^^bcmg*

_p_h c` nb_s [l_ [ mg[ff j_l]_hn[a_ i` nb_ nin[f jijof[ncih q_

gcabn f[\_f ?o^^bcmn, J[hs i` nb_g b[p_ ^_pin_^ nbiom[h^m

i` biolm ni g_^cn[ncp_ [h^ l_f[n_^ jl[]nc]_m, M_lb[jm nb_m_ [l_

nb_

m]c_hncmnm

i`

?o^^bcmg<

O_jfc][ncha

[h^

_rn_h^cha

\[mc]

i\m_lp[ncihm [h^ n_mncha nb_ilc_m<

Pi* ]iof^ q_ î mig_nbcha mcgcf[l< @iof^ q_ nl[ch j_ijf_

ch g_^cn[ncp_ g_nbi^m mi nb_s \_][g_ _mm_hnc[ffs m]c_hnc`c]*

l_f[ncp_fs i\d_]ncp_* i\m_lp_lm i` nb_ gch^<

T_ qiof^ h__^ ni \_ach qcnb nl[chcha nb_g ch g_nbi^m i`

&B+ # =:>5 P@FBK@B

][fgcha nb_ il^ch[ls gch^* \_][om_* [m q_ ^cm]omm_^ _[lfc_l*

il^ch[ls gch^ cm hin p_ls aii^ ìl mno^scha ]ihm]ciomh_mm ch

iol iqh* chn_lh[f f[\il[nilc_m, Qb_ il^ch[ls gch^ cm mi [ac+

n[n_^ [ff nb_ ncg_* mi \oms, Vio ][h%n* l_nolhcha ni iol f[e_

[h[fias* m__ nblioab nb_ mol`[]_ ni nb_ ^__j_l j[lnm i` cn

\_][om_ i` [ff nb_ q[p_m i` nbioabn [h^ _gincih ih nb_ mol+

`[]_, @iof^ q_ nl[ch j_ijf_ ch nb_ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_nbi^m

qbim_ jlcg_ _``_]n cm ni ][fg nb[n mnilg* mi nb_ gch^ \_achm

ni a_n nl[hmj[l_hn< @[h q_ nb_h nl[ch j_ijf_ ni fiie nblioab

nb_ mol`[]_* chni nb_ ^_jnb* \s j[scha ]fim_l [nn_hncih* [m ch

nb_ pcj[mm[h[ [jjli[]b< >h^ ]iof^ nb_m_ j_ijf_ nb_h mn[ln

hin ihfs ni f_[lh nbcham [\ion nb_ gch^* a_n ^[n[ ìl nb_g+

m_fp_m* \on mb[l_ cn qcnb inb_l j_ijf_* mi nb[n [ mi]c[f \i^s i`

ehiqf_â_ qiof^ hiq \_ \ocfn oj nb[n qiof^ _hb[h]_ nb_

oh^_lmn[h^cha i` [ff<

Kiq qb[n F%g jlijimcha [m [h chh_l+^cl_]n_^* chnlimj_]+

ncp_

m]c_h]_

cm

hin

kocn_

nb_

nsjc][f

?o^^bcmn

gi^_f*

qb_l_

[h

ch^cpcô[f qcff _p_hno[ffs [llcp_ [n òff _hfcabn_hg_hn* ehiq

_p_lsnbcha nb_l_ cm ni \_ ehiqh* [h^ ][h ihfs j[lnc[ffs mb[l_

ehiqf_â_ qcnb nb_ p[mn g[dilcns i` om qbi [l_ oh_hfcabn+

_h_^, ?on g[s\_ q_ ]iof^ î gil_, J[s\_ q_ ]iof^ b[p_ [

gil_ [^p[h]_^ jl[]nc]_* [ \_nn_l mi]c[f mb[lcha i` ehiqf_â_*

qbc]b cm [h _mm_hnc[f [mj_]n i` [ m]c_h]_<

Qb_l_ [l_ j[l[ff_fm \_nq__h ]f[mmc][f ?o^^bcmn jl[]nc]_ [h^

_mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_* \on nb_l_ [l_ cgjiln[hn ^c``_l_h]_m nii,

O_g_g\_l qb_h F n[fe_^ [\ion chô]ncih n_]bhcko_m ìl

[fn_l_^ mn[n_m i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm< F m[c^ _[lfc_l nb_l_ cm nb_ ìl+

g[f* i\pciom chô]ncih n_]bhcko_ [h^ nb_l_ cm nb_ ]ihn_rn nb_

n_]bhcko_ cm om_^ ch* [ ]ihn_rn qcnb ]_ln[ch &_rjfc]cn [h^

cgjfc]cn'

_rj_]n[ncihm,

Tb_h

[

?o^^bcmn

ch

[

?o^^bcmn

]ofnol_

cm n[oabn [hs i` nb_m_ \[mc] g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_m* ìl chmn[h]_*

nb_s%l_ hin n[oabn nb_ jl[]nc]_ ch kocn_ [m mcgjf_ [ ìlg [m F%p_

n[oabn cn ni^[s, Qb_s%l_ n[oabn nb_m_ \[mc] n_]bhc][f jl[]nc]_m

i` ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ [h^ pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih* \on \inb nb_

n_[]b_lm [h^ nb_ mno^_hnm \lcha _rj_]n[ncihm ni nb_ n_[]bcha

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &*,



[h^ jl[]nc]_ [\ion qb[n nb_m_ g_^cn[ncih jli]_ôl_m [l_ moj+

jim_^ ni î9 nb_s f_[^ nb_g niq[l^m _hfcabn_hg_hn* [h^

l_ô]_ il jolc`s nb_cl \[^ e[lg[, F%p_ jon _hfcabn_h+

g_hn* jolc`s* [h^ e[lg[ ch koin_m b_l_ ni l_gch^ om nb[n

nb_m_ [l_ p_ls ]igjf_r* ]ofnol[ffs f[^_h ]ihmnlo]nm,

Qbcm n_[]bcha [h^ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ mcno[ncih nb[n q_%l_

ì]om_^ ih cm domn fce_ [hs mi]c[f mcno[ncih, ?_mc^_m nb_ _rjfc]+

cn ]ofnol[f nl[jjcham* nb_l_ [l_ [ fin i` _rj_]n[ncihm nb[n [l_ l_f+

[ncp_fs cgjfc]cn \on [l_ `l_ko_hnfs l_chìl]_^ ch nb_ ]iolm_ i`

mi]c[f chn_l[]ncih [ff nb_ ncg_, Qbom [ j_lmih qcnb [ ?o^^bcmn

\[]ealioh^ il \_fc_` msmn_g qbi f_[lhm ?o^^bcmn g_^cn[ncih

ch [ ?o^^bcmn ]ihn_rn cm hin f_[lhcha cn qcnb nb_ m[g_ m_n [h^

m_nncha [m [ T_mn_lh m]c_hncmn,

> T_mn_lh m]c_hncmn* ch [h c^_[f m_hm_* cm chn_l_mn_^ ch mig_

[l_[ i` l_[fcns* ehiqm nb[n q_ îh%n ehiq nb_ `ch[f [hmq_lm

[\ion cn* cm mnlihafs ]olciom [\ion cn* [h^ g[e_m nb_ [mmogj+

ncih nb[n c` mb_ il b_ f_[lhm nb_ g_nbi^m [h^ n_]bhcko_m

[jjlijlc[n_ ni nb[n `c_f^* mb_ il b_ ][h g[e_ [ ]ihnlc\oncih*

_rj[h^ iol ehiqf_â_ i` nb[n `c_f^, Qb[n cm* iol ]ofnol_ b[m [

gi^_f nb[n iol ehiqf_â_ cm ^_`chcn_fs ch]igjf_n_ \on ][h \_

[^^_^ ni nblioab [h [jjfc][ncih i` m]c_hnc`c] g_nbi^m, T_

\_fc_p_ ch jlial_mm,

Qb_ ?o^^bcmn gi^_f* ih nb_ inb_l b[h^ &[m F oh^_lmn[h^

cn'* n_h^m ni [mmog_ nb[n [ff cgjiln[hn ehiqf_â_ cm ]igjf_n_

ni nbim_ qbi b[p_ \_]ig_ _hfcabn_h_^* \_]ig_ ?o^^b[m*

[h^ [hs ch^cpcô[f ][h p_lc`s nb[n ch [h _gjclc][f q[s \s

\_]igcha [ ?o^^b[, Conol_ ?o^^b[m qih%n ehiq gil_ nb[h

j[mn ?o^^b[m* mi nb_l_ cm hi jlial_mm [m ch nb_ nsjc][f

T_mn_lh gi^_f, ?s b[pcha nb[n m_n* mig_ih_ qbi cm [ aii^

?o^^bcmn*

f_[lhcha

nb_

m[g_

g_^cn[ncih

n_]bhcko_*

b[m

_rjfc]+cn [h^ cgjfc]cn _rj_]n[ncihm ch`fo_h]cha qb[n qcff b[jj_h [h^

biq ni nb_h òlnb_l jli]__^* ]igj[l_^ ni mig_ih_ qbi mcg+

jfs m[sm Qbcm cm [ n_]bhcko_ ni _rjfil_ nb_ gch^, F%g ij_h ni

qb[n_p_l b[jj_hm, F g[s f_[lh nbcham nb[n b[p_h%n \__h

ehiqh \_ìl_,

&*- _ =:>5 B4:6>46



[]]_jn_^ ]ih]fomcih ch nb_ jms]bifiac][f [h^ jms]bc[nlc] fcn_l+

[nol_, Qb_l_ m__g_^ ni \_ [ fin i` _rj_lcg_hn[f l_mofnm ni

jlip_ cn, F l_g_g\_l l_[^cha [lnc]f_m nb[n q_hn chni al_[n ^_n[cf

ih _r[]nfs biq nb_ jbsmcifias qile_^ ni jliô]_ nb_ _``_]n, Fn

chpifp_^ nb_ l_nc]of[l []ncp[ncha msmn_g [h^ chn_l[]ncha \l[ch

]_hn_lm, P_hmils ^_jlcp[ncih m__g_^ ni \_ [ ]f_[l* q_ff oh^_l+

mnii^ jb_hig_h[,

Qb_h [ g[h h[g_^ P]b_c\_* qilecha qcnb [ jligch_hn

jms]bc[nlcmn* J[lnch Llh_ &Llh_ /742'* ][llc_^ ion [ p_ls

chn_l_mncha _rj_lcg_hn, Qb_ []no[f _rj_lcg_hn[f nl_[ng_hn q[m

hin m_hmils ^_jlcp[ncih, Fn q[m nqi biolm ch [ mcno[ncih nb[n qiof^ il^ch[lcfs domn \_ nbioabn i` [m \ilcha, Fh nb_ []no[f

_rj_lcg_hn[f nl_[ng_hn* [h ch^cpcô[f mo\d_]n q[m jon chni [

mg[ff liig* qbc]b b[^ hi qchîqm* \on nb_ fcabnm q_l_ ih* mi

cn q[mh%n ^[le* [h^ cn q[mh%n [ mioh^jlii` liig, Fn q[m ch [

bimjcn[f* [h^ nb_ q[ffm q_l_ hin nb[n nbc]e, Vio ]iof^ b_[l

j_ijf_%m b__fm ]fc]echa ih nb_ `fiil [m nb_s q[fe_^ \s ch nb_

]illcîl ionmc^_* sio ]iof^ b_[l [ fcnnf_ \cn i` nb_ Jot[e msm+

n_g nblioab nb_ q[ffm* \cnm i` hin+kocn_+fio^+_hioab+ni+\_+

chn_ffcac\f_ ]ihp_lm[ncih i` j[mm_lm\s* _n]_n_l[* [h^ nb_ mo\+

d_]n%m gip_g_hn q[mh%n j[lnc]of[lfs l_mnlc]n_^, Qb_ mo\d_]n m[n

ih [ qii^_h ]b[cl [n [ qii^_h n[\f_ ìl [ ]iojf_ i` biolm*

\on b_ q[mh%n fscha ih [ mi`n g[nnl_mm qcnb [lgm [h^ f_am

mq[nb_^ ch nbc]e ]innih j[^m ni _fcgch[n_ gip_g_hn [h^ n[]ncf_ m_hm[ncih* il `fi[ncha ch [ n[he i` q[n_l [n \i^s n_g+

j_l[nol_* [m ch ]f[mmc][f m_hmils ^_jlcp[ncih _rj_lcg_hnm, Fn

q[m \ilcha \_][om_ nb_l_ q[m hinbcha ni î, Qb_l_ q[m hinb+

cha ni l_[^ il [hsnbcha fce_ nb[n, Fn%m qb[n gimn i` om qiof^

]ihmc^_l [ \ilcha mcno[ncih* \on hin a_h_l[ffs qb[n q_ qiof^

]ihmc^_l [ bcab mnl_mm il bcab mnl[ha_h_mm il jms]binigcg_n+

c] mcno[ncih,

Qb_l_ q[m [ j[hc] \onnih giohn_^ ih nb_ q[ff, >h

ch^cpcô[f mo\d_]n* c` b_ ]iof^h%n mn[h^ nb_ jli]_ôl_ \_ìl_

nb_ _rj_lcg_hn_l ][g_ \[]e* ]iof^ jl_mm nb_ \onnih,

> mo\d_]n m_f_]n_^ ìl nb_ ]ihnlif alioj nl_[ng_hn qiof^

&+% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

[llcp_ [n nb_ bimjcn[f fi\\s [h^ P]b_c\_* ^l_mm_^ ][mo[ffs*

qiof^ g__n bcg* _rjf[ch nb[n b_ &P]b_c\_' q[m [ al[ô[n_ mno+

^_hn îcha bcm nb_mcm* [h^ nb[n b_ b[^ ni b[p_ j_ijf_ mcn ch nbcm

liig

ìl

[

]iojf_

i`

biolm

[h^

acp_

nb_g

[

ko_mncihh[cl_

[`n_lq[l^m [mecha qb[n nb_cl _rj_lc_h]_ b[^ \__h fce_, E_

niie nb_ mo\d_]n chni nb_ nl_[ng_hn liig [h^ ][mo[ffs nif^

bcg nb[n c` b_ ]iof^h%n mn[h^ cn* b_ ]iof^ jl_mm nb_ \onnih ih

nb_ q[ff, Qb_h P]b_c\_ q_hn [q[s* [h^ ][g_ \[]e ch [ ]iojf_

i` biolm,

T_ff* hi\i^s ch nb_ ]ihnlif alioj jl_mm_^ nb_ \onnih*

[h^* [m sio qiof^ _rj_]n* \[mc][ffs nb_ l_jilnm mo\d_]nm a[p_

ih nb_ ko_mncihh[cl_ q_l_ nb[n nb_s q_l_ \il_^* [h^ nb[n q[m

[\ion cn,

Fh nb_ _rj_lcg_hn[f ]ih^cncih* [ mo\d_]n qiof^ ]ig_ ch ni

nb_ bimjcn[f fi\\s \on P]b_c\_ qiof^ g__n bcg q_[lcha [

mocn* [ qbcn_ f[\ ]i[n qcnb [ mn_nbim]ij_ mno]e ch nb_ ji]e_n*

[h^ [h i``c]c[f h[g_ n[a* chnliô]_ bcgm_f` [m Al, P]b_c\_* [

jms]bc[nlcmn, Kiq cgg_^c[n_fs nb_ _rj_]n[ncih[f ]ihn_rn

\_]ig_m p_ls ^c``_l_hn `lig nb[n m_n oj ìl nb_ ]ihnlif alioj

mo\d_]nm, F` sio%l_ j[lnc]cj[ncha ch [h _rj_lcg_hn nb[n [ jms+

]bc[nlcmn cm ]ihô]ncha* qb[n î jms]bc[nlcmnm mno^s<

PQRABKQ8 GVSg abcRg \cba

Ocabn,

P]b_c\_ nb_h niie nb_ mo\d_]n ni [h chn_lpc_q liig qb_l_ b_ [^gchcmn_l_^ [ mn[h^[l^ jms]bc[nlc] chn[e_ chn_lpc_q* nb_

ech^ nb[n%m om_^ ni ^_]c^_ qb_nb_l mig_\i^s cm jms]binc]

_hioab ni h__^ ni \_ bimjcn[fct_^, Aolcha nbcm chn_lpc_q nb_l_

q[m [ nl[s i` bsji^_lgc] mslcha_m ip_l [a[chmn nb_ q[ff f[\_f_^

Bg_la_h]s Ql[s, P]b_c\_ ^c^h%n m[s [hsnbcha [\ion nb[n nl[s*

\on cn q[m nb_l_ ch jf[ch mcabn, F` [ mo\d_]n [me_^ [\ion cn*

P]b_c\_ mcgjfs m[c^ cn q[mh%n cgjiln[hn,

>n nb_ _h^ i` nb_ chn_lpc_q* nb_ mo\d_]n b[^ ni mcah [ nbl__+

j[a_* `ch_ jlchn* f_a[f l_f_[m_ ìlg, Fn l_f_[m_^ nb_ _rj_lc+

g_hn_l* nb_ _rj_lcg_hn_l%m moj_lpcmilm* nb_ J[mm[]bom_nnm

D_h_l[f Eimjcn[f* nb_ Pn[n_ i` J[mm[]bom_nnm* nb_ K[ncih[f

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &+&



Fhmncnon_ i` J_hn[f E_[fnb [h^ nb_ Rhcn_^ Pn[n_m aip_lhg_hn

`lig [hs [h^ [ff ]ihm_ko_h]_m l_mofncha `lig j[lnc]cj[ncha ch

nbcm _rj_lcg_hn,

P]b_c\_ [fmi g_hncih_^* ][mo[ffs* nb[n nbcm q[m [ m_hmils

^_jlcp[ncih _rj_lcg_hn, Qb_ n_lg b[^ \__h [lioh^ ch iol

]ofnol_ ìl [ qbcf_, Qb_h nb_ mo\d_]n ch nb_ _rj_lcg_hn[f alioj

q_hn chni nb_ m[g_ \ilcha* \on hin mioh^jlii`* hin ^[le_h_^*

nl_[ng_hn liig nb[n ]ihnlif alioj mo\d_]nm b[^ _[]b m[n ch ìl

nqi biolm,

>m sio ][h cg[ach_* nb_ l_mofnm q_l_ kocn_ ^c``_l_hn, >

hog\_l i` _rj_lcg_hn[f alioj mo\d_]nm jl_mm_^ nb_ j[hc] \on+nih, Fn ain domn nii q_cl^* nb_s ]iof^h%n b[h^f_ nb_ òff nqi

biolm Qb_ ko_mncihh[cl_ l_mofnm \[mc][ffs mbiq_^ nb[n [ff i`

nb_ jms]binc]+fce_ _``_]nm [mmi]c[n_^ qcnb nb_ []no[f l_ô]ncih

i` m_hmils mncgofc ni nb_ \l[ch* l_[f m_hmils ^_jlcp[ncih* ]iof^

\_ jliô]_^ \s moaa_mncih [fih_, M_ijf_ n[fe_^ [\ion biq

nb_cl \i^c_m `_fn fce_ nb_s q_l_ a_nncha \caa_l [h^ mg[ff_l* ìl

_r[gjf_* mig_ l_jiln_^ mnl[ha_ m_hm[ncihm i` gipcha* ohomo+

[f _gincih[f mn[n_m* gip_g_hnm i` mb[îqm* _n],

P]b_c\_ [h^ Llh_ ^_gihmnl[n_^ nb[n [ff nb_ _``_]nm

[nnlc\on_^ ni [ jli]_ôl_ ih cnm jl_mog_^ \[mc] jbsmcifiac][f

òh]ncih i` ]onncha îqh []no[f m_hmils mncgof[ncih ]iof^ \_

jliô]_^ jms]bifiac][ffs domn \s _rj_]n[ncih, Fn ]_ln[chfs

^_gihmnl[n_^ ni g_ nb[n [ff i` nb_ m_hmils ^_jlcp[ncih

l_m_[l]b h__^_^ ni \_ îh_ ip_l [a[ch* l_[fctcha nb[n cn q[m

hin domn nb[n sio q_l_ ^_jlcpcha j_ijf_ i` m_hmils mncgof[+

ncih* sio q_l_ îcha cn qcnbch [ ]_ln[ch _rj_]n[ncih[f ]ihn_rn,

Ml[]nc][ffs [ff m_hmils ^_jlcp[ncih l_m_[l]b b[^ \__h îh_ ch

bimjcn[fm* \s jms]bc[nlcmnm* i`n_h qcnb nb_ cgjfc]cn il _rjfc]cn

gi^_f

nb[n

nbcm

gcabn

jliô]_

[

l_mofn

nb[n

qiof^

b_fj

om

gi^_f mig_nbcha fce_ qb[n g_hn[f cffh_mm q[m, Fn q[m om_òf ni

f_[lh `lig P]b_c\_ [h^ Llh_%m mno^s nb[n cgjfc]cn _rj_]n[ncihm

[fih_ ]iof^ jl_nns go]b jliô]_ [ff nb_ jb_hig_h[ _lli+

h_iomfs [nnlc\on_^ ni m_hmils ^_jlcp[ncih* \on cn oh^_l]on nb_

mojjim_^fs mioh^ ]ih]fomcihm [h^ oh^_lmn[h^cham i` ît_hm

&+' _ =:>5 B4:6>46



i` jl_pciom mno^c_m i` m_hmils ^_jlcp[ncih,

F m[c^ _[lfc_l nb[n* c^_[ffs* q_ qiof^ b[p_ [ alioj i` nin[f+

fs oh\c[m_^ j_ijf_* qcnb hi _rj_]n[ncihm* jl[]nc]_ g_^cn[ncih

[m [ \[mc] n_]bhcko_ ch ^_p_fijcha [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm,

?on sio ][h m__ `lig nbcm _r[gjf_ [h^ g[hs inb_lm F ]iof^

acp_ nb[n nbcm cm go]b nii mcgjfcmnc] [ hincih, T_ ][h nls ni

oh^_lmn[h^ \c[m [h^ ]igj_hm[n_ ìl cn il l_ô]_ cn* \on cn%m

ìifcmb ni [mmog_ nb[n cn%m hin nb_l_ [n [ff,

@igcha \[]e* nb_h* ni iol ì]om ih ^_p_fijcha [ m]c_h]_

i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* i` gch^* sio \lcha mig_\i^s ch [h^ n_[]b

nb_g [ g_^cn[ncih n_]bhcko_* \on sio gomn l_[fct_ nb[n j_i+ jf_ &[fgimn' [fq[sm ]ig_ ch qcnb _rj_]n[ncihm, T_ m]c_hncmnm*

q_ _rj_lcg_hn_lm* [fmi [fgimn [fq[sm b[p_ mnliha _rj_]n[ncihm

nb[n g[s [``_]n iol jms]bifiac][f qile, Jimn _rj_lcg_hn_lm

hin ihfs b[p_ _rj_]n[ncihm* nb_s ]iggohc][n_ nb_g ni nb_cl

mo\d_]nm ch p[lciom q[sm, Jimn _rj_lcg_hn_lm [fmi b[p_ [h

cgjiln[hn* c` hi\f_* ^_fomcih nb[n òlnb_l ]igjfc][n_m fc`_* nb_

^_fomcih i` i\d_]ncpcns, F [g [h i\d_]ncp_ m]c_hncmn* îcha nbcm

l_m_[l]b [m [h ij_h+gch^_^* oh\c[m_^ m_[l]b ìl nb_ nlonb

Bp_h qb_h [h _rj_lcg_hn_l l_[fct_m nb[n b_l mo\d_]nm b[p_

cgjiln[hn _rj_]n[ncihm* nb_ [nncno^_ i`n_h n_h^m ni \_ mig_+

nbcha fce_ T_ff* mo\d_]nm g[s b[p_ _rj_]n[ncihm* \on nb[n%m

hicm_* nb[n%m _llil p[lc[h]_* mi sio loh [ fin i` mo\d_]nm [h^ cn

qcff [p_l[a_ cnm_f` ion,

Qb_ j_lp[mcp_h_mm i` ohl_]iahct_^* msmn_g[nc] \c[m_m [h^

_rj_]n[ncihm g[e_m cn p_ls b[l^ ni m_n oj [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm ch [ mcgjf_+gch^_^ q[s, T_ ][h%n m[s q_ ][h mig_+

biq n_mn j_ijf_ qcnbion _rj_]n[ncihm x ohf_mm sio a_n mig_+

\i^s qbi cm ^_[^, Qb_s g[s ]ig_ ch qcnb hi _rj_]n[ncihm*

\on

c`

nb_s%l_

^_[^*

nb_l_

cm

hin

go]b

]ihm]ciomh_mm

ni

mno^s

Pi sio gomn l_]iahct_ nb_ jli\f_g i` \c[m [h^ _rj_]n[ncih* [n

\inb ip_ln [h^ mo\nf_ f_p_fm* [h^ nls ni ]igj_hm[n_ ìl cn,

Qbcm ko_mncih i` \c[m ch _rj_lcg_hnm b[m [fq[sm \__h i`

chn_l_mn ni g_, Qblioabion gs _hncl_ _rj_lcg_hn[f ][l__l

F%p_ [fq[sm m[c^ ni gsm_f` nb[n F qiof^ fce_ ni \_ [h

=:>5 P@FBK@B _ &+(

i\d_]ncp_ chp_mnca[nil* \on F%g jli\[\fs \c[m_^* mi cn qiof^

\_ [ aii^ c^_[ c` F `caol_^ ion qb[n gs \c[m_m [l_ x [h^

nb_h g[s\_ F ][h ]igj_hm[n_ ìl nb_g, >m fiha [m F g[chn[ch

nb_ ^_fomcih nb[n F%g ]igjf_n_fs i\d_]ncp_* gs \c[m_m loh ch [

nin[ffs oh]ihnliff_^ `[mbcih, Pi c` q_%l_ aicha ni ^_p_fij [ m]c+

_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* q_%l_ aicha ni b[p_ ni n[e_ nb_ _rj_]+

n[ncihm i` \inb mo\d_]nm [h^ _rj_lcg_hn_lm chni []]iohn,

Pojjim_ mig_\i^s mcnm îqh ni f_[lh [ g_^cn[ncih jli]_+

ôl_9 ih_ j_lmih ]ig_m ch \_][om_ nb_s nbche cn qcff b_fj

nb_g qcnb nb_cl \[]e j[ch9 [hinb_l j_lmih ]ig_m ch \_][om_

nb_s nbche cn qcff g[e_ nb_g mjclcno[f x qb[n_p_l mjclcno[f

g_[hm ni nb_g9 nb_ nbcl^ j_lmih ]ig_m ch nbchecha cn qcff

ch]l_[m_ nb_cl jms]bifiac][f chmcabn9 [h^ mi ih,

Lh_ [jjli[]b* [ `[clfs nl[^cncih[f m]c_hnc`c] ih_* cm ni

[mm_mm nb_ \c[m_m [h^ _rj_]n[ncihm [h^ nls ni m__ qb[n _``_]nm

^c``_l_hn _rj_]n[ncihm b[p_ ih qb[n ]ig_m ion i` g_^cn[ncih

jli]_ôl_m, Qb[n%m [ aii^ [jjli[]b,

T_ gcabn [fmi [me [ l_[ffs cgjiln[hn ko_mncih* biq_p_l,

@iof^ nb_ pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih n_]bhcko_ _p_hno[ffs nl[hm]_h^

[ff _rj_]n[ncihm< >ffiq om ni m__ nlonb \_sih^ iol \c[m_m<

Lh_ i` nb_ gil_ chn_l_mncha l_mofnm ìl g_ `lig îcha

pcj[mm[h[* chmcabn g_^cn[ncih* cm nb[n i`n_h mig_ i` nb_ gimn

cgjiln[hn nbcham F%p_ f_[lh_^ `lig cn [l_ domn qb[n nb_ _rj_]+

n[ncihm F \lioabn ni cn [l_, F%p_ mig_ncg_m b[^ chmcabnm chni nb_

\c[m_m* nb_ bij_m* nb_ `_[lm* nb_ _rj_]n[ncihm F%p_ \__h \lchacha

chni g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ &il chni gs fc`_ a_h_l[ffs' [h^ qbc]b

b[p_ \__h jombcha gs gch^ ch ]_ln[ch ^cl_]ncihm, Pig_ncg_m

[m [ l_mofn i` m__cha [ \c[m il _rj_]n[ncih* F ][h nb_h ^lij cn

[h^ a_n qb[n m__gm fce_ [ ]f_[l_l j_l]_jncih i` l_[fcns,

Pig_ncg_m nb_ \c[m e__jm lcabn ih qilecha [m miih [m gs

[nn_hncih ^lc`nm `lig m__cha cn* [h^ cn g[s n[e_ gofncjf_

chmcabnm chni cn \_ìl_ cn mnijm lohhcha gs fc`_, Qi [ ]_ln[ch

_rn_hn cn g[s \_ jimmc\f_ nb[n nbcm a_h_l[f n_]bhifias i` koc+

_ncha nb_ gch^ nblioab ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih [h^ nb_h

f_[lhcha ni j[s ]f_[l* \[f[h]_ [nn_hncih g[s hin ihfs g[e_

&+) _ =:>5 B4:6>46

\c[m_m gil_ pcmc\f_ mi sio ][h m__ nb_g* cn gcabn \_ach ni

_h[\f_ om ni ip_l]ig_ nb_g,

Pi F nbche q_ b[p_ mig_ jimmc\cfcnc_m ìl [ m]c_h]_ i`

]ihm]ciomh_mm nb[n om_m ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih* pcj[mm[h[

g_^cn[ncih [h^ m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha, F nbche q_

b[p_ jimmc\cfcnc_m ni ]l_[n_ [ ^_^c][n_^ h_nqile i` j_ijf_ qbi

jl[]nc]_ g_^cn[ncih* qbi [l_ [q[l_ i` \c[m_m* qbi _p_hno[ffs

\_ach ni m__ [h^ `cfn_l ion nb_cl \c[m_m* qbi \_ach jiifcha

nb_cl ehiqf_â_* \inb i\m_lp[ncih[f [h^ nb_il_nc][f x [h^

nbcm g[s \_ [ pcn[f j[ln i` ^_p_fijcha [ l_[f* T_mn_lh m]c_h]_

i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm, >h^ mo]b [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm ]iof^

ch]fo^_ mn[n_+mj_]c`c] qile qcnbch p[lciom >P@m [fmi, T_ îh%n

b[p_ ncg_ ni ai chni nb[n ni^[s* \on F%p_ qlcnn_h _rn_hmcp_fs ih

gs jlijim[f ìl ]l_[ncha mn[n_+mj_]c`c] m]c_h]_m _fm_qb_l_ &Q[ln

/750' &Q[ln /776'* _p_h nbioab q_%l_ hin kocn_* [m [ mi]c_ns*

l_[^s ìl nb[n s_n,

>h^ hiq sio ][h [me siol nii fiha ^_f[s_^ ko_mncih*

\_][om_ nb[n%m nb_ jichn [n qbc]b gs fch_ i` nbchecha mnijj_^,

PQRABKQ8 JSZZ$ bVO\Y g]c$ bVOb R]Sa Q]dS` [cQV []`S bVO\ gs

_cSabW]\& <b Z]]Ya ZWYS g]c!`S e]`YW\U ]\ RSdSZ]^W\U bVOb YW\R ]T

aQWS\QS ]T Q]\aQW]ca\Saa eWbV ca aQWS\bWaba eV] O`S Ô`b ]T bVWa

e]`YaV]^ b]ROg& K]c bOcUVb ca a][S bSQV\W_cSa T]` _cWSbW\U O\R

]PaS`dW\U ]c` [W\Ra$ bVS\ g]c!dS OaYSR ca b] `S^]`b ]c` `SacZbW\U

Sf^S`WS\QSa& FSdSÒZ ]T ca `Sa^]\RSR eWbV TWàb ^Sà]\ \O`ÒbWdSa$ l<

Sf^S`WS\QSR bVWa O\R bVOb$ l YW\Ra ]T `S^]`ba& 5cb Wa\!b bVS`S O PWOa W\

bVS aQWS\bWTWQ [SbV]R WbaSZT eVWQV RS\WSa bVS dOZWRWbg ]T bVWa YW\R ]T

O^^`]OQV$ eVWQV RS\WUÒbSa ]c` `S^]`ba ]T Sf^S`WS\QS3

Lb* s_m, ?on hin_ nb[n nb_ m]c_hncmn j[ln i` g_ q[m hin nb_

jlcg[ls j[ln f_[^cha sio nblioab _rj_lc_hnc[f _r_l]cm_m ni^[s,

F%g \c[m_^ ch m_p_l[f q[sm qb_h F î nb_m_ qilembijm F q[hn

j_ijf_ ni b[p_ [ aii^ _rj_lc_h]_, >n nb_ m[g_ ncg_* nbioab* F

îh%n q[hn ni `[ff chni gs if^ bsjhimcm l_m_[l]b_l ^[sm qb_l_

F domn q[hn_^ ni jlial[g j[lnc]of[l _rj_lc_h]_m ìl j_ijf_, Pi

F nls ni mnlce_ mig_ ech^ i` \[f[h]_ \_nq__h m[scha nbcham

qbc]b F nbche qcff \_ om_òf ìl [ fin i` j_ijf_* qbcf_ [n nb_

=:>5 B4:6>46 # & + *

m[g_ ncg_ nlscha ni gchcgct_ nb_ ^_al__ ni qbc]b F moaa_mn

mj_]c`c] _rj_lc_h]_m, ?on qbcf_ q_%p_ n[fe_^ [ fin [\ion m]c+

_h]_* F qiof^ hin ^_m]lc\_ nb_ ech^ i` h[ll[ncp_m j_ijf_ b[p_

l_jiln_^ b_l_ [\ion qb[n nb_s _rj_lc_h]_^ [m m]c_hnc`c]

l_jilnm ih cn* ohf_mm F ko[fc`c_^ nb_g [m chcnc[f* jl_fcgch[ls

l_jilnm,

F` F q_l_ nlscha ni ]iff_]n ko[fcns ^[n[* ìl chmn[h]_* [n [

gchcgog* F mbiof^ b[p_ b[^ _p_ls\i^s qlcn_ nb_cl l_jilnm ch

jlcp[n_ [h^ nolh nb_g ch \_ìl_ alioj ^cm]ommcih* mi sio

qiof^h%n b[p_ b_[l^ [hs\i^s _fm_%m [h^ j_lb[jm \_ ch`fo+

_h]_^ \s nb_g ch qlcncha siol iqh, Qb_h nb_ \c[m_m F \lioabn chni nb_ chmnlo]ncihm qiof^ b[p_ ni \_ n_[m_^ ion [h^ nb_cl

_``_]nm _p[fo[n_^, F ehiq F%g \c[m_^ Pi qbcf_ F%p_ n[fe_^

[\ion nb_ cgjiln[h]_ i` nl[ch_^ chnlimj_]ncih* gch^òfh_mm*

ch ^_p_fijcha [ T_mn_lh m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* q_ b[p_h%n

g[^_ go]b i` [ mn[ln ih cn s_n* ch]fo^cha ni^[s* ]igj[l_^ ni

qb[n

h__^m

ni

\_

îh_,Pno^_hn8 @g _cSabW]\ eOa\!b b] `SW\T]`QS bVS WRSO ]T g]c` PWOa$

Pcb ÒbVS` b] ] T T S ` bVS QVOZZS\US b] []ab aQWS\bWaba bVOb eVOb g]c

caSR b]ROg R]Sa\!b VOdS b] PS `SUO`RSR Oa PWOaSR& JVS\ O ^Sà]\

aOga$ l< aSS bVS `cU bVOb!a `WUVb PST]`S [g SgSa$ bVOb < RWR\!b aSS

PST]`S$ Oa O `SacZb ]T aS\aW\U$ Z]]YW\U$ O\R ZWabS\W\Ul O\R g]c aOg$

lKSa Wb caSR b] PS Xcab O\ ]ZR V]bSZ `cU$ c\\]bWQSR$ Pcb \]e g]c aSS

Wb Oa `SOZZg Wa$ l b] [S bVOb!a RObO

F%^ ìlainn_h* F ain ][oabn oj ch ]ih]_jno[fctcha , , , nbcm

l_[ffs cm [h chn_l_mncha loa* cmh%n cn<

PQRABKQ8 <\RSSR A]e OUOW\$ g]c aSS$ \]e bVS`S Wa RObO&

V_m,

PQRABKQ8 JVg QO\ aQWS\QS \]b `SUO`R bVWa Oa O dOZWR RObO3 G]

^cb Wb O\]bVS`

eOg$

eVg

R]

eS

VOdS

aQWS\bWTWQ

R]U[Oa

bVOb

YSS^

ca

T`][ Z]]YW\U Ob bVWa YW\R ]T RObO3 ;]e QO\ eS QVO\US bVOb ObbWbcRS$

USb Ôab bVS R]U[O3

Vio q[hn g_ ni q[r mi]cifiac][f [\ion nb_ \ca qbs<

)*+$%(*" (8 ! N8EK PFL KF :?8E>< @K KF N?P EFK 5?8K @J PFLI

<OG<I@<E:< 8J 8 J:@<EK@JK @E ;<8C@E> N@K? 9@8J<J 8E; ;F>D8&

&++ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

Le[s* sio%p_ n_gjn_^ g_ [h^ F%ff mo]]og\ \lc_`fs* [h^

l_`f_]n ih nbcm cmmo_ `lig ìlns+jfom s_[lm i` qilecha ch ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm l_m_[l]b* [m cn cm cgjiln[hn ni nb_ ai[f i` _mn[\fcmb+

cha [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm, Qb_l_ cm [h^ b[m \__h nl_g_h+

îom \c[m [a[chmn b[pcha [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* [a[chmn

[]]_jncha ]ihm]ciomh_mm ^S` aS chni m]c_h]_ [n [ff, Qb[n%m qbs

F%g mi nblcff_^ nb[n nb_m_ Qo]mih g__ncham [l_ b[jj_hcha8 nb_s

[l_ [h ch]l_^c\f_ \l_[enblioab ]igj[l_^ ni [nncno^_m _p_h [

^_][^_ [ai, Pi* qbs nb_ \c[m_m<

Cil ih_ nbcha* m]c_h]_ a_h_l[ffs b[m hin ehiqh biq ni

^_[f qcnb nb_ b[l^ m]c_h]_m, Kiq F ^_fc\_l[n_fs om_ b[l^ [h^ _[ms ch [ ^c``_l_hn q[s nb[h nb_s [l_ omo[ffs om_^, Qb_

_[ms m]c_h]_m [l_ nbcham fce_ jbsmc]m* ]b_gcmnls* [h^ \cifias*

[ff nbim_ [l_[m i` l_[fcns qb_l_ siol ]ofnol[f \[]ealioh^* j_l+

mih[fcns [h^ _rj_]n[ncihm îh%n g[e_ go]b ^c``_l_h]_, Qb_

b[l^* nb_ ^c``c]ofn m]c_h]_m [l_ [l_[m fce_ jms]bifias [h^ jms+

]bc[nls

qb_l_

sio*

nb_

_rj_lcg_hn_l*

g[s

b[p_

[

nl_g_hîom

_``_]n ih qb[n sio i\m_lp_, Pi* [n [ `clmn f_p_f* qb[n q_%^ fce_

ni b[p_ [m [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm cm [ go]b nioab_l jliji+

mcncih ni ^_p_fij nb[h ch nb_ gil_ _mn[\fcmb_^ ech^m i` jbsm+

c][f m]c_h]_m* qbc]b [l_ nb_ _[ms m]c_h]_m \s ]igj[lcmih,

>m [ m_]ih^ fiie [n qbs q_ îh%n b[p_ gil_ i` [ m]c_h]_

i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* F momj_]n [ j[ln i` nb_ l_[mih x [h^ nbim_ i`

sio ch nb_ g_hn[f b_[fnb jli`_mmcihm qcff l_]iahct_ nbcm x cm

nb[n [ fin i` j_ijf_ [l_ hin p_ls ]igìln[\f_ qcnb nb_cl iqh

gch^m* [h^ nb_s îh%n q[hn ni fiie ^__j_l, Qb_l_ cm [h [nnc+

no^_ fce_ F%p_ _rj_lc_h]_^ _hioab mo``_lcha [m cn cm I_[p_ q_ff

_hioab [fih_ F îh%n q[hn ni fiie ch nb_l_ F îh%n nlomn qb[n

gcabn \_ \_fiq nb_ _p_ls^[s mol`[]_ i` gs gch^ Pi F nbche

nb_l_

cm

[

mcahc`c][hn

f_p_f

i`

^sh[gc]*

^_`_hmcp_

l_mcmn[h]_

ni

^_p_fijcha [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm `lig g[hs m]c_hncmnm%

j_lmih[f jms]bifias,

Qbcl^* sio b[p_* i` ]iolm_* mi]c[f `[mbcih, @ihm]ciomh_mm

q_hn ion i` mnsf_ ìl [ fiha qbcf_, F l_g_g\_l nb[n qb_h F q[m

ch al[ô[n_ m]biif F q[hn_^ ni î gs nb_mcm [h^ ^cmm_ln[ncih

=:>5 B4:6>46 ! & + ,



qile ih ^l_[gm, F q[m hin a_nncha nii go]b _h]iol[a_g_hn

ih nbcm `lig gs `[]ofns [^pcmilm* \on nb_s [fl_[^s eh_q F q[m

mno\\ilh* mi nb_s f_n g_ ai [b_[^, ?on qbcf_ F q[m l_[^cha nb_

\[]ealioh^ fcn_l[nol_ F l_[^ [ \iie \s [h Bhafcmb jbcfimijb_l

&J[f]ifg /737' nb[n ^`]dSR Z]UWQOZZg bVOb bVS`S eS`S \] acQV

bVW\Ua Oa R`SO[a!& / b[^ ohjf_[m[hn ^l_[gm [\ion nbcm [ff hcabn

fiha

?on mi]c[f [h^ jli`_mmcih[f ]fcg[n_m ][h ]b[ha_, >m F q[m

a_nncha l_[^s ni î gs nb_mcm l_m_[l]b* qbc]b* [m F m[c^* F q[m

^cm]iol[a_^* \on hin jl_p_hn_^* `lig îcha \_][om_ ^l_[gm

q_l_ mo\d_]ncp_ [h^ nb_l_ìl_ ohl_[f* jms]bifiacmn [h^

inb_lm \_a[h ni ^cm]ip_l [ f[h^g[le [lnc]f_ nb[n Boa_h_

>m_lchmes [h^ K[nb[hc_f Hf_cng[h b[^ jo\fcmb_^ ch FQWS\QS

&>m_lchmes /731', Qb_s ìoh^ nb[n ^l_[gcha m__g_^ ni i]]ol

ôlcha [ l_[f* ^VgaW]Z]UWQOZZg RSTW\SR BB@ j_lci^ [n hcabn,

Ml_mni Lp_lhcabn* ^l_[gm \_][g_ l_[f ìl nb_ m]c_hnc`c] ]ig+

gohcns Al_[gm ain [mmi]c[n_^ qcnb mig_nbcha jbsmc][f* [h^

qb[n q[m jbsmc][f q[m l_[f Qb[n%m nb_ m[g_ nbcha nb[n b[j+

j_h_^ qcnb g_^cn[ncih f[n_l, Fh nb_ m]c_hnc`c] [h^ g_^c][f fcn+

_l[nol_* g_^cn[ncih* qb_h g_hncih_^ [n [ff* q[m mig_ miln i`

j[nbifiac][f* m]bctic^ nbcha îh_ \s j_ijf_ ch \[]eq[l^

]iohnlc_m* [h^ cn q[m mo\d_]ncp_ [h^ ohl_[f, Qb_h q_ b[^ [h

[lnc]f_ ch FQWS\QS &T[ff[]_ /75.' nb[n mbiq_^ nb[n nb_l_ q_l_

jbsmcifiac][f ]b[ha_m* g_n[\ifc] [h^ BB@ ]b[ha_m* [mmi]c[n_^

qcnb [ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_* Ql[hm]_h^_hn[f J_^cn[ncih, Lb*

g_^cn[ncih gomn \_ l_[f [`n_l [ff

Lh nb_ mi]c[f+jifcnc][f f_p_f* F [jjl_]c[n_ nb_m_ fcnnf_

_jcmi^_m i` f_acncgct[ncih nb[n g[e_ nbcham _[mc_l ìl j_ijf_

qbi q[hn ni l_m_[l]b [l_[m qbc]b b[^ hin \__h mi]c[ffs f_acn+

cg[n_ \_ìl_,

?on

ch

n_lgm

i`

]igcha

oj

qcnb

[

l_[ffs

[^_ko[n_

m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* cn%m [ l_[f ^l[q\[]e nb[n q_ b[p_ ni

f_acncg[nct_ nb_m_ nbcham \s l_ô]cha nb_g ni nb_ jl_`_ll_^

\_fc_` msmn_g* jbsmcifias* g[n_lc[fcns* nb_ gch^ cm hinbcha

\on \l[ch îag[* _rjf[chcha nb_g [q[s, > j[ln i` nb_

l_[mih q_%l_ [\f_ ni b[p_ nbcm Qo]mih ]ih`_l_h]_ cm nb[n nb_l_

&+- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

b[m \__h [ fin i` jlial_mm g[^_ ch oh^_lmn[h^cha nb_ \l[ch*

[h^ [ fin i` jlial_mm g[^_ ch ^_p_fijcha jms]bi[]ncp_ ^loam

nb[n ][h b[p_ om_òf jms]bc[nlc] \_h_`cnm, Qbcm jbsmcifiac][f

jlial_mm b[m j[lnc[ffs f_acncgct_^ [h chn_l_mn ch gch^ ^S` aS&

Qb_ inb_l \ca nbcha nb[n%m ]b[ha_^ nb_ mi]c[f m]c_hnc`c] [nnc+

no^_ [\ion ]ihm]ciomh_mm b[m \__h ]igjon_lm, @igjon_lm

\lie_ nb_ Aih%n nls ni fiie chmc^_ nb_ \ir g_hn[fcns nb[n

jl_p[cf_^ mi fiha ch jms]bifias* nb_ \_b[pcilcmn [nncno^_, F`

sio%l_ qlcncha [ ]igjon_l jlial[g* sio ][h%n domn m[s E_l_%m

[h chjon [h^ b_l_%m [h ionjon* [h^ nb[n%m nb_ i\d_]ncp_fs

i\m_lp[\f_ \_b[pcil, Vio%p_ ain ni `caol_ ion jl_]cm_fs qbs [

]igjon_l \_b[p_m nb_ q[s cn î_m \s g[n]bcha il ]l_[ncha

nb[n \_b[pcil \s qlcncha [ jlial[g ni î nb[n ech^ i` nbcha,

Kiq gs bij_ cm nb[n q_ qih%n a_n nii ][oabn oj ch nb_

_rjf[chcha [q[s j[l[^cag [m [h _mm_hnc[f j[ln i` nb_ f_acn+

cgct[ncih jli]_mm ìl ]ihm]ciomh_mm l_m_[l]b, Qbcm cm nb_ hih+

m]c_hnc`c] `[cnb nb[n Qb_ h_olifiacmnm il \ci]b_gcmnm qcff

_rjf[ch ]ihm]ciomh_mm [q[s mig_^[s [m \_cha \]bVW\U Pcb ]_l+

n[ch _f_]nlc][f [h^ ]b_gc][f chn_l[]ncihm \_nq__h ]_ln[ch \l[ch

ho]f_c, Qbcm [lnc]f_ i` `[cnb cm hih+m]c_hnc`c] \_][om_ cn%m [ hih+

`[fmc`c[\f_ bsjinb_mcm8 sio ][h%n jlip_ nb[n mig_^[s nb_s

qih%n jlip_ mig_nbcha F bij_ nb[n qbcf_ q_ b[p_ nbcm qch+

îq i` ijjilnohcns i` [ a_h_l[f* \ola_ihcha chn_l_mn ch ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm* mo]b [m nb_m_ Qo]mih g__ncham _rjl_mm* q_%ff l_[ffs

fiie [n ]ihm]ciomh_mm ^S` aS&

Js j[lnc]of[l* qilecha nb_il_nc][f jimcncih cm nb[n F [g [h

W\bSÒQbWdS$ ^ÒU[ObWQ RcOZWab& Ai_mh%n nb[n mioh^ l_[f qb_h F

f[\_f cn qcnb [ff nbim_ \ca jbcfimijbc][f n_lgm< Js iqh

l_m_[l]b* [h^ nb_ l_m_[l]b i` inb_l j_ijf_ nb[n F l_mj_]n* b[m

]ihpch]_^

g_

nb[n

gch^

b[m

[

l_[fcns

i`

cnm

iqh

nb[n

cm

chb_l_hnfs hih+l_ô]c\f_ ni \l[ch òh]ncihcha, F g_[h hih+

l_ô]c\f_ ch [ go]b mnliha_l m_hm_ nb[h domn nb_ msmn_gm

nb_ils m_hm_ nb[n sio b[p_ _g_la_hn jlij_lnc_m nb[n sio ][h%n

l_ô]_ ni mcgjf_ [^^cncp_ chn_l[]ncihm i` mo\msmn_g []ncihm,

F g_[h hih+l_ô]c\f_ ch nb[n b[l^ ^[n[ mbiqm nb[n gch^ ][h

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &+.



î l_[f nbcham nb[n hi \l[chm* il l_[mih[\f_ _rnl[jif[ncih i`

nb_ jlij_lnc_m i` \l[chm* ][h _p_l î* acp_h iol ]oll_hn m]c_h+

nc`c] ehiqf_â_ i` nb_ h[nol_ i` jbsmc][f l_[fcns [h^ l_[mih+

[\f_ _rn_hmcihm i` nb[n ehiqf_â_, Qb_l_ cm hi l_[mih[\f_

îo\n ch gs gch^* ìl _r[gjf_* nb[n j[l[hilg[f jb_hig_h[

fce_ n_f_j[nbs [h^ ]f[clpis[h]_ b[jj_h mig_ncg_m x nb_

_rj_lcg_hn[f _pc^_h]_ cm ip_lqb_fgcha, Qb_l_ cm [fmi hi

îo\n ch gs gch^ nb[n hi l_[mih[\f_* mnl[cabnìlq[l^ _rn_h+

mcihm i` ]ihn_gjil[ls jbsmc]m ][h _rjf[ch nbim_ jlch]cjf_m,

?l[chm îh%n jliô]_* \s il^_lm i` g[ahcno^_* mnliha _hioab

_f_]nlig[ah_nc] l[^c[ncih* ìl _r[gjf_* ni ]ihp_s n_f_j[nbc]

g_mm[a_m [lioh^ nb_ qilf^* \on mo]b _p_hnm î b[jj_h &m__*

_,a,* &?lioabnih /77/' &Flqch /772' &O[^ch /775' ìl l_]_hn

[onbilcn[ncp_ l_pc_qm [h^ mogg[lc_m i` nbcm _pc^_h]_',

F ehiq mig_ih_ qcff l[cm_ nb_ cmmo_ i` ko[hnog jbsmc]m

[h^ ]ihm]ciomh_mm, Pig_ i` gs \_mn `lc_h^m [l_ ko[hnog

jbsmc]cmnm

qbi

m[s

T_%ff

_rjf[ch

nb_m_

j[l[hilg[f

_``_]nm

qcnb ko[hnog jbsmc]m mig_^[s, F qcmb nb_g q_ff* \on ch

jichn i` `[]n* ch n_lgm i` ^_gihmnl[\f_* g_[mol[\f_ ^[n[*

nb_s%p_ b[^ p_ls fcnnf_ mo]]_mm, F b[p_ [h if^+`[mbcih_^* _mm_h+

nc[f m]c_hnc`c] \_fc_` nb[n [ l_[ffs aii^ m]c_hnc`c] oh^_lmn[h^cha,

[ l_[ffs aii^ nb_ils i` mig_nbcha* f_[^m ni jl_^c]ncih [h^

]ihnlif i` nb_ jb_hig_h[, Js `lc_h^m [h^ ]iff_[ao_m qbi [l_

ko[hnog jbsmc]cmnm î j[l[jms]bifias _rj_lcg_hnm* [h^ a_n

nb_ m[g_* mn[ncmnc][ffs+mcahc`c][hn+\on+hin+p_ls+mnliha l_mofnm

nb[n j_ijf_ qbi qiof^h%n ehiq [ ko[hnog `lig [ bif_ ch nb_

alioh^ a_n, Qb_cl nb_il_nc][f oh^_lmn[h^cha cm hin g[hc`_mn_^

ni nb_ jichn i` []no[ffs b[pcha [hs jl[]nc][f l_mofnm s_n,

M_lb[jm cn qcff mig_^[s* j_lb[jm hin, Pi g[s\_ nb_s [l_ ih ni

mig_nbcha* \on g[s\_ hin,F%g kocn_ cgjl_mm_^ \s [ bcabfs jl_mncaciom m]c_hnc`c] `c_f^

fce_ ko[hnog jbsmc]m* i` ]iolm_* [h^ kocn_ mhiq_^ \s j_ijf_

qbi n[fe [\ion cn* \on nb_l_ [l_ hi cgjl_mmcp_ l_mofnm s_n qb_h

cn ]ig_m ni _rjf[chcha j[l[jms]bifiac][f jb_hig_h[, >h^ c`

nb_l_ _p_l [l_ cgjl_mmcp_ l_mofnm* [ l_ô]ncih ni ko[hnog

&,% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

jbsmc]m `__fm jl_nns ^c``_l_hn `lig nb_ omo[f g[n_lc[fcmnc]

l_ô]ncihcmg nb[n b[m [h _rjfc]cn il cgjfc]cn K_qnihc[h mifc^

g[nn_l ohcp_lm_ [m cnm \[mcm,

Pi F nbche cn%m pcn[ffs cgjiln[hn ni mno^s gch^ ch [h^ i`

cnm_f`* \_][om_ hin ihfs cm nb[n chn_l_mncha* hin ihfs cm nb[n

qb_l_ q_ fcp_* \on F î nbche gch^ cm mig_nbcha ^c``_l_hn nb[h

domn nb_ jbsmcifiac][f mnlo]nol_ i` nb_ \l[ch [h^ h_lpiom msm+

n_g, F îh%n nbche F ][h mcn \[]e [h^ q[cn ch gs mno^c_m \_][om_

mig_^[s nb_ h_olijbsmcifiacmnm qcff _rjf[ch cn [ff ìl g_,

PQRABKQ8 4a O âgQV]Z]UWab eV]!a R]\S a] [cQV e]`Y ]\ Q]\%

aQW]ca\Saa O\R OZbS`SR abObSa bVOb g]c eWZZ U] R]e\ W\ bVS VWab]`g P]]Ya$ ^S`VOâ g]c QO\ QZSO` c^ T]` [S a][S bVW\Ua$ ZWYS V]e Vg^%

\]aWa Wa O RWTTS`S\b T]`[ ]T Q]\aQW]ca\Saa$ ]` bVS SfOQb [SO\W\U ]T

bS`[a ZWYS Vg^\]aWa$ aSZT%Q]\aQW]ca$ c\Q]\aQW]ca$ ac^S`%Q]\aQW]ca$

acPQ]\aQW]ca$ O\R bVS Q]ZZSQbWdS c\Q]\aQW]ca& F] e]cZR g]c Q][%

[S\b O ZWbbZS PWb ]\ bVSaS$ QS\bS`SR O`]c\R bVS e]`R Q]\aQW]ca3

>ff i` nbim_ b_[^s ]ih]_jnm* [h^ mo]b jl[cm_ Ai sio

chn_h^ ìl nbcm ni ai ni gs b_[^<

PQRABKQ8 KSa

Dcp_ g_ nb_ qil^m [a[ch* ih_ [n [ ncg_, Qb[n q[m [ fiha

fcmn [h^* [m F m[c^* g_gils cm hin gs ìln_,

PQRABKQ8 FcPQ]\aQW]ca O\R c\Q]\aQW]ca&

Tb_h F om_ nb_ n_lg oh]ihm]ciom / a_h_l[ffs g_[h cn ch nb_

Cl_o^c[h m_hm_* qbc]b ni g_ cm [ p_ls om_òf ]ih]_jn* [ om_òf

_rjf[h[ncih ìl ]_ln[ch \_b[pcilm, Pojjim_* ìl _r[gjf_*

sio%l_ chn_lpc_qcha mig_ih_ [\ion nb_cl l_f[ncihmbcjm [h^

nb_s m[s* F fip_ gs \linb_l p_ls go]b* \on sio hin_ [ ]_ln[ch

[hals nih_ [h^ ]f_h]b_^ gom]f_m nb[n îh%n m__g ni ai [fiha

qcnb mnliha* oh[ffis_^ `__fcham i` fip_, ?on [m `[l [m sio ][h

n_ff*

chmi`[l

[m

nb_

j_lmih

sio%l_

chn_lpc_qcha

][h

[]]ol[n_fs

^_m]lc\_ nb_cl ]ihm]ciom _rj_lc_h]_* nb_s%l_ n[fecha [\ion fip_,

V_n [ha_l cm gil_ nb[h [ mcgjf_ l_`f_r, Pi sio%p_ ain ni

jimnof[n_ jli]_mm_m mig_qb[n fce_ ]ihm]ciom jli]_mm_m nb[n

[l_ ai[f ^cl_]n_^* nb[n [l_ chn_ffca_hn* \on ionmc^_ i` il^ch[ls

q[echa ]ihm]ciomh_mm [h^ [``_]ncha \_b[pcil, Qb[n%m biq F om_

JFKA P@FBK@B _ &,&

nb_ n_lg oh]ihm]ciomh_mm,

Po\]ihm]ciom F a_h_l[ffs om_ ch [ qc^_l m_hm_* ni ch]fo^_ [

fin i` jimcncp_ jin_hnc[fm i` jli]_mm_m ionmc^_ i` il^ch[ls ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm* [m q_ff [m nb_ Cl_o^c[h oh]ihm]ciom, F nbche \inb

nb_m_ n_lgm [l_ a_h_l[ffs om_^ nbcm q[s c` om_^ jlij_lfs* \on

]_ln[chfs nb_l_ cm [ fin i` mfijjs om_ nb[n ]ihòm_m nb_ cmmo_,

Ac^ nb[n a_n [ff i` nb[n* il q[m nb_l_ [hinb_l qil^<

PQRABKQ8 GVS Q]ZZSQbWdS c\Q]\aQW]ca&

Qb_ ]iff_]ncp_ oh]ihm]ciom cm [ n_lg ]ich_^ \s @[lf Goha,

Goha mig_ncg_m hinc]_^ nb[n g[n_lc[f b_ [nnlc\on_^ ni bcm

j[nc_hnm% oh]ihm]ciom gch^m* ^l_[g g[n_lc[f il pcmcih[ls

g[n_lc[f* mbiq_^ [ l_g[le[\f_ l_m_g\f[h]_ ni fcnnf_ ehiqh

gsnbm &foha bcgm_f` q[m kocn_ ehiqf_â_[\f_ [\ion mo]b

g[n_lc[f' `lig inb_l* i`n_h ^_[^* ]ofnol_m, > Pqcmm j[nc_hn* ìl

_r[gjf_* gcabn b[p_ [ p_ls _gincih[ffs jiq_lòf ^l_[g

[\ion [ fcpcha Poh qcnb g[hs b[h^m l_[]bcha ion `lig cn, Pi

biq

qiof^

[h

il^ch[ls

f[sj_lmih

l[cm_^

ch

Pqcnt_lf[h^

]ig_

oj qcnb ]f[mmc] Basjnc[h l_fcaciom msg\ifcmg* `lig [ ]ofnol_

qbc]b p[hcmb_^ nbiom[h^m i` s_[lm [ai< F b[p_h%n \__h ni

Pqcnt_lf[h^* _r]_jn ni j[mm nblioab [h [cljiln* \on nb_s n_ff

g_ nb_ Pqcmm [l_ p_ls ]ihm_lp[ncp_* nbilioabfs T_mn_lh j_ijf_

qbi [l_ hin chpifp_^ ch moh qilmbcj [h^ nbcham fce_ nb[n V_n

Goha m[q nii go]b i` nbcm miln i` msg\ifcmg ni ^cmgcmm cn [m

g_l_ ]ich]c^_h]_* mi b_ jimnof[n_^ nb[n _p_ls bog[h%m gch^

b[m* [n [ f_p_f _p_h ^__j_l nb[h nb_cl j_lmih[f oh]ihm]ciom* [

]iff_]ncp_ oh]ihm]ciom* [ mnl[nog i` gch^ nb[n cm ]iggih ni

[ff bog[hm, Rh^_l ]_ln[ch ohomo[f ]cl]ogmn[h]_m* fce_ ^l_[g+

cha* jms]bimcm* _n],* jliô]nm i` nbcm gch^* [l]b_nsj_m i` nb_

]iff_]ncp_ oh]ihm]ciom* g[hc`_mn ch ]ihm]ciomh_mm ch mjcn_ i`

f[]e i`

i\pciom

]ofnol[f

]ihh_]ncih

il

]ihm]ciom

ehiqf_â_,

J[hs jms]bifiacmnm b[p_ nbioabn nbcm q[m [ p_ls cgjli\+

[\f_ nb_ils, Eiq ]iof^ [ g_hn[f _rj_lc_h]_ \_ chb_lcn_^

[]limm ]_hnolc_m [h^ ]ofnol_m< ?on nb_ c^_[ i` [ ]iff_]ncp_

oh]ihm]ciom b[m h_p_l m__g_^ nb[n cgjli\[\f_ ni g_, Bp_h

mn[scha qcnbch [ mnlc]nfs jbsmcifiac][f* gch^ : \l[ch `l[g_+

&,' _ =:>5 B4:6>46

qile* c` siol a_h_m ][h j[mm [fiha chmnlo]ncihm [m ni biq ni

\ocf^ [h^ ij_l[n_ [ ec^h_s* ìl _r[gjf_* qbs ][h%n nb_s j[mm

[fiha chmnlo]ncihm ìl ]_ln[ch jms]bifiac][f _rj_lc_h]_m nb[n

qcff g[hc`_mn oh^_l ]_ln[ch ]cl]ogmn[h]_m< F ][h m__ nb_ ]if+

f_]ncp_ oh]ihm]ciom [m a_h_nc][ffs nl[hmgcnn_^* [h[fiaiom ni

l_[^+ihfs g_gils ch siol ]igjon_l, Bp_ls ]igjon_l* ch [^^c+

ncih ni nb_ jlial[gm sio fi[^ ch [m mi`nq[l_ &[h[fiaiom ni

qb[n sio%l_ n[oabn ch fc`_ \s nb_ qilf^ [h^ inb_lm'* b[m mig_

jlial[gm* mig_ chmnlo]ncihm* _h]i^_^ ch nb_ ?FLP* nb_ ?[mc]

Fhjon Lonjon Psmn_g* nb[n [l_ [h[fiaiom ni _rj_lc_h]_m \ci+

fiac][ffs jl_jlial[gg_ chni nb_ ]iff_]ncp_ oh]ihm]ciom, F%p_

g_hncih_^ _[lfc_l nb[n F%g [ jl[ag[nc]* chn_l[]ncp_ ô[fcmn* \on

nb[n î_m hin ]ih`fc]n qcnb nbcm c^_[ nb[n nb_ b[l^q[l_ mc^_

i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm* nb_ \l[ch* ][h b[p_ a_h_nc][ffs nl[hmgcnn_^

jlial[gm ch cn nb[n* c` []ncp[n_^* jliô]_ ]_ln[ch ech^m i`

jms]bifiac][f _rj_lc_h]_m,

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ncp_ oh]ihm]ciom g[s [fmi \_ ch^_j_h^_hnfs _rcmncha [mj_]nm

i` nbcm gch^ l_[fcns nb[n ][h \_ n[jj_^ chni \_][om_ nb_s

[l_ nb_l_* l_[f* _p_h c` nb_s q_l_h%n n[oabn ni sio ch nb_

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\_ [ aii^ n_lg ìl nbcm qc^_ mj_]nlog, Vio ioabn ni ai

ni Ob_[ Tbcn_%m qilembij ih Br]_jncih[f Eog[h Brj_lc+

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=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &,(

[ ^[n[\[m_ hiq ih [ qc^_ p[lc_ns i` BEBm j_ijf_ b[p_* [m q_ff

[m ]ichcha nb_ n_lg,

Tb_h F n[fe [\ion nb_ milnm i` nbcham F nbche j_ijf_ qiof^

fogj oh^_l nb_ n_lg moj_l]ihm]ciom* F n_h^ ni nls ni `caol_

ion qb_nb_l nb_l_ q_l_ mj_]c`c] >P@m chpifp_^, ?on >P@m ]ip_l

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moj_l [h^ mo\* qbc]b [l_ [ gcrnol_ i` \_nn_l [h^ qilm_

òh]ncihcha ch mj_]c`c] q[sm* ]igj[l_^ ni il^ch[ls ]ihm]ciom+

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qbc]b b[m cnm aii^ jichnm [h^ cnm \[^ jichnm,

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iol jlcg[ls \[]ealioh^, Qi g_* nb_ [\mifon_fs jlcg[ls ^_`ch+

cha ]b[l[]n_lcmnc] i` m]c_h]_ cm ni ^cm]ip_l* l_`ch_ [h^ qile

qcnb nb_ RObO& Qb_ chn_ff_]no[f moj_lmnlo]nol_* qbc]b g_[hm*

\s ^_`chcncih* ]ih]_jnm nb[n sio jon ih nij i` nb_ ^[n[* cm nb_

m_]ih^[ls []ncpcns,

Kiq qb_h sio jl[]nc]_ _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_* nb_ q[s F%p_

^_m]lc\_^ cn _[lfc_l* sio mig_ncg_m l_[]b [ jichn qb_l_ [ nb_+

ils ]ig_m [fiha nb[n qilem l_[ffs* l_[ffs q_ff, Fn []]iohnm ìl

&[fgimn' [ff i` nb_ ^[n[ sio nbche cm cgjiln[hn ch siol `c_f^* cn

g[e_m _r]_ff_hn* p[fc^[n_^ jl_^c]ncihm* [h^ cn [fmi ch^c][n_m

&,) _ =:>5 B4:6>46

qb[n fch_m i` òlnb_l qile [l_ h__^_^ ni l_`ch_ nbcham, Vio

b[p_ ainn_h [ ÔÒRWU[& Fn `__fm fce_ sio%p_ `ch[ffs ^cm]ip_l_^

nb_ \[mc] nlonbm [\ion qbs nbcham qile nb_ q[s nb_s î ch

siol `c_f^, Mms]bifiac][ffs* sio b[p_ [ ZOe i` al[pcns* ìl _r[g+

jf_* l[nb_l nb[h [ nb_ils i` al[pcns, Fn%m [ al_[n `__fcha i`

[]]igjfcmbg_hn ìl j_ijf_ ch [ `c_f^ qb_h nb_s l_[]b nb[n

mn[a_,

>m q_ \lc_`fs ^cm]omm_^ _[lfc_l* Qbig[m Hobh &Hobh

/740' ][ff_^ [ `c_f^%m []ncpcns [`n_l nbcm jichn ÔÒRWU[ObWQ aQW%

S\QS$ il hilg[f m]c_h]_, Kilg[f \_][om_ gimn `c_f^m l_]+

iahct_^ [m m]c_h]_m ni^[s b[p_ mo]b [ j[l[^cag [m [ l_mofn i`

nb_cl fiha bcmnils, Ml[]ncncih_lm i` nb_ `c_f^ hiq n[e_ nb_ chn_f+

f_]no[f moj_lmnlo]nol_ [m jlcg[ls, Ml[]ncncih_lm hiq n_h^ ni

[onig[nc][ffs [h^ mig_qb[n ohnbchechafs m[s* ìl _r[gjf_*

nb[n ]_ln[ch l_m_[l]b cm i\pciomfs hin cgjiln[hn ni î

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T_ ehiq* ni [ l_[mih[\f_* hin [\mifon_* ^_al__ i` ]_ln[ch+

ns nb[n q_%l_ ]ihp_lmcha [\ion nb_ m[g_ nbcha \s n[fecha qcnb

_[]b inb_l ch gil_ ^_n[cf* qilecha ion ]ihm_ko_h]_m `lig

qb[n q_ nbche q_%p_ oh^_lmnii^ [h^ ]iggohc][n_^ mo]]_mm+

òffs ch iol n[fecha* [h^ m__cha c` nb_ jl_^c]n_ [h^ i\m_lp[\f_

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &,*

]ihm_ko_h]_m [al__, Qi jon cn ch n_lgm i` _mm_hnc[f m]c_h]_* q_

_[]b b[p_ iol chn_lh[f* ch^cpcô[f nb_ils i` qb[n q_%l_ n[fecha

[\ion [h^ ]iggohc][ncha* nb_h q_ g[e_ jl_^c]ncihm i` ]ih+

m_ko_h]_m ni _[]b inb_l, Qi nb_ ^_al__ nb[n iol ]iggohc][+

ncih i` qb[n q_ ][h i\m_lp_ [\ion nb_m_ ]ihm_ko_h]_m [al__m

qcnb _[]b inb_l* cn%m l_[mih[\f_ ni ]ih]fo^_ q_%l_ ]iggohc+

][ncha* nb[n iol ch^cpcô[f* chn_lh[f oh^_lmn[h^cham b[p_ [

aii^ g[n]b qcnb _[]b inb_l,

Qb_l_ g[hs [mj_]nm i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm nb[n [l_ ch^__^

_rnl_g_fs ^c``c]ofn ni ^_m]lc\_ p_l\[ffs, T_ b[p_ [ qil^ ìl cn8

ch_``[\f_ _rj_lc_h]_m, Pnl[ha_fs _hioab* q_ îh%n n[fe [\ion _``[\f_ _rj_lc_h]_m* \on q_ ]_ln[chfs b[p_ ch_``[\f_ _rj_lc+

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ni

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ni

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[\ion ]ihm]ciomh_mm, J[hs ncg_m* ìl chmn[h]_* j_ijf_ ]ig_

ni g_ ni n_ff g_ [\ion >P@ _rj_lc_h]_m nb_s%p_ b[^, D_h_l[ffs

F%ff domn fcmn_h [n `clmn* bij_òffs qcnbion chn_llojncha &[ \[^

b[\cn i` gch_'* [h^ f_n nb_g n_ff cn nb_cl q[s, >`n_l nb_s%l_

îh_* F%ff l_]iahct_ nb[n nb_l_ [l_ j[lnm &il j_lb[jm nb_ qbif_'

i` qb[n nb_s%p_ ^_m]lc\_^ nb[n F nbche F oh^_lmn[h^,

Rh^_lmn[h^ ch nb_ m_hm_ nb[n gs j_lmih[f _rj_lc_h]_ b[m

[jj[l_hnfs \__h fce_ mig_ [mj_]nm i` qb[n nb_s%p_ ^_m]lc\_^*

mi F%g [mmogcha nb_cl _rj_lc_h]_ q[m fce_ gch_, Pi _p_h

nbioab nbim_ [mj_]nm g[s \_ ch_``[\f_* ^c``c]ofn ni jon ch

qil^m* F [mmog_ nb[n \s ]ihmofncha gs iqh g_gilc_m i` nb[n

ech^ i` _rj_lc_h]_ nb[n F b[p_ [ aii^ oh^_lmn[h^cha i` qb[n

nb_s%l_ nlscha ni n_ff g_, >m [ gil_ il^ch[ls j[l[ff_f* c` mig_+ih_ m[sm Iiie [n nb[n ][n ip_l nb_l_* F ehiq `lig gs iqh

_rj_lc_h]_ qb[n ][nm [l_ fce_ [h^ b[p_ [ aii^ ]b[h]_ i` m__cha

qb[n%m mb_%m l_`_llcha ni,

F îh%n Y\]e ch [hs [\mifon_ m_hm_* \on F%g [mmogcha nbcm

ìlgm [h chcnc[f \[mcm i` ]iggohc][ncih, Cil mig_ i` nb_

&,+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46

inb_l nbcham nb_s ^_m]lc\_ [\ion nb_cl _rj_lc_h]_* F g[s l_]+

iahct_ nb[n F îh%n b[p_ [hs ]f_[l c^_[ qb[n nb_s%l_ n[fecha

[\ion, Kiq mig_ncg_m cn%m _[ms ni l_]iahct_ nb[n q_%l_ hin

]iggohc][ncha q_ff \_][om_ nb_s%ff e__j m[scha nbcham fce_* F

îh%n ehiq biq ni _rjl_mm nbcm* [h^-il m[s [ \oh]b i` ]ih+

nl[^c]nils nbcham* mi q_%l_ ch ih_ boh^l_^ j_l]_hn [al__g_hn

nb[n F îh%n oh^_lmn[h^, Lnb_l ncg_m nb_s%ff m[s mig_nbcha* nb_

qil^m [l_ `[gcfc[l* gs gch^ q[hnm ni jon cn chni [ `[gcfc[l

j[nn_lh mi F%ff nbche F oh^_lmn[h^* \on mig_ j[ln i` g_ m[sm*

>b* F g[s \_ \_cha gcmf_^ \s nb_ `[gcfc[lcns i` nb_ qil^m

b_l_ [h^-il gs ^_mcl_ ni \_fc_p_ F oh^_lmn[h^, ?_nn_l \_ ][l_+òf ch nbchecha F oh^_lmn[h^

M[ln i` nb_ jli\f_g ch ]iggohc][ncha [\ion ]ihm]ciom+

h_mm* il^ch[ls il [fn_l_^* cm nb[n q_ b[p_ [ \c[m mo]b nb[n q_ [ff

q[hn ni \_ []]_jn_^ [h^ ìlg \ih^m qcnb _[]b inb_l, T_ [ff

fce_ ni nbche q_ oh^_lmn[h^ _[]b inb_l* mi q_ b[p_ [ n_h^_h+

]s

ni

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chp_mnca[ncih,

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mn[h^ j_ijf_%m >P@ _rj_lc_h]_m cm ni ì]om ih qb[n F ]f_[lfs

îh%n oh^_lmn[h^* \on nb_h* _p_h gil_ cgjiln[hnfs* ni \_

][l_òf qcnb nb_ j[lnm F nbche F oh^_lmn[h^ Qb_ omo[f q[s F nls

ni n_mn gs oh^_lmn[h^cha i` mo]b j[lnm cm m[s nb_g \[]e ni nb_

l_jiln_l ch [ ^c``_l_hn ìlg* j_lb[jm omcha m_p_l[f ^c``_l_hn

[h[fiac_m qbc]b [ff mbiof^ _rjl_mm nb_ m[g_ jlch]cjf_ c` F []no+

[ffs oh^_lmn[h^, F` F î oh^_lmn[h^ cn* nb_s%ff jli\[\fs [al__

qcnb gs p_lmcih nb[n%m [fn_l_^ ch ìlg \on* bij_òffs* hin ch

_mm_h]_, Cil _r[gjf_* f_n%m ^lij \[]e ch ncg_ ni nb_ 4.m [h^

5.m [h^ mig_\i^s n_ffm g_ nb_s _rj_lc_h]_^ pc\_m* ch mig_ [fn_l_^ mn[n_, J[s\_ aii^ pc\_m* g[s\_ \[^ pc\_m, F%ff fcm+

n_h [h^ nb_h qb[n F%ff omo[ffs î cm [me mig_nbcha fce_ Le[s*

c` F oh^_lmn[h^ sio ]ill_]nfs* sio _rj_lc_h]_^ mig_nbcha

aicha \[]e [h^ ìlnb< F%g [mmogcha pc\_m* pc\l[ncihm cm

\_cha om_^ ch [ fcn_l[f m_hm_ [m [ `clmn nls, Pig_ncg_m nb_s%ff m[s

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &,,

V_m* \on mig_ncg_m nb_s%ff m[s T_ff hi* nb[n%m hin qb[n F

g_[hn \s pc\_m* F g_[hn mo]b+[h^+mo]b, Pi F îh%n ehiq c`

F ][h ]ig_ ni [hs [\mifon_ oh^_lmn[h^cha* \on F `__f F ][h

]ig_ ni [ ]f_[l_l oh^_lmn[h^cha nblioab ^c[fiao_ i` qb[n

nb[n j_lmih b[m _rj_lc_h]_^,

Qb_ om_òfh_mm i` nlscha ni oh^_lmn[h^ ]ihm]ciomh_mm

nblioab ]iggohc][ncih fce_ nbcm ^_j_h^m* i` ]iolm_* ih gs

iqh l_j_lnicl_ i` _rj_lc_h]_m, Qi nb_ _rn_hn nb[n gs ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm b[m b[^ ihfs [ h[lliq l[ha_ i` fc`_ _rj_lc_h]_m*

]ihm]ciomh_mm _rj_lc_h]_m* F nbche F%ff \_ f_mm [\f_ ni oh^_l+

mn[h^ _rj_lc_h]_m ionmc^_ nb[n l[ha_, Qbom j[ln i` nb_ nl[ch+cha ìl [ m]c_hncmn i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm cm ni b[p_ [ qc^_ l[ha_ i`

_rj_lc_h]_m,

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Js j_lmih[f* [m q_ff [m jli`_mmcih[f* [jjli[]b n_h^m ni \_

nb[n

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nb_g m[sm Kiq* qcnb gs nb_ils* sio b[p_ nb_ ]igjf_n_

[]]iohn i` qb[n ]ihm]ciomh_mm cm [ff [\ion, Pi s_m* nb_l_

cm [ fin i` om_òf g[n_lc[f ch nb_ Cl_o^c[h nb_ils i` nb_

oh]ihm]ciom,

Tb_l_ F nbioabn sio q_l_ aicha ni ai ch siol ko_mncih*

qbc]b sio ^c^h%n* q[m nb_ c^_[ nb[n j_lb[jm mig_ [mj_]nm i`

oh]ihm]ciom []ncpcns [l_ chb_l_hnfs hin oh^_lmn[h^[\f_ \s

]ihm]ciomh_mm* _p_h c` nb_s ]iof^ _p_l \_ g[^_ ]ihm]ciom, F

ehiq Cl_o^ jimnof[n_^ nb[n, >h^ cn gcabn \_ nlo_, ?on* i`

]iolm_* c` q_ \_fc_p_ ch mo]b fcgcnm [ jlcilc* q_ qih%n nls ni

nl[hm]_h^ nb_g Pi mig_ [mj_]nm i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm qcff

l_g[ch

hih+oh^_lmn[h^[\f_,

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&,- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

nb[n nb_s%l_ hin ]igjl_b_hmc\f_ ni ]ihm]ciomh_mm ^S` aS& T_%l_

mj_]of[ncha [\ion nbcham nb[n [l_ chb_l_hnfs ch]igjl_b_hmc+

\f_, ?on m__ nb[n chpifp_m [ ^_al__ i` bogcfcns gimn i` om îh%n

fce_ ni b[p_, F jl_`_l ni \_fc_p_ nb[n jin_hnc[ffs F [g ][j[\f_ i`

oh^_lmn[h^cha _p_lsnbcha ?on F%g hin mol_ biq go]b F nin[f+

fs \_fc_p_ nb[n, Fn g[s p_ls q_ff \_ nb[n nb_l_ [l_ mig_ nbcham

sio ][h%n ]igjl_b_h^,

Eiq g[hs i` sio b[p_ _p_l l_[^ [hs i` @[lfim @[mn[+

h_^[%m \iiem [\ion bcm V[koc Fh^c[h n_[]b_l* nb_ mb[g[h îh

Go[h &m__* _,a, &@[mn[h_^[ /746''< "@O\g VO\Ra U] c^&i

Fh îh Go[h%m ]imgifias x [h^ jf_[m_ îh%n [me g_

qb_nb_l îh Go[h q[m l_[f il hin* \on b_ q[m mol_ [ l_[f chn_l+

_mncha ]b[l[]n_l* qb_nb_l @[mn[h_^[ g[^_ bcg oj il qb_nb_l

b_ q[m l_[f x nb_ ohcp_lm_ q[m ^cpc^_^ chni nbl__ l_[fgm i`

_rj_lc_h]_, Lh_ q[m _p_ls^[s* oh^_lmn[h^[\f_ _rj_lc_h]_,

M_ijf_ eh_q nb[n ech^ i` mno``, Qb_ m_]ih^ q[m _rj_lc_h]_m

nb[n

m__g_^

g[ac][f

il

gsmn_lciom

il

gsmnc][f

il

ch]ig+ jl_b_hmc\f_ ni nb_ il^ch[ls j_lmih* \on [ jlij_lfs nl[ch_^

gch^ ]iof^ f_[lh ni al[mj [h^ om_ nb_g, Qb_s b[^ nb_cl iqh

chb_l_hn fiac] [h^ f[qòfh_mm* [h^ [ bog[h \_cha ]iof^ f_[lh

nb[n, ?on nb_h îh Go[h [^^_^ [ nbcl^ ][n_ails i` jin_hnc[f

_rj_lc_h]_8 nbcham nb[n ]iof^ \_ _rj_lc_h]_^ \on ]iof^ h_p_l

\_ oh^_lmnii^ \s [ bog[h \_cha, Qb_s q_l_ ionmc^_ i` qb[n

[ bog[h gch^ b[^ nb_ ][j[]cns ni ]ij_ qcnb, Aih Go[h [^^_^

nb_ [^gihcncih ni nls ni mn[s ion i` nb[n l_[fg9 cn qiof^ domn

^lcp_ sio honm Vio ][h%n oh^_lmn[h^ cn* cn%m siol h[nol_ [m

[ bog[h hin ni \_ [\f_ ni oh^_lmn[h^ cn, Eiq qiof^ sio

^cmnchaocmb \_nq__h nb_ nqi f[nn_l ][n_ailc_m< Qb[n gcabn

\_ b[l^,

Qb_

?o^^b[

^l_q

[

mig_qb[n

mcgcf[l

ech^

i`

^cmnch]ncih*

[fnbioab bcm q[m ]ih^cncih[f, Qb_l_ cm [ fcmn ch nb_ ?o^^bcmn

fcn_l[nol_ i` m_p_l[f jb_hig_h[ i` qbc]b b_ m[c^* ch _``_]n*

îh%n q[mn_ siol ncg_ nbchecha [\ion nb_m_ ohncf sio a_n òffs

_hfcabn_h_^, Qb_s%l_ [\mifon_fs cgjimmc\f_ ìl [hsnbcha f_mm

nb[h [ òffs _hfcabn_h_^ gch^ ni oh^_lmn[h^* [h^ nbchecha

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &,.

[\ion nb_g \_ìl_ sio a_n òffs _hfcabn_h_^ qcff hin ihfs \_

ohjli`cn[\f_* cn qcff ^lcp_ sio ]l[ts

Qb_m_ Ciol Fgjih^_l[\f_m* [m nb_s [l_ ][ff_^* [l_ &/' nb_

òff ]igjf_rcns i` e[lg[* &0' ko_mncihm [\ion biq [h^ qbs

_rcmn_h]_ [ff mn[ln_^* &1' nb_ l[ha_ i` nb_ gch^ ch nb_ [^p[h]_^

g_^cn[ncp_* ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ mn[n_m i` m[g[^bc* [h^ &2' nb_ l[ha_

i` nb_ òffs _hfcabn_h_^ ?o^^b[ gch^,

PQRABKQ8 4`S\!b eS Q][W\U VS`S b] O ^]W\b ]` RW[S\aW]\ ]T

aS[O\bWQ O\R ZW\UcWabWQ Q]\TcaW]\3 GVS e]`Ra QO\ OTTSQb V]e eS

bVW\Y OP]cb bVW\Ua&

Mli\[\fs M[ln i` nb[n ^cg_hmcih* nii* cm qb_nb_l sio [l_

omcha f[hao[a_ ni ]iggohc][n_* il omcha cn ni g[hcjof[n_<

>l_ sio nlscha ni a_n j_ijf_ ni ^cm]ip_l nbcham ih nb_cl iqh*

il [l_ sio nlscha ni n_ff nb_g nb_ q[s nbcham [l_< Qbim_ [l_

p_ls l_[f ^cg_hmcihm,

I_n g_ acp_ sio [h _r[gjf_* aicha \[]e ni Pbcht_h Vioha,

F `clmn g_n bcg [n [ m]c_hnc`c] ]ih`_l_h]_ ch /764 qb_l_ b_ a[p_

[ f_]nol_ ih g_^cn[ncih, F ìoh^ bcm f_]nol_ _rnl_g_fs chn_l_mn+

cha* \_][om_ [ j[ln i` g_ e_jn m[scha* Qbcm g[h cm n[fecha

`lig []no[f _rj_lc_h]_ F l_[fct_^ F b[^ b_[l^ B[mn_lh+\ilh

g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm n[fe [\ion mcgcf[l nbcham* [h^ nb_s mjie_

p_ls q_ff [\ion g_^cn[ncih* \on hiq F l_[fct_^ nb[n ìl mig_

&g[s\_ gimn' i` nbim_ j_ijf_ F ^c^h%n ehiq qb_nb_l nb_s b[^

[]no[ffs _rj_lc_h]_^ nb_ nbcham nb_s q_l_ n[fecha [\ion* il

qb_nb_l nb_s q_l_ domn nb_ chb_lcnilm i` [ fch_* [ ]iff_]ncih

i` f_]nol_m nb[n b[^ \__h jifcmb_^ ìl [ ]iojf_ i` nbiom[h^

s_[lm hiq [h^ q_l_ l_[ffs q_ff jbl[m_^, @f_[lfs qb_h mig_+

ih_ cm mj_[echa [\ion nb_ ch_``[\f_* nb_cl bij_ i` a_hoch_fs

]iggohc][ncha qb[n cm pcn[f cm aicha ni \_ al_[nfs [``_]n_^ \s

qb_nb_l nb_s mj_[e `lig []no[f j_lmih[f _rj_lc_h]_ il ihfs `lig nb_ils* `lig jifcmb_^* \on m_]ih^+b[h^* n_[]bcham,

F%p_ ]ig_ ni l_[fct_ ip_l nb_ s_[lm nb[n [hs n_[]b_l g[s \_

nlscha p_ls b[l^ ni b_fj sio f_[lh nb_ niifm ni ^cm]ip_l nbcham

[\ion nb_ gch^ ih siol iqh* \on* [n nb_ m[g_ ncg_* ch[^p_l+

n_hnfs g[hcjof[ncha* \c[mcha sio ni _rj_lc_h]_ nbcham ch

&-% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

]_ln[ch q[sm, Pbcht_h qilem b[l^ ni n_[]b nb_ niifm* \on mig_

i` nb_ inb_l n_[]b_lm F%p_ b_[l^ ip_l nb_ s_[lm [l_ gil_

chpifp_^ qcnb mb[jcha qb[n sio gcabn _rj_lc_h]_,

Kiq* nbchecha i` _rj_lc_h]_* F b[p_ ni [me [ ko_mncih, T_

b[p_ [ fcnnf_ ip_l [h biol f_`n, Ai q_ q[hn ni ai ih ch [ a_h+

_l[f ^cm]ommcih p_ch b_l_* il qiof^ sio fce_ g_ ni n[e_ \[]e

nblioab mig_ i` nb_m_ g_^cn[ncih _r_l]cm_m ni acp_ sio [ fcnnf_

gil_ ^lcff ch îcha cn<

PQRABKQ8 @]`S R`WZZ

>KLQEBO PQRABKQ8 JVg R]\!b g]c ORR []dS[S\b b] bVS [SR%

WbObW]\ SfS`QWaSa3Tbs îh%n F [^^ gip_g_hn ni nb_ g_^cn[ncih _r_l]cm_m<

Fn ][h \_ îh_, Qb_l_ [l_ mig_ jl[]nc][f fcgcn[ncihm ih iol

m_nncha ni^[s* nbioab* nb_ liig cm ]l[gj_^ [h^ iol ncg_ cm

mbiln, Pi qb[n _fm_ ]iof^ q_ î<

PQRABKQ8 JS Q]cZR U] W\b] bVS bVS]`g ]T [SRWbObW]\ []`S

RSS^Zg&

Le[s* F%^ fce_ ni î nb[n Vio ehiq F [g [ nbioabn[bifc]*

nbioab* mi F%g nlscha ni [\mn[ch [ fcnnf_ \cn [h^ q_ mbiof^

ì]om ih gil_ jl[]nc]_* j_lb[jm _rj[h^cha nb_ jl[]nc]_ mig_,

)*+$%(*" 1E< HL<JK@FE 9<=FI< N< J<K FLK KF E<N K<II8@E$ )FLC;

K?< LJ< F= GJP:?<;<C@: ;IL>J G<I?8GJ 9< 8 N8P KF @E@K@8K< 8 G<IJFE

@EKF D<;@K8K@FE" FI 9< 8 KFFC KF" J8P" ;<<G<E D<;@K8K@M< @EJ@>?KJ&

V_m* om_^ jlij_lfs,

)*+$%(*" /D EFK K?@EB@E> 89FLK 8DG?<K8D@E<J" 9LK :<IK8@E

GJP:?<;<C@:J K?8K PFL ?8M< I<J<8I:?<; K?8K J<<D C@B< K?<P NFLC; 9<

LJ<=LC$

T_ff* f_n g_ jon cn nbcm q[s, Fahilcha nb_ l_[fcns i` cff_a[fc+

ns ìl nb_ gig_hn x [hs l_[fcns cm _[ms ìl nb_il_nc]c[hm ni

cahil_ x f_n%m cg[ach_ q_ fcp_^ ch [ gil_ j_l`_]n mi]c[f l_[fc+ns* qb_l_ nb_l_ cm jlij_lfs îh_ jms]b_^_fc] l_m_[l]b [h^

[jjfc][ncihm* oh^_l m[`_ [h^ f_a[f [omjc]_m,

F%g ]ihpch]_^ nb[n nb_ jlcg[ls []ncih i` [ jms]b_^_fc]

^loa x mig_nbcha fce_ IPA il g_m][fch_ ìl chmn[h]_ x cm ni

chn_l`_l_ qcnb h_ol[f jli]_mm_m nb[n ]ihmnlo]n l_[fcns ch nb_

=:>5 B4:6>46 !&-&



b[\cno[f ìlg nb[n sio%l_ om_^ ni b[pcha cn ]ihmnlo]n_^ ch &Q[ln

/753', Fn \[mc][ffs nbliqm gihe_s ql_h]b_m &j[lnfs [n l[h+

îg' chni nb_ a_[lm i` nb_ h_ol[f [h^ jms]bifiac][f g[]bch+

_ls* [m cn q_l_* [h^ mi nb_ a_[lm mfcj [h^ fi]e* mj__^ oj [h^

mfiq îqh* ch òhhs q[sm, F%g mj_[echa hiq `lig gs qbif_

msmn_gm [jjli[]b ni il^ch[ls [h^ [fn_l_^ mn[n_^ i` ]ihm]ciom+

h_mm* qbc]b pc_qm &mn[n_m i`' ]ihm]ciomh_mm [m \ci+jms]bifiac+

][f pclno[f l_[fcns ^_pc]_m* [m qilf^ mcgof[ncih jli]_mm_m,

Pig_ncg_m nb_ l_mofn i` nb[n mfcjj[a_ cm nb[n b[\cno[f g_hn[f

[h^ \l[ch jli]_mm_m nb[n \fi]e ]f_[l [h^ []]ol[n_ j_l]_jncih

[l_ n_gjil[lcfs chbc\cn_^* [h^ [ j_lmih a_nm [ ]f_[l_l* nlo_l* gil_ p[fc^ pc_q i` cgjiln[hn nbcham ch fc`_, Jcr_^ ch qcnb

nb[n* mig_ncg_m nb_m_ gihe_s ql_h]b_m ch nb_ a_[lm g[e_ nb_

a_[lm nolh `[mn_l [h^ cffomcihm hiq []kocl_ [ nl_g_hîom l_[f+

cns* [ Qbcm cm Qb_ Qlonb \_sih^ îo\n ko[fcns nb[n nb_s h_p_l

b[^ \_ìl_, Pi qb[n [ jms]b_^_fc] î_m* ch [h ohnl[ch_^ j_l+

mih ch iol j[lnc]of[l ]ofnol[f m_nncha* cm \inb ch]l_[m_ afcgjm_m

i` nlonb [h^ ch]l_[m_ nb_ chn_hmcns i` cffomcihm, Qbcm cm [ b_[^s

gcrnol_* [h^ nb_ j_lmih qbi b[^ nb_ _rj_lc_h]_ nb_h b[m nb_

n[me i` nlscha ni miln cn ion f[n_l ih,

F%ff acp_ sio [h _r[gjf_, Fh nb_ _[lfs ^[sm i` l_m_[l]b qcnb

IPA* qb_h nb_ ^cmnch]ncih \_nq__h jms]binigcg_nc]m

&gcgc]echa nb_ []ncih i` [ jms]bimcm' [h^ jms]b_^_fc]m

&gch^+g[hc`_mncha* [ffiqcha \inb jimcncp_ [h^ h_a[ncp_

[mj_]nm i` nb_ gch^ ni \_ _rj_lc_h]_^'* \_a[h ni \_ g[^_*

mig_ j_ijf_ \_a[h ni l_[fct_ nb[n s_m* nb_ m_n [h^ m_nncha nb[n

nb_m_ ^loam q_l_ acp_h ch jli\[\fs b[^ [ \ca _``_]n ih qb[n

[]no[ffs b[jj_h_^, > ]iojf_ i` jms]bc[nlcmnm ^_]c^_^ nb_s

q[hn_^ ni a_n chni l_m_[l]b ih nb_m_ ^loam* \on nb_l_ q[m

[fl_[^s

[

aliqcha

[h^

b_[n_^

]ihnlip_lms

[giha

j_ijf_

qbi

m[c^ Ki l_m_[l]b_l mbiof^ _p_l n[e_ [hs i` nb_m_ ^loam nb_g+

m_fp_m* \_][om_ nb_h nb_s qcff b[p_ j_lg[h_hn bif_m ch nb_cl

\l[ch [h^ qiof^ \_ nin[ffs ohl_fc[\f_ &hin ni g_hncih ^cm+

nol\cha nb_ mi]c[f mn[nom ^c``_l_h]_m \_nq__h l_m_[l]b_lm [h^

mo\d_]nm' p_lmom nbim_ qbi m[c^ O_m_[l]b_lm qbi b[p_ hin

&-' _ =:>5 B4:6>46

[]no[ffs b[^ nbcm _rj_lc_h]_ nb_gm_fp_m ][hhin jimmc\fs

oh^_lmn[h^ qb[n cn%m l_[ffs [\ion* [h^ nb_cl l_m_[l]b qcff \_

mb[ffiq [h^ cll_f_p[hn, A[gh_^ c` sio ^c^ [h^ ^[gh_^ c`

sio ^c^h%n

Pi nb_m_ nqi jms]bc[nlcmnm ^_]c^_^ nb_s qiof^ ]igjli+

gcm_, Lh_ i` nb_g qiof^ n[e_ [ jms]b_^_fc] [h^ nb_ inb_l

qiof^h%n* [h^ nb_h nb_s%^ qile f[n_l [m [ l_m_[l]b n_[g* bij_+

òffs ]ig\chcha nb_ \_mn i` \inb qilf^m, Pi nb_s `fcjj_^ [

]ich [h^ ih_ i` nb_g niie [ jms]b_^_fc],

F%p_ i`n_h \__h [me_^ qb_nb_l nb_ qchh_l il nb_ fim_l

i` nb_ nimm ain ni n[e_ nb_ jms]b_^_fc]* \on F îh%n kocn_ ehiq

biq nb_s mnlo]nol_^ cn Qb_ ìlg i` nb_ ko_mncih m[sm [ fin,

Qb_ jms]bc[nlcmn qbi niie nb_ jms]b_^_fc] q[m ch [ mg[ff

liig h_[l nb_ g[ch f[\il[nils qb_h b_ b[^ qb[n q[m

[\mifon_fs ]ihpch]chafs ni bcg [ gsmnc][f _rj_lc_h]_ i` Qb_

Qlonb, Bhal[p_^ ih [ jf[ko_ ih nb_ q[ff q_l_ qil^m nb[n

l_p_[f_^

[ff

nb_

nlonb

[

bog[h

\_cha

h__^_^

ni

ehiq

ch

fc`_

Bp_lsnbcha sio h__^_^ ni fcp_ nb_ aii^ fc`_ q[m l_p_[f_^ >m

sio ][h cg[ach_* b_ q[m _]mn[nc][ffs b[jjs [n b[pcha g[^_

nbcm ^cm]ip_ls

Qb_ qil^m q_l_* Mf_[m_ `fomb [`n_l omcha,

Kiq* b[pcha \__h [ mo\d_]n gsm_f` ch jms]b_^_fc] _rj_lc+

g_hnm* F ][h ech^ i` [jjl_]c[n_ nb[n* [ff lcabn< F ][h ^l[q ih

if^ g_gilc_m ni m__ biq sio ]iof^ a_n chni nb[n m[scha* [h^

sio ]iof^ `ch^ [ fin i` qcmîg nb_l_, >h^ s_n* mig_biq , , ,

F momj_]n nb[n jli\[\fs hin OZZ nb_ qcmîg i` nb_ Rhcp_lm_ q[m

_h][jmof[n_^ ch nb[n ih_ m[scha Qb_l_ [l_ [ `_q inb_l nbcham

sio h__^ ni ehiq ni fcp_ nb_ aii^ fc`_,

Pi F nbche jms]b_^_fc]m [l_ [ fin fce_ nb[n* [ gcr i` \_nn_l

nlonb [h^ gil_ chn_hm_ ^_fomcih nb[n ][h \_ b[l^ ni miln ion, Kiq c` ^`]^S`Zg bÒW\SR j_ijf_ om_^ jms]b_^_fc]m* cn qiof^

jli\[\fs \_ [ qbif_ ^c``_l_hn \[ffa[g_, Pb[g[hc] om_ i`

jms]b_^_fc]m* ìl chmn[h]_* ch nl[^cncih[f ]ofnol_m qb_l_ nbcm

b[m \__h îh_ ìl [ fiha ncg_* cm hin [n [ff nb_ m[g_ [m mig_

mcrn__h+s_[l+if^ T_mn_lh ec^ ih [ nlcj, Qb_ mb[g[h hin ihfs

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &-(

h__^m ni b[p_ ohomo[f _rj_lc_h]_m* nb_s gomn \_ mi]c[ffs om_+

òf ch nb_ fiha loh* il nb_ ]iggohcns%m hin aicha ni mojjiln

mo]b jl[]nc]_m, F j[c^ sio ni î nbcm mb[g[hc] qile \_][om_

F h__^_^ sio ni `ch^ gs fimn ]iq* [h^ sio ^c^h%n `ch^ nb_ fimn

]iq F%g hin acpcha sio [hs gil_ \omch_mm Qb_l_ cm [ ^cm]c+

jfch_ [h^ jlifiha_^ nl[chcha \lioabn ni nb_ om_ i` jms]b_+

^_`c_m ìl nb_cl _``_]n ih ]ihm]ciomh_mm ch mig_ nl[^cncih[f ]of+

nol_m qbc]b q_ oh^_lmn[h^ p_ls fcnnf_ [\ion* [h^ qbc]b q_ ]_l+

n[chfs îh%n b[p_ qcnbch iol ]ofnol_,

PQRABKQ8 <\ bVS -(a Wb VO^^S\SR RWTTS`S\bZg& <\ bVS -(a Wb TZ]eSR

RWTTS`S\bZg bVS\$ eS VOR dOZWRObW]\ ]T âgQVSRSZWQ `SaSO`QV Pg bVS U]dS`\[S\b$ bVS\ W\dOZWRObW]\ Oa O `SacZb ]T ]dS`hSOZ]ca âgQVSRSZ%

WQ `SaSO`QVSà& GVSaS bVW\Ua$ R] g]c bVW\Y$ O TcbWZS _cSabW]\$ < Y\]e$

Pcb e]cZR eS PS W\bS`SabSR W\ bVS _cSabW]\ ]T [SRWbObW]\ WT âgQVS%

RSZWQ `SaSO`QV VOR Q]\bW\cSR ]\ bÒQY eWbV]cb PZW\RSà3 7WR bVOb

âgQVSRSZWQ `SaSO`QV [OYS O\g RWTTS`S\QS3

Fn ]_ln[chfs g[^_ [ ^c``_l_h]_ ìl g_ >m F m[c^ _[lfc_l* F

q[m [ mo\d_]n ch _rj_lcg_hnm qcnb jms]b_^_fc] ^loam qbcf_ F

q[m ch al[ô[n_ m]biif* [h^ [m [ l_mofn cn niie nb_il_nc][f

ehiqf_â_ [h^ c^_[m F b[^ [\ion g[hs [mj_]nm i` ]ihm]ciom+

h_mm [h^ a[p_ g_ [ ^cl_]n* _rj_lc_hnc[f ehiqf_â_ \[m_ ìl

nb_g nb[n nl_g_hîomfs mncgof[n_^ gs iqh chn_l_mn ch nb_

gch^,

Kiq* acp_h qb[n F m[c^ [\ion chp_mnca[nilm% \c[m_m _[lfc_l*

sio oh^_lmn[h^ nb[n mig_ j_ijf_ nbche F b[p_ [ j_lg[h_hn

bif_ ch gs b_[^* mi* c` nb_s [l_ lcabn* sio gomnh%n n[e_ [hs i`

qb[n F m[s nii m_lciomfs Bp_h gil_ òh* ch [ jifcnc][f m_hm_* cm

nb[n F _p_hno[ffs ^cm]ip_l_^ nb[n nb_ jms]bc[nlc] _rj_lcg_hnm F

q[m [ mo\d_]n ch q_l_ ]ip_lnfs \[heliff_^ \s nb_ @F> nblioab

ih_

i`

cnm

`lihn

ìoh^[ncihm*

mi

F

][h

bih_mnfs

m[s

nb[n

qb_h

F

q[m [ sioha [h^ cgjl_mmcih[\f_ `_ffiq* nb_ @F> a[p_ g_ jiq+

_lòf jms]b_^_fc] ^loam* mi F%g hin l_mjihmc\f_ ìl [hsnbcha F

m[s il î @[h%n F mo_ mig_\i^s< F nbche F ioabn ni m_h^ nb_g

[ nb[he+sio f_nn_l* []no[ffs9 cn q[m _rnl_g_fs chn_l_mncha [h^

_hfcabn_hcha

&-) _ =:>5 B4:6>46



Kiq f_n%m nc_ nbcm ch qcnb nb_ g_^cn[ncih ]ihn_rn, F ehiq

mig_ ?o^^bcmn n_[]b_lm qbi* qb_h nb_s q_l_ sioha \[]e ch

nb_ 4.m [h^ 5.m* niie jms]b_^_fc]m* [h^ nb_s%p_ nif^ g_ nb[n

nbim_ _rj_lc_h]_m nolh_^ nb_cl [nn_hncih ni nlscha ni \_nn_l

oh^_lmn[h^ nb_ gch^ [h^ om_ cn gil_ _``_]ncp_fs, ?on qb_h

nb_s ^cm]ip_l_^ ]f[mmc][f ?o^^bcmn g_^cn[ncih [h^ ^_p_fij_^

mig_ mecff [n cn* nb_s `_fn nb_s b[^ ^cm]ip_l_^ qb[n nb_s ]ih+

mc^_l_^ [ gil_ jiq_lòf [h^ l_fc[\f_ niif, V_m* nb_ jms]b_+

^_fc]m gcabn b[p_ acp_h nb_g jl_pc_qm x cn q[m fce_ aicha

ni nb_ gipc_m [h^ m__cha [ î]og_hn[ls ih* m[s* biq ni \ocf^

[ ^[g [h^ cllca[ncih msmn_g* mi sio ][h aliq gil_ ]lijm ìl

siol pcff[a_, ?on aicha \[]e [h^ m__cha nb_ jl_pc_q ip_l [h^

ip_l [a[ch î_mh%n \ocf^ [ ^[g Qb_ gipc_ g[s \_ _r]cncha

[h^ cn g[s \_ afilciom Q_]bhc]ifil [h^ qb[nhin* p_ls _rbcf[+

l[ncha ni m__ nb_ gipc_* \on sio%p_ ain ni f_[lh [ fin i` n_]bhc+

][f mecffm [\ion biq ni \ocf^ [ ^[g [h^ nb_h []no[ffs î nb_

b[l^

qile

ni

[jjfs

nb_

ehiqf_â_

c`

nb[n%m

qb[n

sio

q[hn

ni î,

Pi nb_m_ j_ijf_ \_][g_ g_^cn[ncih mno^_hnm [h^ _p_hno+

[ffs g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm* ìl nb_s ìoh^ g_^cn[ncih `[l gil_

l_fc[\f_, Qb_ ?o^^bcmn nl[^cncih [fmi cm [hnc+^loa ch [ m_hm_

nb[n ?o^^bcmn nbchecha [\ion nb_ bog[h ]ih^cncih cm nb[n q_

mo``_l &om_f_mmfs' \_][om_ q_%l_ [fl_[^s oh^_l nb_ ]ihnlif i` [

gcffcih _rn_lh[f &ni nb_ gch^' nbcham* [h^ c` q_%l_ fiiecha ìl

`l__îg [h^ _hfcabn_hg_hn* q_ b[p_ ni \_ [\f_ ni ^_p_fij

nin[f ]ihnlif ip_l iol iqh gch^m, F` sio b[p_ ni a_n siol

jf_[mol_ [h^ chmcabnm nblioab [h _rn_lh[f [a_hn* fce_ [ ^loa*

nb_h sio%l_ ^_j_h^_hn ih mig_nbcha _rn_lh[f ni siolm_f`*

sio%l_ hin nin[ffs `l__, Pi nb_ nl[^cncih[f ^cm]cjfch_ lof_m i`

?o^^bcmg ìl\c^ chnirc][ncha ^loam c` sio l_[ffs q[hn ni a_n mig_qb_l_, Qb_l_ cm mig_ p[lc[ncih `lig ]ofnol_ ni ]ofnol_* i`

]iolm_* [h^ mig_ [laog_hn [m ni qb_nb_l cn%m [h [\mifon_

jlibc\cncih [a[chmn chnirc][ncha ^loam ^S` aS il [ jlibc\cncih

[a[chmn omcha mo]b ^loam ni nb_ jichn qb_l_ nb_s m_lciomfs

chn_l`_l_ qcnb g_hn[f òh]ncihcha,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &-*

?on gs \_mn ao_mm cm nb[n ch [h c^_[f qilf^* mig_ j_ijf_

]iof^ \_h_`cn ch g[hs q[sm* g_^cn[ncp_fs* [m [h [^doh]n ni jms+

]binb_l[js [h^ aliqnb g_nbi^m* l_fcaciomfs* jbcfimijbc][ffs*

_n],* `lig ^`]^S`Zg caSR jms]b_^_fc]m, F nbche F ^c^, F nbche F q[m*

g_n[jbilc][ffs mj_[echa* bcn ip_l nb_ b_[^ qcnb [ p_ls jiq_l+

òf \fiq nb[n ][ff_^ gs [nn_hncih ni [mj_]nm i` gch^ F gcabn

h_p_l b[p_ hinc]_^ inb_lqcm_* il qiof^ ihfs b[p_ b[^ mig_

chn_l_mncha qil^m [\ion, Pi F fiie \[]e ih gs jms]b_^_fc]

_rj_lc_h]_m [m p_ls om_òf,

F%p_ ain hi j_lmih[f om_ ìl nb_g hiq, Kiq F nbche* Mon

mig_ ^loa ch gs \i^s [h^ n_gjil[lcfs ai ]l[ts< Tb[n [ m][ls* oh[jj_[fcha nbcha ni î ?on b_s* F q[m ch gs nq_hnc_m \[]e

nb_h* hiq F%g [ fin gil_ ]ihm_lp[ncp_* j_lb[jm [h if^ `[ln

PQRABKQ8 Ai g]c Y\]e EWQVO`R 4Z^S`b$ bVS ;O`dO`R ^`]TSaa]`

eV] U]b W\d]ZdSR W\ âgQVSRSZWQ `SaSO`QV O\R bVS\ U]b TW`SR T`][

;O`dO`R T]` ^`][]bW\U âgQVSRSZWQ caS3 7WR\!b VS QVO\US VWa \O[S

b] 5OPO EO[ 7Oa ]` a][SbVW\U ZWYS bVOb *

T_ b[^ foh]b nia_nb_l ih]_ qb_h b_ q[m mncff [ jli`_mmil

[n E[lp[l^, T_ mjie_ i` l_m_[l]b ^_mcah [h^ [ff nbim_ m]c_hnc`+

c][ffs l_mj_]n[\f_ nbcham, Fn q[m [h chn_l_mncha foh]b* [h^ F%p_

m__h bcg i]][mcih[ffs ch l_]_hn s_[lm, E_%m [ gil_ chn_l_mncha

j_lmih [m O[g A[m* F gomn m[s* nb_h qb_h b_ q[m [ E[lp[l^

jli`_mmil

PQRABKQ8 7] g]c ac^^]aS bVOb O\g]\S SdS` ZSO`\SR V]e b] ReSZZ

W\ aSZT%`S[S[PS`W\U Pg bOYW\U âgQVSRSZWO3

Mli\[\fs hin, F momj_]n hin \_][om_* [a[ch* m_f`+l_g_g\_l+

cha* m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha* [m F oh^_lmn[h^ cn* cm [

mfcabnfs ìl]_^ n_]bhcko_, Fn jliô]_m [h ij_hcha i` ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm nb[n acp_m sio [ p[lc_ns i` chmcabnm [h^ ]ihm_ko_hn+

fs

[fn_lh[ncp_

]bic]_m*

\on

m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha

]ig_m

`lig

g[e+cha nbcm fcnnf_ \on ^_fc\_l[n_ _`ìln* hin `lig b[pcha mig_nbcha

cgjim_^ ih sio `lig nb_ ionmc^_ fce_ [ ^loa, Mms]b_^_fc]m

mig_ncg_m g[s jliô]_ mig_ _``_]nm nb[n [l_ mcgcf[l ni qb[n

][h i]]ol [m [ l_mofn i` m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha* \on nb_ a_h_l[f

j[nn_lh i` _``_]nm cm hin nb_ m[g_,

&-+ _ JFKA P@FBK@B

T_ omo[ffs nbche i` n[echa [ jms]bi[]ncp_ ^loa [m îh_ ch

nb_ jolmocn i` jf_[mol_* nii* [fnbioab m_lciom aliqnb [h^ nb_l+

[j_onc] om[a_ ][h \_ gil_ ij_h, ?on ih_ i` nb_ ][oncihm F acp_

j_ijf_ qbi [l_ m_lciom [\ion m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha cm nb[n ch

îcha nbcm* mig_ncg_m sio%ff \_ go]b gil_ ]f_[lfs jl_m_hn ni

qb[n [ îa nol^ sio [l_ ch fc`_ E[ha ch nb_l_ [hsq[s* F

[^gihcmb Pn[s jl_m_hn

Pig_ncg_m \s \_cha ]f_[lfs jl_m_hn sio b[p_ l_[ffs mj_]c[f

[h^ jimcncp_ _rj_lc_h]_m* mi sio%ff mn[ln ni nbche* T_ff* nbcm cm

cn F b[p_ [llcp_^ [h^ sio%ff nb_h mn[ln ni ìla_n ni []no[ffs

mn[s qcnb nb_ jl[]nc]_, O_g_g\_l iol W_h mno^_hn qbi b[^

nb_ qih^_lòf _rj_lc_h]_m* \on ìlain ni ì]om ih bcm \l_[nb+

cha< Qb_ jichn cm b] YSS^ R]W\U bVS ^ÒQbWQS$ ÒbVS` bVO\ USbbW\U

aWRSbÒQYSR Pg O\g Ô`bWQcZO` Sf^S`WS\QS$ qb_nb_l cn%m [ aii^

_rj_lc_h]_ il [ \[^ _rj_lc_h]_, Qb_ jichn cm ni e__j g[echa

nb_ ]iggcng_hn ni j[s ]f_[l [nn_hncih ni qb[n cm []no[ffs

aicha ih* VS`S$

\]e& Qb[n fiha n_lg ]ofncp[ncih i` [q[l_h_mm

[h^ m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha qcff g[e_ ]b[ha_m `[l gil_ cgjiln[hn

nb[h [hs n_gjil[ls _rj_lc_h]_,

F q[hn ni _gjb[mct_ mig_nbcha, Qb_ aSZT%`S[S[PS`W\U SfS`%

QWaS Wa \]b O [ObbS` ]T aS\aW\U g]c` P]Rg O\R TSSZW\U U]]R& Qb[n%m

hin nb_ jichn i` cn* [h^ c` sio nbche nb[n%m nb_ jichn i` cn* sio

][h hin ihfs q[mn_ siol ncg_ ^_p_fijcha gil_ m[ncm`scha ^[s+

^l_[gm* cn ][h _p_h \_ `[n[f, Lh_ i` gs n_[]b_lm nif^ g_ i` [h

ch]c^_hn qb_l_ [ mno^_hn i` bcm* [`n_l [ g__ncha* q[m mn[h^cha

ion ih nb_ mnl__n* n[fecha ni inb_l mno^_hnm* n_ffcha nb_g biq

aii^ mb_ `_fn m_hmcha b_l \i^s [h^ [ff nb_ fc`_ ch b_l \i^s x

[h^ [m mb_ q[m n[fecha [h^ q[fecha \[]eq[l^m* `__fcha nb_

aii^ m_hm[ncihm chmc^_ b_l \i^s* [ n[rc l[h b_l îqh [h^

ecff_^ b_l, Qii go]b [nn_hncih acp_h ni m_hmcha* hin _hioab ni fiiecha [h^ fcmn_hcha,

Qi m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h* sio ^_fc\_l[n_fs* []ncp_fs mjl_[^

siol [nn_hncih [lioh^, Vio%l_ fiiecha [n nb_ qilf^ sio fcp_ ch*

fcmn_hcha ni nb_ qilf^ sio fcp_ ch* [h^ j[scha [nn_hncih ni siol

\i^s, Qb_ ai[f cm ni \_]ig_ ]f_[l_l [\ion SdS`gbVW\U nb[n%m

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &-,

b[jj_hcha, F` sio%l_ _[ncha* [^^cncih[ffs acp_ finm i` [nn_hncih

ni n[mncha [h^ mg_ffcha, F` sio%l_ nio]bcha* acp_ finm i` [nn_h+

ncih ni nb_ m_hm[ncihm [lcmcha `lig nio]b,

F ^_m]lc\_ nb_ m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha jli]_mm [m m_hmcha* fiie+

cha* [h^ fcmn_hcha \_][om_ mcabn [h^ b_[lcha [l_ [fgimn

[fq[sm iol jl_îgch[hn m_hm_m* [h^ q_%l_ ^_fc\_l[n_fs [^^cha

e__jcha nl[]e i` [lg [h^ f_a m_hm[ncihm, Iiiecha [h^ fcmn_h+

cha cm qb_l_ q_%l_ n[echa ch gimn i` iol chìlg[ncih [\ion nb_

qilf^, ?on nb_ jichn i` m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha cm hin

ni `__f aii^, Fn qcff g[e_ sio `__f a_h_l[ffs aii^* a_h_l[ffs

gil_ [fcp_ [h^ pcn[f* ch nb_ fiha loh, ?on nb_ gil_ cgjiln[hn joljim_ i` m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha cm ni ^_p_fij \_nn_l

]ihn[]n qcnb l_[fcns,

Qb[n qcff g_[h nb[n mig_ncg_m sio%ff m__ [mj_]nm i` l_[fc+

ns nb[n [l_ p_ls ohjf_[m[hn* [h^ sio%ff m__ nb_g gil_ ]f_[lfs

nb[h sio hilg[ffs m__, Qb[n%m hin omo[ffs ]ihmc^_l_^ [ jfom

`lig iol il^ch[ls j_lmj_]ncp_* qbc]b cm ih_ i` nb_ l_[mihm q_

îh%n î nbcm* qbs q_ îh%n j[s go]b ko[fcns* ij_h+gch^_^

[nn_hncih ni iol m_fp_m [h^ iol qilf^, T_ îh%n fce_ ni m__ h_a+

[ncp_ nbcham ch nb_ qilf^ il iolm_fp_m* mi q_ loh iol fcnnf_ jli+

al[gm [h^ a_n fimn ch iol ^l_[gm [h^ noh_ ion, O_g_g\_l

Dol^dc_``m m[scha* J[h cm [mf__j ?on nb[n mf__j* nb_ [onig+

[nct_^* ]ihm_hmom nl[h]_ mn[n_ ][om_m finm i` nlio\f_* _cnb_l

cgg_^c[n_fs il f[n_l ih,

Pi* `__fcha aii^ cm hc]_ \on c` sio jl[]nc]_ m_hmcha* fiie+

cha* [h^ fcmn_hcha [h^ ih_ ^[s cn `__fm p_ls aii^* sio b[p_ ni

\_ l_[f ][l_òf \_][om_ nb[n%m [ ^[ha_liom jichn, Vio g[s nb_h

mo\nfs ^cmniln siol oh^_lmn[h^cha i` qb[n ni î ch il^_l ni nls

ni l_jliô]_ nb_ aii^ `__fcha, GVS aSZT%`S[S[PS`W\U SfS`QWaS Wa O\

SfS`QWaS W\ USbbW\U QZ]aS` b] b`cbV& ;O^^W\Saa Wa aSQ]\RO`g&Qbcm cm [ b[l^ jichn ìl om ni n[e_ l_[ffs m_lciomfs* \_][om_

q_%l_ >g_lc][hm, T_%l_ _hncnf_^ ni nb_ jolmocn i` b[jjch_mm*

[l_h%n q_< J[s\_ _p_h _hncnf_^ ni b[jjch_mm ^S` aS [h^ q_

ioabn ni mo_ mig_\i^s c` q_ îh%n a_n cn< ?on F%p_ \_]ig_

]ihpch]_^ nb[n jolmocn i` b[jjch_mm qcff f_[^ sio ni [ fin i`

&-- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

&ohh_]_mm[ls' mo``_lcha* \_][om_ cn%m nii _[ms ni mn[ln jms]bi+

fiac][ffs ^cmnilncha siol j_l]_jncihm ch il^_l ni g[e_ siolm_f`

`__f b[jjs, F` sio îh%n m__ il b_[l nbcham nb[n qiof^ \inb_l

sio* nb_h sio nbche sio îh%n `__f nb_g, Qbcm cm mojjl_mmcih

[h^ l_jl_mmcih ch []ncih, F` siol nbioabnm [h^ [mmi]c[n_^ `__f+

cham loh ch [onig[nct_^ aliip_m nb[n jliô]_ chn_lh[f `__fcham

i` jf_[mol_* sio `__f aii^ [h^ b[p_ f_mm _h_las nb[n gcabn \_

[nnl[]n_^ chni hinc]cha mig_nbcha ohjf_[m[hn, ?on nb_h sio%l_

a_nncha ion i` nio]b qcnb qb[n%m []no[ffs aicha ih* [h^ nb_l_

qcff _p_hno[ffs \_ \[^ ]ihm_ko_h]_m, Tb[n F%p_ ìoh^*

nbioab* cm nb[n WT g]c ^càcS b`cbV O\R U`SObS` OeO`S\Saa b] bVS PSab ]T g]c` OPWZWbg$ VO^^W\Saa eWZZ Q][S Oa O aWRS STTSQb$ qcnbion

nb_ l_[]ncp_ ]ihm_ko_h]_m nb[n ]ig_ `lig &jm_oî+' b[jjc+

h_mm l_mofncha `lig cahil[h]_ [h^ oh[q[l_h_mm,

PQRABKQ8 <!dS VSO`R bVOb Z]ba ]T bVS ^S]^ZS eV] O`S aS`W]ca OP]cb

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QVSRSZWQ Sf^S`WS\QSa& <a bVOb b`cS3

Qb_l_ [l_ pclno[ffs hi []no[f ^[n[ ih nb[n* \on nb_l_ [l_ [

fin i` [h_]în_m nb[n ]cl]of[n_ [lioh^ nb_ p[lciom ]iggohc+

nc_m, >\ion nb_ ihfs msmn_g[nc] ^[n[ F ][h nbche i` i``b[h^ cm

mig_nbcha F ]iff_]n_^ gsm_f` mig_ s_[lm [ai, F niie [ Qc\_n[h

?o^^bcmn alioj nb[n F q[m mno^scha qcnb* mi nb[n F q[m []]_jn+

_^ [m mig_\i^s nb[n nb_s ]iof^ nlomn* [h^ ^c^ [ molp_s i` jl_+

pciom jms]b_^_fc] om_ &Q[ln /77/', F ìoh^ [h _hilgiomfs

bcab `l_ko_h]s i` jl_pciom jms]b_^_fc] om_ [giha mno^_hnm i`

nbcm j[lnc]of[l \l[h]b i` Qc\_n[h ?o^^bcmg, Qb[n%m mig_ i`

nb_ gimn msmn_g[nc] ^[n[ [lioh^* s_n cn%m ihfs [ ^lij ch nb_

\o]e_n ch n_lgm i` nb_ _hilgiom hog\_l i` j_ijf_ chpifp_^

ch mjclcno[f aliqnb ^cm]cjfch_m* mi nb_l_ cm hi `clg [hmq_l ni

siol ko_mncih,

PQRABKQ8 <mdS VSO`R ]QQOaW]\OZ ab]`WSa W\ bVS [SRWbObW]\ Q][%

[c\Wbg bVOb ^S]^ZS eV] O`S OZ`SORg Sf^S`WS\QSR [SRWbOb]à R]\!b

TW\R âgQVSRSZWQ R`cUa dS`g W\bS`SabW\U eVS\ bVSg b`g bVS[&

Vio%l_ m[scha nb[n g_^cn[ncih g[e_m jms]b_^_fc]m b[p_

f_mm _``_]n ih [ j_lmih<

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &-.

PQRABKQ8 KSa&

F%p_ b_[l^ mig_ mnilc_m ni nb[n m[g_ _``_]n* s_m, F nbche [

molp_s gcabn ]ih]l_nct_ nbim_ mnilc_m [h^ f[\ _rj_lcg_hnm

gcabn ^_gihmnl[n_ nb[n, F` cn%m nlo_* qbs< Qb[n qiof^ \_ l_[f

chn_l_mncha ni ehiq qbs,

PQRABKQ8 6FLI< @E;LC>@E> PFLI 8;;@:K@FE$

Vio%l_ lcabn Qii go]b n[fe* hin _hioab jl[]nc]_ F%p_

\__h nbchecha [\ion cn ch nb_ \[]e i` gs gch^ qbcf_ q_%p_

n[fe_^8 sio aosm [l_ [ff _h[\f_lm I_n%m n[e_ [ `cp_+gchon_

\l_[e* [h^ nb_h q_%l_ aicha ni b[p_ [h _rj_lc_h]_,

"%#!$

PQRABKQ8 6O\ g]c bSZZ JP OP]cb [SRWbObW]\ eWbV a^SQWOZ a]c\Ra

O\R QVO\ba3 < bVW\Y GÒ\aQS\RS\bOZ @SRWbObW]\ Wa ZWYS bVOb& ;]e

R]Sa bVOb TWb Wb eWbV eVOb g]c!dS bOcUVb ca b]ROg3

Vio%l_ aicha ni g[e_ g_ chôfa_ [a[ch<

PQRABKQ8 KSa$ Xcab T]` O [W\cbS$ < eO\b b] Y\]e eVOb g]c bVW\Y&

Le[s* g[hnl[ g_^cn[ncih* biq cn `cnm ch, F%p_ \lc_`fs g_h+

ncih_^ Ql[hm]_h^_hn[f J_^cn[ncih &QJ'* qbc]b cm [ ìlg i`

g[hnl[ g_^cn[ncih* _[lfc_l* \on cn qcff \_ aii^ ni fiie [n cn ch

[ fcnnf_ gil_ ^_n[cf,

> g[hnl[ cm [ mioh^* il chn_lh[f l_jl_m_hn[ncih i` [ mioh^*

nb[n sio n[e_ ìl siol ì]om jichn ch g_^cn[ncih, J[hnl[ g_^+

cn[ncih cm omo[ffs ]ihmc^_l_^ [ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ ìlg i` g_^cn[+ncih, Vio b[p_ ih_ nbcha sio e__j \lchacha siol [nn_hncih

\[]e ni ip_l [h^ ip_l, Qb_ q[s nb_ QJ j_ijf_ n_[]b cn* biq+

_p_l* sio î nb_ g[hnl[ [h^ c` siol gch^ q[h^_lm* îh%n a_n

nii ojncabn [\ion cnm q[h^_lcha* \_][om_* nb_s n_[]b* cn b[m [

l_[mih ni q[h^_l, J[n_lc[f qcff \o\\f_ oj chni [q[l_h_mm nb[n

h__^m ni \o\\f_ oj* [h^* qb_h sio `__f [ ]_ln[ch m_hm_ i`

]igjf_n_h_mm i` nb[n* qbc]b cm jli\[\fs [\ion qb_h sio

l_g_g\_l nb[n sio%p_ fimn nb_ g[hnl[* nb_h sio ]ig_ \[]e ni

nb_ g[hnl[, Pi cn b[m nb_ ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ _f_g_hn* \on QJ b[m [

]_ln[ch chmcabn _f_g_hn nii,

Aih%n ai [q[s `lig iol ncg_ nia_nb_l qcnb nb_ \_fc_` nb[n

&.% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

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g_^cn[ncih, O_[fcns cm [fq[sm gil_ ]igjfc][n_ nb[h iol

]ih]_jnm

[\ion

cn,

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &.&



@E>MQBO /.

Ml[]nc]_8 Scj[mm[h[ ni P_f`+O_g_g\_lcha

e[s* q_%l_ aicha ni î [ `_q gchon_m i` ]ih]_hnl[ncp_

g_^cn[ncih* nb_h [ `_q gchon_m i` pcj[mm[h[* qbc]b

qcff nb_h f_[^ chni nb_ m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha jl[]nc]_ ch [

fcnnf_ gil_ []ncp_ ìlg nb[h q_%p_ \__h îcha cn mi `[l* mi cn

mbiof^ a_n chn_l_mncha,

P_nnf_ siolm_f` îqh , , ,

Bcnb_l ]fim_ il j[le siol _s_m ,,, [h^ \lcha siol [nn_hncih

îqh ni nb_ m_hm[ncih i` \l_[nbcha ch siol \_ffs [h^ ]b_mn

,,, [m siol [\îg_h gip_m ch [h^ ion, , ,

Q[e_ [ gchon_ ni m_nnf_ îqh c` sio h__^ c n , , ,

Gomn f_n siol [nn_hncih l_mn ih nb_ m_hm[ncih i` \l_[nbcha,,,

F` siol gch^ q[h^_lm , , ,domn a_hnfs \lcha cn \[]e , , ,

Kiq sio%l_ ]ih]_hnl[ncha ih nb_ m_hm[ncih i` \l_[nbcha

, , , \on sio%l_ hin ^_[`,,, mi sio î b_[l inb_l mioh^m i]+

][mcih[ffs ,,, F` siol _s_m [l_ ij_h* sio%l_ hin \fch^ ,,, mi

sio î m__ inb_l nbcham i]][mcih[ffs , , , \on nb_ \ofe i` siol

[nn_hncih ,,, nb_ ì]om i` siol [nn_hncih ,,, cm ih nb_ \l_[nb,

Kiq _rj[h^ siol ì]om ni domn ìffiq qb[n_p_l m_hm[ncihm

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &.(



nb_l_ [l_ ch siol \i^s , , , Vio ][h ìffiq nb_ g[ch m_hm[ncih

,,, il nb_ gil_ a_h_l[f j[nn_lh i` m_hm[ncihm ,,, il domn ij_h

siol gch^* gig_hn+\s+gig_hn* ni qb[n cm* ch n_lgm i` \i^s

m_hm[ncih , , ,

Kiq [a[ch* sio%l_ hin ^_[` mi sio b_[l nb_ ionmc^_ mioh^m

nb[n ]ig_m nblioab nb_ q[ffm il qchîqm il îilq[sm ,, , \on

siol jlcg[ls ì]om cm ih ij_hcha siol gch^* ni \_ l_[ffs

ij_h ni [h^ ni ìffiq qb[n nb_ g[ch m_hm[ncihm [l_ nb[n [l_

b[jj_hcha ch siol \i^s ,,, nb_ g[ch m_hm[ncihm , , ,

Kiq mqcn]b siol ì]om mi nb[n siol [lgm [h^ f_am , , , [l_

nb_ g[ch ì]om i` [nn_hncih , , , [h^ domn ìffiq qb[n_p_l m_hm[ncihm ,,, il j[nn_lhm i` m_hm[ncihm ,,, i]]ol ch siol [lgm

[h^ f_am,

Kiq ^_fc\_l[n_fs SfÔ\R siol ì]om ni mcgofn[h_iomfs

fcmn_h ni nb_ ko[fcns i` mioh^m , , , qbcf_ m_hmcha siol [lgm

[h^ f_am,

Tbcf_ ]ihnchocha ni fcmn_h ni qb[n_p_l mioh^m nb_l_ [l_

, , , [h^ m_hmcha siol [lgm [h^ f_am , , , fiie [lioh^ []ncp_fs

,,, F` siol _s_m [l_h%n [fl_[^s ij_h* ij_h nb_g hiq , , , [h^

fiie [lioh^ , , , Iiie [n _[]b nbcha qcnb `l_mb ]olcimcns* fce_

sio%p_ h_p_l m__h cn \_ìl_ , , ,

Kiq F%g aicha ni [me sio ni î mig_ gipcha [\ion ch [

gchon_ , , , [h^ F qiof^ fce_ sio ni gip_ [ fcnnf_ \cn mfiq_l

nb[h hilg[f ,,, mi nb[n sio ][h e__j ch nio]b qcnb nb_ m_h+

m[ncihm ch siol [lgm [h^ f_am , , , [h^ qb[n_p_l inb_l m_hm[+

ncihm [l_ a_h_l[n_^ \s gip_g_hn ch siol \i^s ,,, [m q_ff [m

fcmn_hcha [h^ fiiecha ,,, Pi gip_ g[s\_ n_h j_l]_hn il mi

mfiq_l nb[h hilg[f,

Tb[n F q[hn sio ni î cm aZ]eZg a_n oj ,,, [h^ `ch^ [ j[ln+

h_l

,

,,

jl_`_l[\fs

mig_\i^s

sio

îh%n

ehiq

,,,

[h^

mcn

îqh*

mi nb_ nqi i` sio [l_ mc^_ \s mc^_ ,,, Ki n[fecha ch nb_ jli]_mm*

jf_[m_* domn l_[ffs ]ih]_hnl[n_ [m òffs [m sio ][h ih `__fcha nb_

m_hm[ncihm ch siol [lgm [h^ f_am [h^ ch siol \i^s `lig nb_

gip_g_hn, , , [h^ ih fcmn_hcha [h^ fiiecha , , ,

Pi `ch^ [ j[lnh_l nb[n q[s , , , Tb_h sio%p_ ìoh^ ih_* mcn

&.) _ =:>5 B4:6>46



îqh* mi _p_ls\i^s qcff \_ [\f_ ni `ch^ ih_ , , ,

F%g aicha ni b[p_ sio chn_l[]n qcnb [hinb_l fcpcha bog[h

\_cha* qbc]b cm [fq[sm [ \ca ^_[f jms]bifiac][ffs ,,, \on nbcm

cm [ mj_]c[f _rj_lcg_hn[f [h^ _rj_lc_hnc[f mcno[ncih , , , qb_l_

siol di\ cm ni \_ [m ]f_[lfs [q[l_ [m jimmc\f_ , , ,

Qb_ `clmn j[ln i` nbcm _r_l]cm_ chpifp_m g[echa [h chn_ff_]no+

[f ^_]cmcih* qbcf_ mncff nlscha ni m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h , , , Qb[n

cm ni ^_]c^_ qbc]b i` sio cm nb_ > j[lnh_l* [h^ qbc]b cm nb_

? j[lnh_l , , , M_ijf_ a_n ni l_p_lm_ lif_m [`n_l [ qbcf_* mi cn

î_mh%n l_[ffs g[e_ go]b ^c``_l_h]_ qbi cm > [h^ qbi cm ? ,,,

Le[s* F [mmog_ nb[n ^_]cmcih b[m \__h g[^_ , , , Kiq* qbcf_ ]ihnchocha ni m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h* > j[lnh_l* acp_ ih_

i` siol b[h^m ni siol ? j[lnh_l , , , ? j[lnh_l* n[e_ nb[n b[h^

, , , [h^ _r[gch_ cn ,,, fce_ sio%p_ h_p_l m__h [ b[h^ \_ìl_

,,, [h^ ]ihncho_ ni m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h, >a[ch* fiie [n siol

j[lnh_l%m b[h^* qcnb [h ij_h* ]olciom gch^* fce_ sio%p_ h_p_l

m__h [h i\d_]n fce_ nbcm \_ìl_ ,, ,

F` siol gch^ b[m q[h^_l_^* a_hnfs \lcha cn \[]e , , ,

Le[s* [ `_q gchon_m b[p_ aih_ \s ,,, T_ qcff mqcn]b lif_m

hiq* qbcf_ ]ihnchocha ni m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h , , , ? j[lnh_l*

acp_ ih_ i` siol b[h^m ni siol j[lnh_l ,,, > j[lnh_l* e__j

m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha* \on _r[gch_ nb[n b[h^ , , ,

\_cha ij_h ni qb[n_p_l cn cm fce_ , , ,

F` siol gch^ b[m q[h^_l_^* a_hnfs \lcha cn \[]e , , ,

Bp_ls\i^s ]ihncho_ ni m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h [m F acp_ sio

`[lnb_l chmnlo]ncihm , , ,

Fh nbcm h_rn _r_l]cm_* sio%l_ aicha ni b[p_ ni m_hm_* fiie*

[h^ fcmn_h _p_h b[l^_l , , , Vio%l_ aicha ni b[p_ ni l_[ffs ì]om

ih cn* \_][om_ F%g aicha ni b[p_ sio n[fe , , , qbcf_ ]ihnchocha

ni

m_hm_*

fiie*

[h^

fcmn_h

,

,

,

qbc]b

gcabn

m__g

[

^c``c]ofn

[]ncih , , , \on Wb QO\ PS R]\S &&& sio ][h n[fe qbcf_ sio m_hm_*

fiie* [h^ fcmn_h , , ,

Kiq* > j[lnh_l* sio [l_ aicha ni n[fe ìl [\ion nqi gch+

on_m il mi ni siol ? j[lnh_l , , , n_ffcha siol j[lnh_l [\ion

siolm_f`, ? j[lnh_l* siol n[me cm ni fiie [n siol > j[lnh_l [h^

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &.*



fcmn_h ni qb[n b_ il mb_ m[sm* [h^ ni m_hm_ siol [lgm [h^ f_am

[m sio fcmn_h , , , ?on cn%m p_ls cgjiln[hn nb[n g]c$ ? j[lnh_l*

l_g[ch [\mifon_fs h_onl[f [m sio fcmn_h ,,, Ki hi^m* hi

mgcf_m* hi qil^m* hih_ i` nb_ omo[f mi]c[f []ncihm [h^

l_mjihm_m nb[n [l_ _rj_]n_^ ch [ ]ihp_lm[ncih* il ch fcmn_hcha

, , , Vio l_[ffs j[s [nn_hncih [h^ fcmn_h* \on sio g[e_ hi ip_ln

l_mjihm_m ]T O\g a]`b qbcf_ siol j[lnh_l cm n[fecha,

> j[lnh_l* sio ][h n[fe [\ion [hsnbcha sio q[hn [\ion

siolm_f`, , , sio ][h chnliô]_ siolm_f`, , , \on* i` ]iolm_* nls

ni m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h qbcf_ sio n[fe ,,, @i [b_[^ , , ,

F` siol gch^ b[m q[h^_l_^* a_hnfs \lcha cn \[]e , , ,Le[s* cn%m \__h [ `_q gchon_m* l_p_lm_ lif_m , , , Pfiqfs [h^

gch^òffs* qbcf_ m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha , , , ? j[lnh_l*

sio n[fe [\ion siolm_f` qbcf_ siol j[lnh_l m_hm_m* fiiem* [h^

fcmn_hm* qbcf_ g[echa hi ip_ln l_mjihm_m , , ,

Kiq mfiqfs [h^ gch^òffs , , , qcnb \inb i` sio m_hmcha*

fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha* F%^ fce_ sio ni mn[h^ oj ,,, mb[e_ b[h^m

qcnb siol j[lnh_l ,,, \on []no[ffs j[s [nn_hncih ni qb[n sio%l_

îcha* chmn_[^ i` nb_ omo[f [onig[nc] b[h^mb[e_ , ,, [h^ nb_h

koc_nfs ai \[]e ni siol m_[n, , ,

?_ [q[l_ i` nb_ ko[fcns i` [nn_hncih ch nb_ liig , , ,

Le[s* ]ihncho_ ni m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h* \on q_%ff ai \[]e

ni [ gil_ hilg[f n[fecha gi^_ hiq,

"DcOZWbg ]T ab`]\U ObbS\bWdS\Saa$ T]Qca O\R ]^S\\Saa W\ `]][$

RWTTWQcZb b] RSaQ`WPS#

&.+ _ =:>5 B4:6>46



492@C6A &&

Q[echa nb_ Ml[]nc]_m Fhni fc`_

:iq F `__f F%p_ ainn_h sio \[^fs jl_j[l_^ ìl nb_ l_mn i`

nb_ Qo]mih FFF ]ih`_l_h]_* \_][om_ cn%m hin aicha ni mn[s

fce_ nbcm

Qb_l_ cm mig_nbcha chb_l_hnfs m[ncm`scha [\ion ]igcha

gil_ ni nb_ jl_m_hn* ]igcha gil_ ni siol m_hm_m, Qb_l_ cm

mig_nbcha gil_ chn_ffca_hn [\ion cn ch [ koc_n ech^ i` q[s*

[h^ F nbche jl[]nc][ffs _p_lsih_ b_l_ b[m hiq b[^ [ n[mn_ i`

mig_ i` nb_ jimmc\cfcnc_m i` gch^òfh_mm* i` m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha,

Qb[n%m p_ls m[ncm`scha

>m F m[c^ _[lfc_l* cn%m l_[ffs lc^c]ofiom ni nls ni chnliô]_

j_ijf_ ni nb_ n_]bhcko_m i` gch^òfh_mm ch [ mchaf_ ^[s, Fh [

nl[^cncih[f

q[s

i`

nl[chcha

ch

g_^cn[ncih*

sio

qiof^

a_n

[h

biol i` jl[]nc]cha* g_^cn[ncha* ni _p_ls `cp_ gchon_m i` n[fe*

\on sio%l_ [ff _h[\f_lm i` gs nbioabn[bifcmg* [h^ nbcm cm nb_

lcabn ech^ i` m_nncha ìl iol gono[f [^^c]ncih* mi sio%p_ ain+

n_h [ fin i` _rjf[h[ncih, Tb_nb_l nb[n%m [ gil_ _``_]ncp_ q[s

ni n_[]b* F îh%n ehiq, F bij_ mi* [n f_[mn ìl j_ijf_ fce_ om* \on

JFKA P@FBK@B u /75

cn%m ]_ln[chfs hin nb_ nl[^cncih[f q[s, ?on nb_ nl[^cncih[f q[s

q[mh%n [ `_[mc\f_ ih_ ìl iol mcno[ncih b_l_* qb_l_ F ]iof^h%n

[mmog_ [ ]iggih \[]ealioh^* [ ]iggih jl_pciom ehiqf+

_â_ i` g_^cn[ncih* il b[pcha [ fin i` ncg_ [p[cf[\f_,

F%p_ chnliô]_^ sio ni ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih* qcnb nb_

l[ncih[f_ nb[n iol gch^ cm il^ch[lcfs nii go]b ion i` ]ihnlif*

\ioh]cha [\ion nii qcf^fs* [h^ nb[n ][om_m [ fin i` jli\f_gm*

mi q_ h__^ ni f_[lh mig_nbcha ni mn[\cfct_ cn,

F%p_ chnliô]_^ sio ni pcj[mm[h[* chmcabn il ij_hcha

oj g_^cn[ncih* qb_l_* b[pcha []bc_p_^ &il []bc_pcha nblioab

ònol_ jl[]nc]_ i` ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih' mig_ ^_al__ i` mn[\cfcns* sio \_ach ni fiie chni nb_ qilecham i` siol gch^*

nbioab hin \s nb_ nl[^cncih[f q[s i` nl[chcha sio ni aii^ mn[+

\cfcns ch ]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih `clmn, T_ q_hn lcabn ìl cn*

ô_ ni iol f[]e i` ncg_ nia_nb_l, Vio \_a[h ni fiie [n [ qc^_l

mj_]nlog i` _rj_lc_h]_m qcnb [h _mm_hnc[ffs m]c_hnc`c] [nncno^_

i` Tb[n Wa b[jj_hcha* VS`S$ \]e3& l Vio%p_ fiie_^ qcnb [h [nnc+

no^_ i` Tb[n SfOQbZg cm b[jj_hcha< l[nb_l nb[h a_nncha

][oabn oj ch siol nb_ilc_m [\ion qb[n aV]cZR \_ b[jj_hcha* il

qb[n eOa b[jj_hcha* il qb[n [WUVb \_ b[jj_hcha ch nb_

ònol_,

F%p_ chnliô]_^ sio ni nbcm m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha jli]_ôl_ i`

m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha ni \lcha nbcm [nncno^_ i` ]fim_l*

ij_h+gch^_^ [nn_hncp_h_mm chni [ gil_ []ncp_ mnsf_ i` fc`_, F

b[p_h%n g[^_ iol m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha jl[]nc]_ p_ls []ncp_ mcgjfs

\_][om_ nb_l_ cm hi ncg_ ni l_[ffs nl[ch ch nb[n ech^ i` nbcha

ni^[s, F m__ hi jichn ch g[echa cn ]igjf_r _hioab ni g[s\_

b[p_ \ca `[cfol_ _rj_lc_h]_m, ?on* ch jlch]cjf_* sio ][h g[ch+

n[ch nbcm [nncno^_ i` m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha* i` m_hmcha* fiiecha*

[h^ fcmn_hcha* nbcm ^_fc\_l[n_ ^_jfisg_hn i` siol [nn_hncih ni nb_ \i^s [h^ ni siol m_hm_m ni e__j sio ch nb_ jl_m_hn* ch nb_

l_mn i` siol fc`_* _p_h qb_h sio n[fe, F ^c^h%n nbche \_cha

gch^òf qb_h F n[fe_^ q[m jimmc\f_ qb_h F `clmn b_[l^ [\ion

cn* \on F%p_ f_[lh_^ nb[n cn cm jimmc\f_,

F` sio ]ihncho_ ni jl[]nc]_ m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha*

&.- _ =:>5 B4:6>46



sio qcff `ch^* [m F bchn_^ [n _[lfc_l* nb[n _p_h nbioab ch mig_

q[sm sio g[s `__f sio [l_ j[scha f_mm [nn_hncih ni mig_ih_*

\_][om_ sio%l_ qilecha ih siol iqh chn_lh[f _r_l]cm_* sio%ff

jli\[\fs []no[ffs b[p_ gil_ []]ol[n_ j_l]_jncihm i` nb[n j_l+

mih* [h^ _p_hno[ffs \_ ]ihmc^_l_^ [ gil_ l_mjihmcp_ [h^ ][l+

cha j_lmih Qii go]b i` iol chn_l[]ncih qcnb _[]b inb_l cm

nqi j_ijf_ a_nncha i`` ih nb_cl chn_lh[f `[hn[mc_m* [h^ ihfs

j_lcjb_l[ffs chn_l[]ncha,

F%p_ [fmi g_hncih_^ mig_nbcha [\ion nb_ ìi^ i` cgjl_m+

mcihm, F` sio jl[]nc]_ [hs ìlg[f g_^cn[ncihm il nbcm m_f`+

l_g_g\_lcha l_aof[lfs* siol _rj_lc_hnc[f ^c_n cm aicha ni

cgjlip_, F ][h%n ^_n[cf cn* \on nb_l_ qcff \_ ch^cl_]n q[sm ch

qbc]b siol b_[fnb [h^ nb_ ko[fcns i` siol fc`_ qcff a_n \_nn_l*

_p_h qcnbion siol nlscha ìl [hs mj_]c`c] ]b[ha_m ch siol fc`_,

>h^ nb_h x F mbiof^ m[s i` ]iolm_* ìl [ \oh]b i` nbioabn+

[bifc]m fce_ om x ch [^^cncih ni nbcm g[ch g_[f i` []no[f

jl[]nc]_* q_%p_ b[^ [ al_[n ^_[f i` chn_ff_]no[f m_[mihcha*

qbc]b gcabn b[p_ \__h [ ^cmnl[]ncih il qbc]b gcabn b[p_

\__h _mm_hnc[f, Fn%m b[l^ ìl g_ ni n_ff biq iol ^[s q[m ìl

_[]b i` sio* \on sio ][h n_ff* [h^ F b[p_ gs momjc]cihm* doâ+

cha `lig gs j_l]_jncihm i` sio [h^ nb_ ]ihn_hn i` siol ko_m+

ncihm* nb[n cn qile_^ ion p_ls hc]_fs, Vio%p_ ainn_h nb_ n[mn_

F q[hn_^ ni acp_ sio,

Js moaa_mncih cm nb[n [`n_l sio f_[p_ iol qilembij ni^[s*

sio ^_fc\_l[n_fs ìla_n [\ion îcha [hs i` nb_m_ jl[]nc]_m x

]ih]_hnl[ncp_ g_^cn[ncih* pcj[mm[h[ g_^cn[ncih* [h^ m_hm+

cha* fiiecha* [h^ fcmn_hcha x ìl nb_ l_mn i` iol Qo]mih FFF

]ih`_l_h]_, Vio%l_ aicha ni \_ jfoha_^ chni mo]b [ bsj_l+

chn_ff_]no[f [ngimjb_l_* mo]b [ b_[ps ilas i` ]ih]_jnm [h^

c^_[m

x

qbc]b

qcff

\_

p_ls

p[fo[\f_

F%g

hin

jonncha

nb_g

îqh* nb_s qcff l_[ffs \_ p_ls p[fo[\f_* \on nb_ i^^m [l_ sio

qih%n \_ [\f_ ni î iol jl[]nc]_m qilnb [ ^[gh* acp_h nb_ fcn+

nf_ \cn i` nl[chcha q_%p_ b[^, F` sio nls ni î nb_g* sio%ff jli\+

[\fs g[chfs b[p_ `[cfol_ _rj_lc_h]_m* [h^ nb_h sio%ff a_n chni

\ca* h_a[ncp_ `__^\[]e fiijm8 A[gh cn F nbioabn F f_[lh_^

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ &..



mig_nbcha [h^ F ][h%n î cn* qb[n%m qliha qcnb g_* [h^ \f[b*

\f[b* \f[b Fn qiof^ jli\[\fs \_ \_nn_l ni jon jl[]nc]_ i``

ohncf [`n_l nbcm j[lnc]of[l ]ih`_l_h]_ [h^ nb_h qb_h sio a_n

big_* c` sio `__f fce_ îcha mig_ gil_ qcnb cn x nls cn

O_aof[lcns cm omo[ffs b_fjòf ch f_[lhcha nbcham, Pi c` sio

fce_ ih_ il \inb i` nb_ g_^cn[ncih jl[]nc]_m q_%p_ f_[lh_^* m_n+

ncha [ l_aof[l ncg_ ch siol m]b_ôf_ ni g_^cn[n_ cm [ aii^

nbcha ni î, Vio îh%n b[p_ ni î g[l[nbih g_^cn[ncih mcn+

ncham F` sio î _p_h n_h gchon_m i` koc_n mcnncha [ ^[s* sio [l_

ch nb_ 77nb j_l]_hncf_ i` j_ijf_ qbi [l_ qilecha ih nb_cl

chh_l ^_p_fijg_hn F` sio î [h biol [ ^[s* sio [l_ ch nb_

77,7nb j_l]_hncf_ i` j_ijf_* \_][om_ gimn j_ijf_ îh%n î

[hsnbcha ni ^_p_fij nbcm ech^ i` mecff,

F` sio a_n l_[f m_lciom [\ion ìffiqcha nbcm g_^cn[ncp_

j[nb* [m F \lc_`fs m[c^ _[lfc_l* sio mbiof^ nls ni `ch^ [ ]i[]b*

[ n_[]b_l* ch siol big_niqh* mig_ih_ sio ][h jl[]nc]_ qcnb

l_aof[lfs [h^ a_n mig_ `__^\[]e `lig ih biq sio%l_ îcha, F`

nb_l_ [l_ hi g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm ch siol big_ niqh &m__ nb_

>jj_h^cr ìl miol]_m i` chìlg[ncih'* sio gcabn ]ihmc^_l

nl[p_fcha ni jf[]_m nb[n i``_l g_^cn[ncih l_nl_[nm i]][mcih[ffs,

Viol ]f[mmc][f g_^cn[ncih l_nl_[n qcff b[p_ mcnncha g_^cn[ncih

gimn i` nb_ ^[s* \on nb_l_ qcff omo[ffs \_ [h chn_lpc_q ncg_

qcnb nb_ n_[]b_l mi nb[n sio ][h ]b_]e ion biq sio%l_ îcha,

>m F m[c^ _[lfc_l* [ fin i` ncg_m [ mcgjf_ ]ill_]ncih ][h g[e_

[ \ca ^c``_l_h]_ ch biq sio jl[]nc]_, T_ a_n mno]e ch fcnnf_

^_[^ _h^m nb[n q_%p_ ]l_[n_^ ih iol iqh [h^ îh%n l_]iahct_

[m mo]b,

F%p_ acp_h sio [ `[clfs ?o^^bcmn mf[hn ih g_^cn[ncih* \on

îh%n qills [\ion nb[n, Qb_ []no[f jli]_ôl_ cm ^_mcah_^ ni

nl[hm]_h^ f[\_fm, Vio îh%n b[p_ ni \_]ig_ [ ?o^^bcmn ni f_[lh nb_ \[mc] g_^cn[ncih jli]_ôl_m `lig n_[]b_lm* _p_h c`

nb_s [l_ ][ff_^ ?o^^bcmnm, F` nb_s [l_ [n [ff ]igj_n_hn* nb_s

ain nb_ ?o^^b[%m g_mm[a_ nb[n nb_ cgjiln[hn nbcha cm ni b_fj

j_ijf_ oh^_lmn[h^ nb_cl iqh gch^m \s b_fjcha nb_g f_[lh

[h^ [jjfs nb_m_ niifm* hin jonncha [ f[\_f i` ?o^^bcmn il [hs

'%% _ =:>5 B4:6>46

inb_l ech^ i` cmn ih nb_g, F îh%n ][ff gsm_f` [ ?o^^bcmn, F

][h []]ol[n_fs ][ff gsm_f` [ mno^_hn i` ?o^^bcmg &[m q_ff [m

g[hs inb_l j[nbm' \_][om_ F%g nlscha ni f_[lh [h^ oh^_l+

mn[h^* \on nb[n b[m h_p_l g[^_ g_ ohq_f]ig_ ch [hs g_^cn[+

ncih aliojm,

F` sio%l_ chn_l_mn_^ ch nb_ m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha ech^ i` jl[]+

nc]_* nb_ ihfs jf[]_m F ehiq i` qb_l_ cn%m jl[]nc]_^ ]ihmcmn_hn+

fs cm ch p[lciom Dol^dc_`` aliojm [lioh^ nb_ ]iohnls, F%p_

[fq[sm b[^ [g\cp[f_h]_ [\ion l_]igg_h^cha qb_nb_l sio

mbiof^ a_n ch nio]b qcnb [hs i` nb_g il hin, D,F, Dol^dc_``

q[m [ a_hcom* \on nb_ j_ijf_ qbi ]f[cg ni b[p_ ][llc_^ ih bcm qile ]ig_* q_ ]iof^ m[s* ch [ qc^_ p[lc_ns, Pig_ i` nb_g [l_

p_ls [q[l_ [h^ mecffòf ch^cpcô[fm9 mig_ i` nb_g [l_ j_ijf_

qbi \_fc_p_ nb_s%l_ p_ls [q[l_ [h^ mecffòf ch^cpcô[fm* \on

b[p_ nb_cl fcgcn[ncihm [h^ h_olim_m, Pig_ i` nb_g [l_ p_ls

`[l ion* [h^ mig_ g[s \_ ]b[lf[n[hm, F b[p_ b_[l^ i`

Dol^dc_``

aliojm

nb[n

b[p_

^_`chcn_fs

^[g[a_^

j_ijf_*

inb_lm

nb[n b[p_ domn g[^_ j_ijf_ `__f \[^ [\ion nb_gm_fp_m x [h^

inb_lm qb_l_ j_ijf_ b[p_ f_[lh_^ l_[ffs p[fo[\f_ gch^òfh_mm

mecffm,

Kin_ nii nb[n nb_ g[ch Dol^dc_`` n_[]bcha alioj ch nbcm

]iohnls ìffiqm [ nl[^cncih i` hin [^p_lncmcha, Vio b[p_ ni \_

chn_l_mn_^ _hioab ch nb[n qile [h^ chn_ffca_hn _hioab ni `ch^

nb_g, F%ff f_[p_ nb[n [m [h chn_l_mncha jottf_,

)<=./7<" )?8IC<P" /M< NFIB<; /E 8 -LI;A@<== >IFLG" 8E; K?<

K?@E> K?8K NFIBJ K?< 9<JK =FI D< !PFL D<EK@FE<; @K <8IC@<I7 @J N?<E

PFL :?FFJ< JFD<K?@E> K?8K" <M<IP K@D< PFL <E:FLEKJ PFL

?8:B KF J<C=#I<D<D9<I$ 0@B< PFL K8CB<; 89FLK JKI<<K J@>EJ" JKFG J@>EJ"

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V_m* b[\cno[ncih cm [ ^_[^fs _h_gs ih nb_ gch^òfh_mm

j[nb* sio%l_ kocn_ lcabn, Pi c` sio ][h g[e_ oj fcnnf_ _r_l]cm_m

nb[n \ocf^ b[\cnm ni l_gch^ sio ni m_hm_ fiie [h^ fcmn_h x

[h^ nb_h sio []no[ffs g[e_ nb_ fcnnf_ _`ìln i` qcff l_kocl_^ mi

sio []no[ffs m_hm_* fiie* [h^ fcmn_h x nb[n%m p_ls b_fjòf, ?on

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ '%&

cn%m nb_ ]ihm]ciom _`ìln sio g[e_ [m [ l_mofn i` nb_ b[\cn

l_gch^cha sio nb[n g[nn_lm* hin nb_ b[\cn cnm_f` >a[ch* \_ p_ls

][l_òf ni hin ]ihòm_ bVW\YW\U OP]cb m_hmcha* fiiecha* [h^ fcm+

n_hcha* qbc]b sio ][h a_n ch nb_ b[\cn i` îcha* `lig []no[ffs

R]W\U cn Qb_l_ [l_ \iiem i` mo]b _r_l]cm_m* nii &m__* _,a,*

&Ll[a_ /743'' nb[n sio ][h `ch^ mig_ jf[]_m,

Lb* F mbiof^ [^^ nbcm q[lhcha8 :SbbW\U W\d]ZdSR eWbV O\g

a^W`WbcOZ U`]ebV U`]c^ [Og PS bVS PSab bVW\U g]c!dS SdS` R]\S W\

g]c` ZWTS O\R']` Wb [Og PS dS`g RO\US`]ca O\R R`WdS g]c b] [OR\Saa

5OZO\QS bVWa eWbV bVS TOQb bVOb \]b USbbW\U W\ b]cQV eWbV O\g a^W`W%

bcOZ U`]ebV U`]c^ [Og PS bVS PSab bVW\U g]c!dS R]\S W\ g]c` ZWTS O\R']` Wb [Og R`WdS g]c b] [OR\Saa

Ic`_ cm chb_l_hnfs ^[ha_liom x [h^ qih^_lòf Tb_h_p_l

sio î [hs g_^cn[ncp_* m_f`+l_g_g\_lcha* il aliqnb n_]b+

hcko_m ch a_h_l[f* ch [ alioj m_nncha* nb_l_ cm [ mi]c[f _h_las

[^^_^ ni nb_g qbc]b [gjfc`c_m siol [\cfcns ni î nb_g ]il+

l_]nfs x [h^ qbc]b [fmi n_h^m ni [gjfc`s siol iqh [h^ nb_

alioj%m fcgcn[ncihm* `f[qm [h^ h_olim_m,

Fh n_lgm i` nb_ j_ijf_ qbi n_[]b mo]b aliojm* nbcm mi]c[f

_h_las ][h [gjfc`s nb_cl _``_]ncp_h_mm [m n_[]b_lm [h^-il [fmi

[gjfc`s nb_cl `f[qm, Pno^_hnm mig_ncg_m ^lcp_ nb_cl n_[]b_lm

]l[ts c` nb_ n_[]b_lm [l_ hin j_l`_]n &il [n f_[mn []]igjfcmb_^

[h^ mn[\f_' ni \_ach qcnb, Qb_s%l_ _mj_]c[ffs ^lcp_h ]l[ts

\s nb_ _rj_]n[ncih [h^ jlid_]ncih i` j_l`_]ncih `lig nb_cl

mno^_hnm Vio b[p_ [ jimcncp_ `__^\[]e fiij nb[n a_nm ion i`

]ihnlif,

Pi q_ b[p_ [ fcnnf_ \cn i` ncg_ f_`n, >hs òlnb_l ko_mncihm il

]igg_hnm<

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> fcnnf_ \cn, F%g hin aicha ni m[s [hsnbcha [\ion cn* nbioab*

\_][om_ gs `[gcfc[lcns cm p_ls mg[ff x \on `lig nb_ fcnnf_ \cn

F%p_ l_[^ [\ion cn* cn m__gm fce_ [ p_ls om_òf n_]bhcko_,

PQRABKQ, 9`][ eVOb <mdS `SOR& Wb a]c\Ra ZWYS Wb!a POaWQOZZg bVS

aO[S Oa W\aWUVb [SRWbObW]\&

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Fn ]iof^ \_* \on F ][h%n l_[ffs ]igj[l_ nb_g, Bp_ls j[lnc]+

of[l alioj [h^ nl[^cncih [^^m [ fcnnf_ mig_nbcha [h^ n[e_m

[q[s [ fcnnf_ mig_nbcha `lig \[mc] n_]bhcko_m ìl _rjfilcha

[h^ ]ihnliffcha nb_ gch^* \[m_^ ih nb_cl ]ofnol_* nb_ j[lnc]o+

f[l _rj_lc_h]_m [h^ nl[chcha i` nb_ ìoh^_lm* _n]_n_l[, Fhmi`[l

[m aliojm [h^ ila[hct[ncihm ][h l_g_g\_l nb[n nb_l_ cm mig_+

nbcha _mm_hnc[f nb_s%l_ aicha [`n_l* mig_nbcha ^__j_l [h^ gil_

òh^[g_hn[f nb[h nb_ b[ffiq_^ m[]l_^ nl[^cncihm nb[n n_h^

ni \ocf^ oj* cn ][h qile ion ie[s, ?on qb_h_p_l nb_l_ cm [

alioj i` bog[h \_cham qilecha nia_nb_l ih [fgimn [hsnbcha*

nb_s%ff ^_p_fij nb_cl iqh mo\+]ofnol_* \[m_^ ih m[ncm`scha il^c+h[ls mi]c[f h__^m,

Fn%m [fq[sm [ l_[f [h^ pcn[f ko_mncih [m ni qb_nb_l [hs

alioj b[m mn[s_^ ]fim_ _hioab ni _mm_hnc[f l_[fcnc_m ni \_ [\f_

ni nl[ch cnm g_g\_lm ch nb_g* il qb_nb_l nb_ _mm_hnc[fm b[p_

ainn_h fimn ch jlin_]ncha [h^ jl_m_lpcha nb_ mo\+]ofnol_ [h^

nb_

il^ch[ls

mi]c[f

h__^m

qbc]b

[l_

òf`cff_^

qcnbch

nb[n

mo\+]ofnol_, ?on `lig nb_ fcnnf_ F ehiq* @_hn_lcha Ml[s_l* îh_ qcnb

l_[f gincp[ncih ni aliq ch ]igj[mmcih [h^ qcmîg* b[m ain

jimmc\cfcnc_m* s_m, Fh a_h_l[f* nb_ gincp[ncih sio \lcha ni [hs

jl[]nc]_ cm pcn[f* [h^ g[s b[p_ [ fin gil_ ni î qcnb nb_ ion+

]ig_ nb[h nb_ j[lnc]of[l i` nb_ jl[]nc]_,

F` sio q[hn ni nbche i` iol ^[s nia_nb_l [h^ siol ònol_ ch

n_lgm i` j_lmih[f ^_p_fijg_hn* bVS W[^]`bO\b bVW\U T]` g]c b] R]

Wa b] TW\R O ÔbV bVOb VOa VSO`b T]` g]c& Vio gcabn a_n chpifp_^ ch

mig_ aliqnb j[nb nb[n%m n_]bhc][ffs p_ls jli`c]c_hn* \on c` cn

î_mh%n l_mih[n_ ^__j chmc^_ mig_qb_l_* sio%l_ hin aicha ni

î cn qcnb go]b ^_^c][ncih* mi qbs \inb_l< Vio%p_ ain ni `ch^

[ j[nb nb[n b[m b_[ln ìl g]c& Vio g[s g[e_ gcmn[e_m [fiha

nb_ q[s ch `ch^cha nb[n j[nb, Fh `[]n* sio%l_ ]_ln[ch ni g[e_ gcmn[e_m [fiha nb_ q[s* nb[n%m j[ln i` \_cha bog[h* mi îh%n

\_ nii b[l^ ih siolm_f`

Qb_ qilf^ cm òff i` n_[]b_lm i` g_^cn[ncih [h^ l_f[n_^

aliqnb j[nbm qbi b[p_ l_[ffs cgjiln[hn nbcham nb_s ][h n_[]b

om x [h^ nb_s [l_ f_mm nb[h j_l`_]n, F` sio ][h nl_[n nb_g [m

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ '%(

^S]^ZS$ qbi b[p_ mig_nbcha p[fo[\f_ ni n_[]b* s_n qbi g[s

b[p_ mig_ `f[qm sio g[s b[p_ ni q[n]b ion ìl* al_[n ?on \_

][l_òf qb_h* jms]bifiac][ffs* [ n_[]b_l \_]ig_m [ Q_[]b_l ìl

sio F q[hn ni \_fc_p_ nb_l_ [l_ q_ff+hcab j_l`_]n Q_[]b_lm ion

nb_l_* \on F nbche nb[n nii go]b i` nb_ ncg_* qb_h j_ijf_

nbche nb_s b[p_ ìoh^ nb_cl Q_[]b_l* cnm domn [ ][m_ i` Cl_o^c[h

nl[hm`_l_h]_, Qb_ J[ac] Jiggs il J[ac] A[^^s [l]b_nsj_ cm

\_cha jlid_]n_^ ih ni mig_ih_, Qb[n g[s g[e_ nbcham [jj[l+

_hnfs gil_ _``_]ncp_ [n `clmn* \on nb_ jlc]_ ni j[s òlnb_l îqh

nb_ fch_* qb_h nb_ n_[]b_l%m cgj_l`_]ncihm [l_ ^cm]ip_l_^ [h^

nb_ mno^_hn%m jimcncp_ nl[hm`_l_h]_ &Pb_ cm [ j_l`_]n Bhfcabn_h_^ ?_cha qbi ehiqm gs miof [h^ \[nb_m g_ ch

M_l`_]n Iip_' `fcjm ni [ h_a[ncp_ nl[hm`_l_h]_ &Qb[n \cn]b b[m

\__h _rjficncha g_ [ff nb_m_ s_[lm* gs fc`_ b[m \__h q[mn_^'

cm p_ls bcab,

Fn a_nm _p_h gil_ ]igjfc][n_^ qb_h [ n_[]b_l [^gihcmb+

_m sio ni moll_h^_l ]igjf_n_fs* \on q_ îh%n b[p_ ncg_ ni

a_n i`` chni nb_ jms]bij[nbifias i` nb_ mjclcno[f j[nb, Fh

JOYW\U H^ &Q[ln /766'* F î b[p_ [h [jj_h^cr ih ]biimcha [

^_p_fijg_hn[f j[nb [h^ biq ni g[e_ cn [ fcnnf_ m[`_l* nblioab

\[]echa oj `lig cn ih]_ ch [ qbcf_ ni î [h [mm_mmg_hn, F

qiof^ [fmi mnlihafs l_]igg_h^ >lnbol A_ceg[h%m alioh^+

\l_[echa \iie GVS J`]\U JOg ;][S b_l_ &A_ceg[h* /77.' [m

SaaS\bWOZ l_[^cha ìl [hsih_ qbi gcabn a_n chpifp_^ qcnb [

mjclcno[f mno^s alioj i` [hs miln, Fh^__^* nb_ \iie b[m \lcf+

fc[hn chmcabnm [\ion nb_ \ca ]ofn q_ [fl_[^s \_fiha ni* il^c+

h[ls mi]c_ns

PQRABKQ8 JVg O`S g]c VS`S3

Tbs [g F b_l_< >b* nb_ ko_mncih i` nb_ [a_m F qcff nls

ni

ô]e

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[mj_]n

i`

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n_[]bcha [ff ^[s* \on [hmq_l nb_ mcgjf_l p_lmcih i` Tbs [g F

b_l_ ìl nb_ Qo]mih FFF Qiq[l^ [ P]c_h]_ i` @ihm]ciomh_mm

]ih`_l_h]_<

Cclmn* \_][om_ F%g l_[ffs chn_l_mn_^ ch [ff milnm i` [mj_]nm i`

]ihm]ciomh_mm* [h^ F nbche [ff milnm i` mno`` nb[n%m aicha ni \_

'%) _ =:>5 B4:6>46

l_jiln_^ b_l_ cm h_[n P_]ih^* F%g [fmi [ ech^ i` [

n_]bhijbcf_8 F fce_ nb_m_ mno^c_m îh_ qcnb l_[ffs ]igjfc][n_^

[jj[l[nom [h^ n_]bhcko_m, F om_^ ni î l_m_[l]b fce_ nb[n

gsm_f`, Qbcl^* F nbche cn%m l_[ffs cgjiln[hn ni b[p_ j_ijf_ `lig

^c``_l_hn ^cm]cjfch_m n[fecha ni _[]b inb_l [\ion nb_ h[nol_ i`

]ihm]ciomh_mm,

@ihm]ciomh_mm mno^c_m cm go]b \caa_l nb[h [hs ih_ ^cm]c+

jfch_, >hs ^cm]cjfch_ ][h ]ihnlc\on_ mig_nbcha ni oh^_l+

mn[h^cha ]ihm]ciomh_mm, Qb_ fchaocmnm* nb_ jbcfimijb_lm* nb_

h_olijbsmcifiacmnm* nb_ jms]bifiacmnm* nb_ j[l[jms]bifiacmnm

x [ff i` nb_g ][h ]ihnlc\on_ mig_nbcha* \_][om_ ]ihm]ciom+h_mm cm [ gofnc+`[]_n_^ l_[fcns, M_ijf_ ch _[]b `c_f^ b[p_ [ hil+

g[f bog[h n_h^_h]s ni nls ni ]f[cg ]ihm]ciomh_mm [m nb_cl n_l+

lcnils [h^ ]ig_ oj qcnb nb_ `ch[f qil^* i` ]iolm_, B[]b q[hnm

ni ][jnol_ gch^ [h^ ]ihm]ciomh_mm qcnb [ mj_]c`c] ^_`chcncih

x ch nb_ n_lgm i` nb_cl mj_]c[fns, F îh%n \_fc_p_ cn ][h \_ îh_*

[m q_ ^cm]omm_^ _[lfc_l* \on _p_ls\i^s ][h [^^ mig_nbcha,

O_g_g\_l nbcm if^ W_h m[scha* nb_ `cha_l jichncha [n nb_

giih cm hin nb_ giih< ?on jichncha `cha_lm ][h \_ l_[f om_+

òf c` cn a_nm sio ni jon siol [nn_hncih ip_l nb_l_ qb_l_ sio

gcabn m__ il _rj_lc_h]_ mig_nbcha, Qb[n%m l_[f om_òf, Gomn

îh%n mn[l_ [n nb_ `cha_l, Js ][nm b[p_ h_p_l \__h [\f_ ni ]ig+

jl_b_h^ nb[n8 F` F jichn [n mig_nbcha [h^ n_ff nb_g ni fiie*

nb_s mn[l_ [n gs `cha_l, Pi F mojjim_ q_%l_ mfcabnfs oj ih ][nm nb[n q[s x [n f_[mn mig_ i` nb_ ncg_

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Jc]b[_f E[lh_l%m @il_ Pb[g[hc] qile &E[lh_l /76.' cm

_r]_ff_hn F [^gcl_ cn al_[nfs, Jc]b[_f%m [h if^ `lc_h^* F%p_

n[e_h m_p_l[f i` bcm qilembijm, F nbche cn%m al_[n mno``*

[fnbioab F%g hin j[lnc]of[lfs n[f_hn_^ [n cn, ?on Fn%m hin nb_

=:>5 P@FBK@B _ '%*

m[g_ [m g_^cn[ncih,

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PSbeSS\ [SRWbObW]\ O\R aVO[O\WQ ^ÒQbWQS3

V_m, > mnliha ^cmnch]ncih, >m [ mchaf_ _r[gjf_* qb_h sio%l_

fcmn_hcha ni [ ^log &_rn_lh[f mncgofom ìl ]b[hacha mn[n_' [h^

aicha ih [ mb[g[hc] diolh_s &l_f[ncp_ [\miljncih ch cg[a_ls

omo[ffs l_f[n_^ ni [ jl_^_n_lgch_^ ai[f' sio%l_ hin f_[lhcha ni

ì]om siol gch^ ih ih_ j[lnc]of[l nbcha [m ch ]ih]_hnl[ncp_

g_^cn[ncih* [h^ sio%l_ hin ^_p_fijcha nb[n ì]om [h^ m_hmc+

ncpcns nb[n%m chpifp_^ ch _rjfilcha nb_ h[nol_ i` nb_ gch^ ch [

hih+ai[f ^cl_]n_^ q[s* [m ch pcj[mm[h[* chmcabn g_^cn[ncih, Tb_nb_l sio ofncg[n_fs _h^ oj [n mcgcf[l jf[]_m ch n_lgm i`

fiha n_lg ]b[ha_ [h^ _hfcabn_hg_hn , , , q_ff* ofncg[n_fs F

îh%n ehiq* \on sio%l_ ]_ln[chfs mn[lncha i`` qcnb ^c``_l_hn

n_]bhcko_m [cg_^ [n îcha ^c``_l_hn ech^ i` nbcham,

Tb[n F l_[ffs qcmb F eh_q* qb[n [ T_mn_lh m]c_h]_ i` ]ih+

m]ciomh_mm ]iof^ [h^ mbiof^ ^_p_fij* \on q_ ]_ln[chfs îh%n

b[p_ hiq* cm mj_]c`c] [h^ jl[]nc][ffs om_òf ehiqf_â_ i`

qbc]b mj_]c`c] ech^ i` ^_p_fijg_hn[f ^cm]cjfch_ cm \_mn ìl

qbc]b j[lnc]of[l ech^ i` j_lmih, F b[p_ j_ijf_ ]ig_ ni g_ [ff

nb_ ncg_ [h^ [me mig_nbcha fce_ F q[hn ni \_]ig_ gil_

g[nol_ il mjclcno[f* qb[n mbiof^ F î* qb[n mbiof^ F mno^s< F

omo[ffs îh%n ehiq biq ni acp_ gil_ nb[h [ jl_nns a_h_l[f

[hmq_l chpifpcha nii go]b Qls nbcm* nls nb[n* m__ qb[n b[j+

j_hm,

Lh_ i` gs l_m_[l]b ^l_[gm x [h^ F jon nbcm mnlc]nfs ih [h

_mm_hnc[f* _gjclc][f m]c_h]_ f_p_f* mch]_ q_ îh%n b[p_ nb_ [^_+

ko[n_fs ^_p_fij_^ nb_ils ni î cn x cm nb[n qcnb nb_ h_rn boh+

^l_^ nbiom[h^ il mi j_ijf_ qbi ai chni p[lciom mjclcno[f ^cm+

]cjfch_m*

q_

acp_

nb_g

_p_ls

jms]bifiac][f

n_mn

q_

b[p_,

Qb_h

q_ ìffiq nb_g oj _p_ls ]iojf_ i` s_[lm ìl nb_ h_rn nbclns

s_[lm, Qbclns s_[lm f[n_l mig_\i^s ]ig_m ch ni iol mo]]_mmilm

[h^ [mem [ ko_mncih fce_ nb[n [h^ q_ m[s* Q[e_ nbcm n_mn, Qb_

l_mofnm i` nb_ _gjclc][ffs ^_p_fij_^ n_mn [l_ m]il_^ [h^ q_ ][h

[^pcm_ [ j[lnc]of[l j_lmih mig_nbcha fce_ T_ff* qb[n_p_l sio

0.4 u JFKA P@FBK@B

î* îh%n î W_h Viol nsj_ i` j_lmih b[m [ 1. j_l]_hn jms+

]bimcm l[n_ ìl W_h >fnbioab /. j_l]_hn i` siol nsj_ `__f nb_s

a_n _hfcabn_h_^* î sio nbche* / ch 1 i^^m i` jms]bimcm [l_

qilnb nb_ \ca lcme< F îh%n ehiq, Eiq_p_l* qcnb Po`c qile ìl

siol nsj_* 5. j_l]_hn _rjl_mm m[ncm`[]ncih* nb_ jms]bimcm l[n_ cm

ihfs 0 j_l]_hn, T_ gcabn acp_ nb_ _r[]n ijjimcn_ [^pc]_ ìl

nb_ h_rn chkocl_l qbi cm [ ^c``_l_hn nsj_ i` j_lmih,

F%^ fip_ ni \_ [\f_ ni acp_ nb[n ech^ i` ^c``_l_hnc[f [^pc]_,

Tb[n cm [ q_ff+hcab j_l`_]n aliqnb-^_p_fijg_hn n_]bhcko_ ìl

ih_ j_lmih g[s \_ [ q[mn_ i` ncg_ ìl [ m_]ih^ j_lmih [h^ [

q[s ni ai honm ìl [ nbcl^ j_lmih, ?s [h^ f[la_ q_ mcgjfs îh%n

ehiq biq ni [^pcm_ j_ijf_ p_ls mj_]c`c][ffs ih nb_m_ g[nn_lm,

>h^ F%g [`l[c^ nb[n mn[n_g_hn nii i`n_h ch]fo^_m nb_ n_[]b_lm

i` p[lciom mjclcno[f nl[^cncihm, Qb_ n_[]b_lm ch gimn i` nbim_

nl[^cncihm n_h^ ni n_[]b sio nb_ q[s nb_s q_l_ n[oabn, Qb[n

qilem ion p_ls q_ff ìl mig_ j_ijf_* \on hin ìl inb_lm,

>m

F%p_

g_hncih_^

_[lfc_l*

F%g

p_ls

cgjl_mm_^

qcnb

nb_

qile Pbcht_h Vioha cm îcha, E_%m hin ihfs jonncha g_^cn[+

ncih chni [ ]ihn_rn T_mn_lh_lm ][h oh^_lmn[h^* b_%m [fmi ^_p_f+

ijcha h_q n_[]bcha g_nbi^m qbc]b* chmi`[l F oh^_lmn[h^

nb_g* qcff g[e_ nb_ jli]_mm i` f_[lhcha ni \_ [ mecff_^ g_^c+

n[nil `[l gil_ _``c]c_hn nb[h nb_ nl[^cncih[f B[mn_lh gi^_f, F%g

ìffiqcha bcm qile qcnb al_[n _r]cn_g_hn, F omo[ffs ai ih [

q__e+fiha g_^cn[ncih l_nl_[n qcnb bcg ih]_ [ s_[l, F b[^ ni

gcmm nbcm nb_ f[mn ]iojf_ i` s_[lm* [h^ F l_[ffs gcmm nb_ l_nl_[n

[h^ f_[lhcha _rj_lc_h]_, >m ih_ _r[gjf_ i` nb_ chhip[ncihm

b_%m qilecha ih* b_%m ain [ ]igjon_l+\[m_^* _rj_ln+msmn_g

nsj_ g_^cn[ncih ]i[]b hiq Pbcht_h m[sm cn%m hin go]b* domn

[ ]lo^_ jlininsj_* domn [ J[le F p_lmcih* \on F nbche cn%m `[hn[m+

nc] Fn%m acp_h g_ mig_ i` nb_ \_mn g_^cn[ncih n_[]bcha F%p_ _p_l ainn_h,

Qbcm msmn_g cm \[m_^ ih bcm _rn_hmcp_ j_lmih[f _rj_lc_h]_

qcnb g[hs g_^cn[ncih n_]bhcko_m [h^ ion]ig_m* [h^ bcm

_rj_lc_h]_ qcnb nb_ `__^\[]e b_ a_nm `lig j_ijf_ b_%m n[oabn,

Qb_ ]igjon_l jlial[g [mem sio ko_mncihm [\ion qb[n sio

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ '%,

_rj_lc_h]_ ch l_mjihm_ ni p[lciom g_^cn[ncih _r_l]cm_m* nb_h

g[e_m moaa_mncihm ih qb[n ni î* \[m_^ ih Pbcht_h%m [h^ bcm

mno^_hnm% _rj_lc_h]_* nb_h ]b_]em ion siol l_mjihm_m ni nbim_*

_n], Pbcht_h `__fm nbcm cm domn [ `clmn [jjlircg[ncih ni nb_ chb_l+

_hn fiac] i` n_[]bcha g_^cn[ncih, ?on F%g [g[t_^ [n biq _``_]+

ncp_ cn cm ìl [ `clmn nls, >m cn ^_p_fijm* q_%ff a_n [h ch^cpcô[f

nl[ch_l gi^_f ìl g_^cn[ncih n_[]bcha chmn_[^ i`* Qbcm cm nb_

q[s / f_[lh_^ `lig gs Q_[]b_l qbi f_[lh_^ cn `lig b_l Q_[]b_l

[h^ ih [h^ ih nblioab nb_ ]_hnolc_m* mi î cn nbcm q[s

?on nb[n%m nb_ ònol_ ìl gimn i` om* [h^ q_%l_ nlscha ni

f_[lh ni mn[s ]fim_l ni nb_ b_l_+[h^+hiq* ni^[s, Pi c` sio q[hn ni a_n aii^ [n g_^cn[ncih* jf[h ih aicha ni g_^cn[ncih n_[]b+

cha m_mmcihm [h^ l_nl_[nm qcnb [ n_[]b_l il n_[]b_lm sio `__f

]igìln[\f_ qcnb* qbi chmjcl_ sio [h^ acp_ sio _``_]ncp_

[^pc]_, Qb_l_ [l_ finm i` l_nl_[nm [h^ n_[]bcha ]_hn_lm [lioh^

nb_ ]iohnls x nbcm chìlg[ncih cm ch >jj_h^cr Qqi, T[sm ni

]ihn[]n

Pbcht_h

qcff

\_

ch

nb_l_

x

nb_l_

[l_

g[hs

inb_l

_r]_f+f_hn g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_lm* i` ]iolm_* j_ijf_ F%p_ j_lmih[ffs

mno^c_^ qcnb* fce_ G[g_m ?[l[t* G[]e Hilh`c_f^* Pias[f

Ochji]b_* _n], F%p_ g_hncih_^ Pbcht_h [ fin ni^[s \_][om_ F

nbche Pbcht_h cm [h _r]_ff_hn n_[]b_l* [h^ bcm mnsf_ cm _mj_]c[f+

fs [jjlijlc[n_ ìl m]c_hnc`c][ffs ch]fch_^ j_ijf_ fce_ om,

F î nbche nb_l_ cm [ ]_ln[ch ola_h]s ìl j_ijf_ ch iol mi]c+

_ns ni f_[lh g_^cn[ncih* [h^ ni f_[lh ni g_^cn[n_ qcnb [h _``c+

]c_hn g_nbi^, F fiie [lioh^ [n nb_ qilf^ [h^ m__ cn loh \s [

\oh]b i` j_ijf_ qbi [l_ l_[ffs fcpcha ch m[gm[l[* ch cffomcih*

ch q[echa ^l_[gm* [h^ ch]l_[mcha nb_cl iqh om_f_mm mo``_lcha

[h^* [m [ l_mofn i` nb_cl gch^f_mm [h^ ^_fo^_^ \_b[pcil*

ch]l_[mcha iol om_f_mm mo``_lcha nii [m [ l_mofn, Qb_l_ cm [ Po`c

n_[]bcha mnils [mecha* Tb[n%m nb_ \_mn ìlg i` aip_lhg_hn ìl [ g_hn[f chmncnoncih< > l_jo\fc]< @iggohcmg< A_gi]l[]s<

> gih[l]bs< Pi]c[fcmg< Qb_ [hmq_l cm nb[n cn î_mh%n g[nn_l

qbc]b ìlg nb_ aip_lhg_hn n[e_m* nb_ j_ijf_ lohhcha nb_

aip_lhg_hn qcff [ff \_ ]l[ts* mi qb[n_p_l ìlg i` aip_lhg_hn

nb_s b[p_* nb_s%l_ mncff aicha ni m]l_q oj, Qb_ \_mn ìlg i`

'%- _ =:>5 B4:6>46

aip_lhg_hn mn[lnm \s a_nncha j_ijf_ gil_ m[h_, Qb_h qb[n+

_p_l j[lnc]of[l ìlg nb_s om_ cm aicha ni \_ om_^ ch [ go]b

gil_ m_hmc\f_ [h^ ech^ g[hh_l,

F%p_ domn mogg[lct_^ gs jifcnc][f jbcfimijbs ch [ hon+

mb_ff* F ao_mm, F \_fc_p_ ch m[gm[l[ F ehiq* `lig `[l nii go]b

j_lmih[f _rj_lc_h]_* nb[n F ][h \_ mi mj[]_^ ion [h^ mi ion i`

nio]b qcnb l_[fcns nb[n F î [ff milnm i` mnojc^ [h^ ]lo_f nbcham*

s_n F%g mojjim_^ ni \_ [ j_lmih qbi cm chn_ffca_hn* jl[]nc][f

[h^ ch nio]b F` cn%m nb[n \[^ ìl g_* F b[n_ ni nbche i` cn ih [

f[la_ m][f_,

PQRABKQ8 @]`S RSTW\WbW]\a&Jil_ ^_`chcncihm<

PQRABKQ8 B\S []`S& ;]e e]cZR g]c RSTW\S a]cZ .

Eiq qiof^ F ^_`ch_ miof< Lb* ch n_lgm i` nb_ b[l^ jli\+

f_g nb[n nb_ jbcfimijb_lm [n nbcm ]ih`_l_h]_ qcff \_ n[fecha

[\ion<

PQRABKQ8

BV$

\SdS`

[W\R&Lb Qb[n%m aii^, Qb[n%m aii^, Ac^ sio b_[l nb[n< Qb_

[hmq_l ni ^_`chcha miof cm K_p_l gch^ V_m* F fce_ nb[n

Piof* ni g_* cm [ qil^ nb[n m[sm nb_l_ cm mig_nbcha ch [

]_ln[ch ^cl_]ncih nb[n q_ ioabn ni f_[lh gil_ [\ion, Qb_ qil^

cm [ `cha_l jichncha, >fnbioab cn n_h^m ni \_ jichncha [ fcnnf_

fce_ nbcm &@QQ eOdSa VO\R W``SUcZO`Zg ]dS` O \W\Sbg RSU`SS O`Q&#

?on [n f_[mn nb_l_ cm [ a_h_l[f ^cl_]ncih, F ][h%n ^_`ch_ miof8

]ig_ ih hiq

PQRABKQ8 7c`W\U bVS P`SOY$ < U]b c^ O\R eOa eOZYW\U O`]c\R$

O\R < \]bWQSR bVOb < TSZb bVOb OZZ [g aS\aSa eS`S Tc\QbW]\W\U []`S

aVO`^Zg& 6]Z]à eS`S P`WUVbS`$ ZW\Sa eS`S aVO`^S`$ bVS P`SShS W\ bVS

ÔbW] QO`SaaSR [S O\R QO``WSR acPbZS VW\ba ]T W\bS`SabW\U a[SZZa& ff siol m_hm_m ][h \_ cgjlip_^ qcnb gch^òfh_mm, Fn l_[f+

fs cm [h [ln gom_og [lioh^ b_l_ WT g]c!`S VS`S& Fn [ff ^_j_h^m

ih om, F om_^ ni q[fe big_ `lig qile [`n_l gs ][l jiif

^lijj_^ g_ i``* [h^ ih nb_ ^[sm F l_g_g\_l_^ ni m_f`+

l_g_g\_l* F hinc]_^ nb[n nb_s%^ [^^_^ mig_nbcha h_q ni nb_

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ '%.



nbcm &ohìlnoh[n_fs kocn_ ohm]bif[lfs' c^_[ nb[n j_lb[jm b_

l_[ffs ioabn ni mj_h^ [ fcnnf_ ncg_ f_[lhcha g_^cn[ncih ch [ ]of+

nol_ qb_l_ j_ijf_ []no[ffs g_^cn[n_^* chmn_[^ i` domn l_[^cha

\iiem [\ion g_^cn[ncih Pi b_ nbioabn b_ qiof^ il^[ch [m [

gihe ìl [ qbcf_ ch G[j[h, Cil [ qbcf_ m__gm òhhs ni om

T_mn_lh_lm* \on cn%m ]iggih ch ?o^^bcmn ]iohnlc_m ìl g_h ni

\_ gihem ìl fcgcn_^ j_lci^m* [h^ nb_h ai \[]e ni il^ch[ls

fc`_, E_ b[^ [fl_[^s f_[lh_^ \inb G[j[h_m_ [h^ @bch_m_ [m [

n__h[a_l [h^ mjie_ \inb f[hao[a_m `fo_hnfs* [m q_ff [m bcm

oh^_lal[ô[n_ g[dil [n R@I> \_cha ilc_hn[f f[hao[a_m, Ecm

fchaocmnc] mecffm [l_ ìlgc^[\f_ Cil mig_ih_ qbi%m chni g_^+cn[ncih* qbi ][h nl[hm]_h^ nbioabn* b_%m mi ^[gh_^ chn_ff_]+

no[f [h^ mg[ln cn g[e_m g_ [ fcnnf_ d_[fiom

Pi Pbcht_h q_hn ni G[j[h [h^ il^[ch_^ [m [ ?o^^bcmn

gihe ch nb_ fcnnf_+ehiqh Pbchaih m_]n i` G[j[h_m_ ?o^^bcmg*

qbc]b cm [ fin fce_ Qc\_n[h ?o^^bcmg* qcnb _f[\il[n_ g_^cn[+

ncp_

jl[]nc]_m,

Qb_h

b_

]ihncho_^

bcm

nl[chcha

ch

inb_l

\l[h]b+_m i` ?o^^bcmg, E_ q[m [ gihe il mno^_hn ch g[hs >mc[h

?o^^bcmn nl[^cncihm ìl g[hs s_[lm* [h^ h_p_l g[^_ cn \[]e ni

al[ô[n_ m]biif x nb_ l_[fcns b_%m ^cm]ip_l_^ q[m mi go]b

gil_ chn_l_mncha nb[h ]f_p_l qil^m [\ion nb_ l_[fcns

Qb_l_ cm [ `[m]ch[ncha pc^_i Pbcht_h jliô]_^ [m [h chnli+

ô]ncih ni g_^cn[ncih* Qb_ O_nl_[n* qbc]b [fmi b[m bcmnilc+

][f ìin[a_ i` nb_ Pbchaih gih[mn_ls ih Jn, His[ ch G[j[h*

qb_l_ b_ b[^ bcm chcnc[f nl[chcha, &Qb_ pc^_i ][h \_ il^_l_^

`lig SPF* nb_ Scj[mm[h[ Pojjiln Fhmncnon_* qbim_ [^^l_mm cm ch

>jj_h^cr Lh_,'

Bp_hno[ffs b_ ^_]c^_^ b_ qiof^ fce_ ni n_[]b ch nb_ T_mn*

[h^ ][g_ \[]e, E_ nbioabn [n al_[n f_hanb [\ion biq b_

]iof^ [^[jn qb[n b_%^ f_[lh_^ ch nb_ B[mn ìl nb_ T_mn, >n `clmn b_ n[oabn ch nb_ nl[^cncih[f q[s nb[n b_ b[^ \__h n[oabn, Qb_h

b_ nbioabn [\ion [h^ mno^c_^ nb_ bcmnils i` ?o^^bcmg, ?o^+

^bcmg ilcach[n_^ ch Fh^c[* [h^ nb_h ain nl[hmgcnn_^ ni p[lciom

inb_l >mc[h ]ofnol_m, Fh mig_ ]ofnol_m cn ain nl[hmgcnn_^

qbif_m[f_, Tb_h cn q_hn chni Qc\_n* ìl chmn[h]_* cn \[mc][ffs

=:>5 B4:6>46 '&&

niie ip_l `lig nb_ _[lfc_l mb[g[hcmnc] l_fcacih* [h^ qbcf_ sio

][h `ch^ _f_g_hnm i` nb[n _[lfc_l ?ih nl[^cncih ch Qc\_n[h

?o^^bcmg* cn%m \[mc][ffs nb_ S[dl[s[h[ ?o^^bcmg nb[n ][g_

`lig Fh^c[, ?on qb_h ?o^^bcmg q_hn chni @bch[* cn ][g_ chni

[ p_ls mijbcmnc][n_^ [h^ if^ ]cpcfct[ncih* mi cn ]iof^h%n domn

]ig_ ch qbif_m[f_, Qb_l_ q_l_ [ fin i` ^_fc\_l[n_ [^[jn[ncihm

q[s \[]e nb_h [m ni biq ni l_î ?o^^bcmg mi cn qiof^ g[e_

m_hm_ ni mijbcmnc][n_^ @bch_m_, Acnni ìl G[j[h,

Pbcht_h m[q [ ]f_[l j[l[ff_f \_nq__h ?o^^bcmg aicha chni

@bch[ [h^ chni nb_ gi^_lh T_mn* ch \inb ][m_m ]igcha chni [

p_ls mijbcmnc][n_^ ]ofnol_, E_ \_fc_p_^ sio ][h%n l_g[e_

T_mn_lh_lm chni Qc\_n[hm il Fh^c[hm il mig_nbcha fce_ nb[n, Pi

biq î sio [^[jn ?o^^bcmn f[hao[a_ [h^ n_[]bcha g_nbi^m

ch [ q[s nb[n g[e_m m_hm_ ìl ni^[s%m T_mn_lh ]ofnol_<

>m [h _r[gjf_* l_g_g\_l nb_ fcnnf_ _ko[ncih*

P : M r O

Po``_lcha : M[ch gofncjfc_^ \s O_mcmn[h]_* nb[n q_ ^cm+

]omm_^ _[lfc_l ìl _rjf[chcha nb_ l_f[ncihmbcj \_nq__h jms]bi+

fiac][f l_mcmn[h]_* mo``_lcha [h^ j[ch< Qb[n%m ih_ i` Pbcht_h%m

[^[jn[ncihm i` ?o^^bcmn ]ih]_jnm* [h^ [ fin i` T_mn_lh_lm* m__+

cha nb[n* b[p_ m[c^* Lb s_m* nb[n g[e_m m_hm_* \_][om_ g[hs

i` om nbche g[nb_g[nc][ffs,

>m [hinb_l _r[gjf_* b_%m _rjf[ch_^ ]_ln[ch g_^cn[ncih[f

ì]om n_]bhcko_m ni g_ [m hin q[n]bcha nb_ jb_hig_hih ^S`

aS [m siol ì]om* \on i\m_lpcha nb_ QVO\US ch nb_ jb_hig_hih

x g[nb_g[nc][ffs mj_[echa sio [l_ i\m_lpcha nb_ `clmn ^_lcp[+

ncp_ i` nb_ jb_hig_hih, Qb[n g[^_ ]f_[l ni g_ qb[n b[^

\__h ]ihòmcha ìl [ fiha ncg_ \_ìl_,

Cil mig_ j_ijf_* nb[n ech^ i` _rjf[h[ncih î_mh%n g[e_

m_hm_* i` ]iolm_, > ^_lcp[ncp_ i` jb_hig_h[< ?on ìl j_ijf_ qcnb mig_ g[nb_g[nc][f \[]ealioh^* nb[n q[s i` jonncha cn

]iggohc][n_m mig_nbcha kocn_ ]f_[lfs,

>m [hinb_l _r[gjf_ i` Pbcht_h%m [^[jn[ncihm* b_ b[m îh_

[ fin i` qile ih nb_ c^_[ [h^ jl[]nc]_ i` acpcha j_ijf_ [

j_lmih[f ]i[]b il [ j_lmih[f nl[ch_l chmn_[^ i` b[pcha [

'&' _ =:>5 P@FBK@B



g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_l, Qi l_[]b j_ijf_ _``_]ncp_fs* cn b_fjm _hil+

giomfs c` sio `cn ch qcnb nb_cl ]ofnol_ x _p_h c` _p_hno[ffs q_

[ff b[p_ ni nl[hm]_h^ nb_ fcgcn[ncihm i` iol ]ofnol_, E[pcha [

g_^cn[ncih n_[]b_l cm q_cl^ \s iol ]ofnol_%m mn[h^[l^m* ]l_+

[ncha [ \[llc_l* \on b[pcha [ j_lmih[f ]i[]b il [ j_lmih[f

nl[ch_l cm T_mn_lh [h^ bcab mn[nom

F _rj_]n \ca nbcham b_l_, F _rj_]n mig_^[s ni \_ [\f_ ni

lionch_fs ][ff oj [ ]igjon_l+\[m_^ [lnc`c]c[f chn_ffca_h]_ g_^+

cn[ncih ]i[]b ni a_n go]b i` gs \[mc] g_^cn[ncih nl[chcha,

Qb[n qcff m[p_ nb_ ncg_ i` nb_ l_[ffs mecff_^ n_[]b_lm ìl nb_

mijbcmnc][n_^ mno``,Lh_ `ch[f _r[gjf_* ih_ nb[n mioh^m mcgjf_ \s T_mn_lh

mn[h^[l^m* \on F momj_]n cn qcff \_ l_pifoncih[ls ch ch]l_[mcha

nb_ _``_]ncp_h_mm i` g_^cn[ncih nl[chcha, B[mn_lh ]ofnol_m nb[n

[l_ \ca ih g_^cn[ncih [fmi \_fc_p_ ch l_ch][lh[ncih [h^

e[lg[* e[lg[ l_`_llcha ni [ f[q i` ][om_ [h^ _``_]n nb[n ai_m

`lig ih_ fc`_ncg_ ni [hinb_l* [m q_ff [m ij_l[ncha qcnbch ih_

fc`_ncg_, H[lg[ g_[hm nb[n sio qcff _p_hno[ffs l_[j nb_

l_q[l^m [h^ mo``_lcham i` siol aii^ [h^ \[^ []ncihm x _p_h

c` _p_hno[ffs chpifp_m [ ^_f[s i` g[hs fc`_ncg_m, Pi ch nb_

B[mn* c` sio%p_ ]ig_ [lioh^ [h^ q[hn mig_ g_^cn[ncih

chmnlo]ncih* nb_l_ cm [ n_h^_h]s ni nbche cn q[m siol aii^

e[lg[ ni b[p_ nb[n ^_mcl_ ni cgjlip_ siolm_f`, ?on c` sio îh%n

mnc]e [lioh^ p_ls fiha* îh%n f_[lh ni g_^c[n_* q_ff* cn%m siol

\[^ e[lg[ hin ni mnc]e [lioh^ p_ls fiha, J[s\_ sio%ff \_ \[]e

ch [hinb_l _cabn il n_h fc`_ncg_m, Pbcht_h m[q nbcm [m [ ]ofnol_+

mj_]c`c] [nncno^_,

Tb_h sio n_[]b g_^cn[ncih ch T_mn_lh ]ofnol_m* cn%m \__h

Pbcht_h%m _rj_lc_h]_* [h^ nb[n i` [ fin i` inb_l T_mn_lh g_^c+

n[ncih

n_[]b_lm

hiq*

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qcff ^_`chcn_fs _rj_lc_h]_ mig_nbcha p_ls qilnbqbcf_* ch _p_h

\[mc] g_^cn[ncih nl[chcha* [h^ nb_s qcff nb[n m[s nb_s q[hn

ni mnc]e qcnb nbcm, Qb_s q[hn ni g[e_ g_^cn[ncih [ l_aof[l j[ln

i` nb_cl fcp_m, F` sio ]b_]e \[]e [ s_[l f[n_l* biq_p_l* sio%l_

fo]es c` `cp_ j_l]_hn i` nb_g [l_ mncff îcha [hs ech^ i` l_aof[l

=:>5 B4:6>46 # ' & (

g_^cn[ncih, Qb_l_ cm hi T_mn_lh ]ofnol[f mojjiln ni e__j g_^+

cn[ncih jl[]nc]_ aicha,

Kiq \_][om_ i` nb_ [nncno^_ ch nb_ B[mn nb[n mo]b `[ffcham

[q[s [l_ [ l_mofn i` siol e[lg[* nl[^cncih[f B[mn_lh n_[]b_lm

îh%n qills go]b [\ion nbcham fce_ nb[n, Qb_ inb_l hch_ns+`cp_

j_l]_hn qcff ]ig_ \[]e qb_h nb_ ncg_ cm lcabn* qb_h nb_cl

e[lg[* nb_ []]ogof[n_^ ]ihm_ko_h]_m [h^ ^cmjimcncih[f `[]+

nilm i` g[hs fc`_ncg_m* cm lcabn, F` sio nbche [\ion nbcm ch

T_mn_lh n_lgm* nbioab* cn%m p_ls ^c``_l_hn, Pojjim_ sio mn[ln

[ ohcp_lmcns [h^ sio b[p_ [ hch_ns+`cp_ j_l]_hn ^lijion l[n_<

T_ _rj_]n [ fcnnf_ gil_ `lig [h _ô][ncih[f chmncnoncih Pi

ih_ i` nb_ mcgjf_ nbcham Pbcht_h b[m îh_ nb[n b[m g[^_ [

\ca ^c``_l_h]_ ìl [ fin i` j_ijf_* cm nb[n ôlcha siol chcnc[f

g_^cn[ncih nl[chcha* mig_ if^_l g_^cn[ncih mno^_hn* mig_ih_

qbi b[m \__h [lioh^ ìl [ qbcf_* cm [mmcah_^ ni sio [m siol

g_^cn[ncih \o^^s, Kin nb[n siol g_^cn[ncih \o^^s cm [

Q_[]b_l* hin nb[n nb_s%l_ [ff nb[n [^p[h]_^* \on siol \o^^s

cm mig_\i^s sio ][h ][ff oj ih]_ ch [ qbcf_ [h^ [me [ ko_m+

ncih* il qbi%ff ][ff sio ih]_ ch [ qbcf_ [h^ mcgjfs [me* Eiq%m

cn aicha< T_ff* nb_ l[n_ i` j_ijf_ qbi mnc]e qcnb g_^cn[ncih

jl[]nc]_ ai_m q[s oj nb[n q[s* qb_h sio b[p_ [ fcnnf_ \cn i`

mi]c[f mojjiln Lnb_l pcj[mm[h[ n_[]b_lm F ehiq* fce_ G[g_m

?[l[t* [l_ îcha mcgcf[l nbcham,

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sio f_[p_ iol qilembij nihcabn* sio gcabn [m q_ff mnij nbcm

mno`` ìl nb_ l_mn i` nb_ Qo]mih FFF ]ih`_l_h]_, F îh%n nbche

nb_l_ [l_ aicha ni \_ [hs gig_hnm i` mcf_h]_ ip_l ch nb_ g[ch

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[q[s< ?on nb_h f[n_l* [`n_l nb_ ]ih`_l_h]_ cm ip_l , , ,

Pi* cn%m nb[n ncg_, Fn%m \__h [ l_[f chn_l_mncha ^[s, >m sio

ehiq* `_ffiq [^^c]nm* F [g [h chn_ff_]no[f dohec_, F fip_ ni n[fe*

'&) _ =:>5 B4:6>46



[h^ F fce_ ni m__ j_ijf_ a_n _r]cn_^ [h^ \ioh]_ chn_ff_]no[f

c^_[m [\ion [h^ [ff nb[n x \on F [fmi l_[ffs fce_ ni m__ j_ijf_

\_cha gil_ [nn_hncp_, F%p_ m__h [ fin i` nb[n ni^[s Qb[n%m p_ls

l_q[l^cha ch [ p_ls ^c``_l_hn* [ p_ls òh^[g_hn[f ech^ i` q[s,

Pi [n nbcm doh]nol_ F qcff nb[he sio ìl ]igcha, F%p_ b[^ [

al_[n ^[s* [h^ F acp_ sio gs \_mn qcmb_m nb[n qb[n sio%p_

f_[lh_^ ni^[s ^_p_fijm chni mig_nbcha nb[n qcff \_ l_[ffs

cgjiln[hn [h^ om_òf* \inb ìl sio ch^cpcô[ffs [h^* j_lb[jm*

ch b_fjcha om gip_ niq[l^m [ m]c_h]_ i` ]ihm]ciomh_mm,

Qb[he sio ìl ]igcha

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ '&*



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=:>5 B4:6>46 _ '&.

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2@@6>5:F ::

Qb_ >l]bcp_m i` P]c_hncmnmy Ql[hm]_h^_hn Brj_lc_h]_m

O_[^_lm i` nbcm \iie* qb_nb_l qilecha jli`_mmcih[ffs [m m]c_h+

ncmnm il hin* qcff `ch^ nbcm q_\ mcn_, Qb_ >l]bcp_m i` P]c_hncmnm%

nl[hm]_h^_hn Brj_lc_h]_m &Q>PQB' &bnnj8--jms]bifias*o]^[pcm, _ô-n[ln-n[mn_- il qqq,cmm]+n[mn_,ila' i` chn_l_mn,

P]c_hncmnm ni^[s i]]ojs [ mi]c[f lif_ fce_ bcab jlc_mnm* n_ffcha om

qb[n cm [h^ cmh%n l_[f* [h^ ]ihm_ko_hnfs qb[n cm [h^ cmh%n cgjiln[hn8

hi ih_ q[hnm ni acp_ nb_cl _h_las ni [h cffomcih nb[n cmh%n l_[f, Rhìlnoh[n_fs* nb_ îgch[hn g[n_lc[fcmnc]-l_ô]ncihcmnc] jms]bimi+

]c[f ]fcg[n_ i` ]ihn_gjil[ls m]c_h]_ &m]c_hncmg* qbc]b q_%p_ ^cm+

]omm_^ _[lfc_l'* mojjl_mm_m [h^ []ncp_fs l_d_]nm \inb b[pcha [h^ mb[l+

cha ]_ln[ch _mm_hnc[f _rj_lc_h]_m* _rj_lc_h]_m lioabfs ^_m]lc\_^ \s

mo]b qil^m [m nl[hm]_h^_hn* nl[hmj_lmih[f* mjclcno[f* il jms+

]bc], >m [ jms]bifiacmn* cn cm ]f_[l ni g_ nb[n mo]b l_d_]ncih i` j[ln i`

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mihm% mjclcno[f jin_hnc[f, Qbcm l_d_]ncih i]]olm \_][om_ qbcf_ m]c_h]_

cm c^_[fcmnc] ch [cg* cn b[m nii i`n_h qc^_fs ^_a_h_l[n_^* ch jl[]nc]_*

chni nb_ îag[nc]* g[n_lc[fcmnc] \_fc_` msmn_g mi]cifiacmnm b[p_ ][ff_^

m]c_hncmg, Qbcm cm [ g[hc`_mn[ncih i` Dol^dc_`` m q[echa mf__j il qb[n

q_ b[p_ ^cm]omm_^ [m m[gm[l[ il g[s[, Pjclcno[f _rj_lc_h]_ [h^ qcm+

îg* hi g[nn_l biq cgjiln[hn* cm &i`n_h p_b_g_hnfs' ^cmgcmm_^ [m

=:>5 B4:6>46 _ ''(



hinbcha \on cffomils \l[ch []ncihm ch [h chb_l_hnfs g[n_lc[f* [h^

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nb_ n_rn ch^c][n_ mfcabn l_[^cha j[om_m x ni [ffiq cgjfc][ncihm ni

mche ch, Qb_ l_[^_l g[s q[hn ni nls l_[^cha cn [fio^ ni a_n mig_ i`

nb_ cgj[]n,' >fgimn _p_lsih_ qbi î_m nbcm _r_l]cm_* _p_h j_ijf_

qbi \_fc_p_ nb_s [l_ mnlihafs mjclcno[ffs ilc_hn_^* [l_ billc`c_^ ni m__

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n_h_nm8

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f[qm x [h^ \fch^ ]b[h]_,

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x Ic`_ [h^ ]ihm]ciomh_mm [l_ nin[ffs c^_hnc][f ni jbsmc][f

jli]_mm_m x [h^ [lim_ `lig ]b[h]_ chn_l[]ncihm i` \fch^

jbsmc][f ìl]_m, x Ice_ nb_ l_mn i` fc`_ x [g fc`_ x [h^ [g

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il ^_mnchs,

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002 u JFKA P@FBK@B



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Psychology/Spirituality/How-to

Rich with lucid instructions and practical insights, Mind Science dispelsthe metaphysical haze that all too often surrounds the vital subject ofmeditation. Based on a lively workshop with fellow scientists, Charles Tartshows how the pragmatic and scientifically-inclined among us can bringmindfulness into everyday life without religious baggage—and gain from itsmany health benefits. These highly interactive and often witty sessions infront of a skeptical audience anticipate the questions that any practicalperson might have about meditative mindfulness. If you've been lookingfor a clear teaching on how and why to meditate that is free of sectarian

Charles T.tart - Mind Science - Meditation Trainig

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