Characteristics of life and Cellular Respiration 1.
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Transcript of Characteristics of life and Cellular Respiration 1.
Characteristics of Characteristics of life and Cellular life and Cellular
RespirationRespiration
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Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
There are 8 characteristics that all There are 8 characteristics that all living things share:living things share:
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Unit 2 NotesUnit 2 Notes 33
Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
1.1. All living things are made up of cellsAll living things are made up of cells - - living matter enclosed by a barrier living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates it from its that separates it from its surroundings. surroundings.
There are two basic kinds of organisms – There are two basic kinds of organisms –
a. unicellular (single-celled) a. unicellular (single-celled) b. multicellular (many celled)b. multicellular (many celled)
c. prokaryote (no nucleus) c. prokaryote (no nucleus) d. Eukaryote (nucleus)d. Eukaryote (nucleus)
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Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings2. 2. All living things reproduce - All living things reproduce - produce new produce new
organisms through a process called organisms through a process called reproduction. reproduction.
There are two kinds of reproduction:There are two kinds of reproduction:a.a. sexual sexual (two parents unite – sharing their (two parents unite – sharing their
genes to produce the 1st cell of the genes to produce the 1st cell of the offspring) meiosisoffspring) meiosis
b. asexual b. asexual (single parent – single cell divides or (single parent – single cell divides or portion of organism splits off to form a new portion of organism splits off to form a new one) mitosis, regeneration, budding, binary one) mitosis, regeneration, budding, binary fissionfission
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Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
3. 3. All living things are based on a universal All living things are based on a universal
genetic code. genetic code.
a. The genetic code is called DNAa. The genetic code is called DNA
b. This means offspring inherit traits from b. This means offspring inherit traits from
their parents through genes carried on their parents through genes carried on
DNA.DNA.
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Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
4. 4. All living things grow and developAll living things grow and develop. .
A.A. Unicellular organisms grow in size onlyUnicellular organisms grow in size only;;
B.B. multicellular growth includes multicellular growth includes
development and differentiationdevelopment and differentiation of of
organs and tissues. (This means different organs and tissues. (This means different
cells, tissues, and organs do different cells, tissues, and organs do different
jobs but all have the same DNA.)jobs but all have the same DNA.)
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Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
5. 5. All living things obtain and use materials All living things obtain and use materials
and energy. and energy.
AA. This is called metabolism - . This is called metabolism -
AutotrophsAutotrophs (producers)(producers) - organisms - organisms
which obtain energy directly from the which obtain energy directly from the
sun & store it through sun & store it through photosynthesisphotosynthesis
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs (consumers)(consumers) - organisms - organisms which obtain energy by eating other which obtain energy by eating other organismsorganisms
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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
B. B. All things get energy from Cellular All things get energy from Cellular RespirationRespiration - - Conversion of food Conversion of food energy (glucose) into cell energy energy (glucose) into cell energy (ATP)(ATP)
Chemical EquationChemical Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Glucose + Oxygen Carbon + Water + Sunlight (sugar) Dioxide
Steps of Cellular Steps of Cellular RespirationRespiration
1. 1. GlycolysisGlycolysis
a.a. Takes place in cytoplasmTakes place in cytoplasm
b.b. Does NOT require ODoes NOT require O22
c.c. Converts : Converts : Glucose Glucose 2 molecules pyruvic acid + 2 ATP 2 molecules pyruvic acid + 2 ATP moleculesmolecules
Steps of Cellular Steps of Cellular Respiration Cont’dRespiration Cont’d
2. Krebs Cycle
a. Takes place in mitochondriab. REQUIRES O2
c. Breaks down: Pyruvic acid Acetyl-CoA + CO2 +
2 ATP (energy)
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
Steps of Cellular Steps of Cellular Respiration Cont’dRespiration Cont’d
3. 3. Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
a. Occurs in the mitochondriaa. Occurs in the mitochondria
b. Process where NADH and FADHb. Process where NADH and FADH22 are changed into ATPare changed into ATP
NADH + FADHNADH + FADH22 + O + O22 H H22O + 32 ATPO + 32 ATP
Steps of Cellular Steps of Cellular RespirationRespiration
A net total of 36 ATP are madeA net total of 36 ATP are made
GlucoseGlycolysis
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in
NADH and FADH2 Electron
Transport Chain
2 322cytoplasm
2 Types of Cellular 2 Types of Cellular RespirationRespiration
1. 1. AerobicAerobic – needs oxygen to continue – needs oxygen to continue OO2 2 must be presentmust be present 36 ATP can be made from 1 glucose 36 ATP can be made from 1 glucose
moleculemolecule Ocurrs in 3 stagesOcurrs in 3 stages
2. 2. Anaerobic Anaerobic – doesn’t need oxygen to – doesn’t need oxygen to continuecontinue Occurs when no oxygen is presentOccurs when no oxygen is present 2 ATP can be made from 1 glucose molecule 2 ATP can be made from 1 glucose molecule
during stage one of glycolysisduring stage one of glycolysis
If no oxygen is If no oxygen is present . . .present . . .
1. 1. AlcoholicAlcoholic Fermentation Fermentation a.a. Does NOT occur in animal cells Does NOT occur in animal cells
It occurs in yeast and a few other microorganismsIt occurs in yeast and a few other microorganismsb.b. Converts:Converts:
Glucose Glucose ethyl alcohol, CO ethyl alcohol, CO22, & ATP , & ATP (small amount)(small amount)
2. 2. Lactic AcidLactic Acid Fermentation Fermentationa.a. Occurs in some animal cellsOccurs in some animal cellsb.b. Produces enough energy for glycolysis to Produces enough energy for glycolysis to
continuecontinuec.c. Buildup in muscles leads to muscle sorenessBuildup in muscles leads to muscle soreness
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Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
6. 6. All living things respond to their All living things respond to their
environment by detecting and environment by detecting and
responding to stimuli responding to stimuli - signals to - signals to
which they respond. which they respond.
phototropism, gravitropism, etcphototropism, gravitropism, etc
Unit 2 NotesUnit 2 Notes 1818
Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
7. 7. All living things must maintain a All living things must maintain a
stable internal environment. stable internal environment. This This
process is called process is called homeostasis homeostasis and and
involves the use of feedback involves the use of feedback
mechanisms (like a thermostat). mechanisms (like a thermostat).
Unit 2 NotesUnit 2 Notes 1919
Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
8. 8. As a group, living things change As a group, living things change
over time or evolve,over time or evolve, which allows which allows
for survival in an ever-changing for survival in an ever-changing
world. As environments change, world. As environments change,
organisms become better or less organisms become better or less
able to survive based on their able to survive based on their
characteristics.characteristics.