Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration.
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Transcript of Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration.
Chapter 9: Cellular RespirationChapter 9: Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Cellular RespirationCellular RespirationLiving cells require
Organisms use as their main energy
source
Cellular respiration is the process of
Energy is released in the process of respiration when the cells of plants and animals
RespirationRespiration The breakdown of organic
molecules is Aerobic respiration
consumes
Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but
Fermentation is a
The breakdown of organic molecules is
Aerobic respiration consumes
Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but
Fermentation is a
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Cellular respiration includes both but is
often used to refer to Although carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the :
Cellular respiration includes both but is
often used to refer to Although carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the :
Redox ReactionsRedox Reactions The during chemical reactions This released energy is used to Chemical reactions that transfer electrons
between reactants are called
In oxidation, a substance , or is
In reduction, a substance , or is
In cellular respiration, the
The during chemical reactions This released energy is used to Chemical reactions that transfer electrons
between reactants are called
In oxidation, a substance , or is
In reduction, a substance , or is
In cellular respiration, the
NAD+NAD+ In cellular respiration, glucose
and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps
• As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an
• Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+)
• NADH passes the electrons to the
In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps
• As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an
• Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+)
• NADH passes the electrons to the
Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain Unlike an uncontrolled
reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction• O2 pulls electrons
• The energy yielded is
Unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction• O2 pulls electrons
• The energy yielded is
Stages of Cellular Respiration
Stages of Cellular Respiration
1) Glycolysis - Anaerobic
2) Citric Acid Cycle - Aerobic
3) Oxidative phosphorylation - Aerobic
1) Glycolysis - Anaerobic
2) Citric Acid Cycle - Aerobic
3) Oxidative phosphorylation - Aerobic
MitochondriaMitochondria
1) Glycolysis•
2) Citric Acid Cycle•
3) Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)•
1) Glycolysis•
2) Citric Acid Cycle•
3) Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)•
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Step 1: GlycolysisStep 1: Glycolysis
“Splitting of sugar” Breaks down glucose
(C6H12O6) into
Occurs in the NAD picks up H+ and
electrons to form NADH2
“Splitting of sugar” Breaks down glucose
(C6H12O6) into
Occurs in the NAD picks up H+ and
electrons to form NADH2
Glycolysis SummaryGlycolysis Summary
Reactants
Reactants
Products
• **
Products
• **
Location:
Simple Summary
Summary total
Bridge ReactionBridge Reaction In the presence of O2, Before the citric acid cycle can begin, In the mitochondria matrix…
1) Pyruvic Acid loses a C to form
2) The lost carbon
3)Acetic acid binds with
In the presence of O2, Before the citric acid cycle can begin, In the mitochondria matrix…
1) Pyruvic Acid loses a C to form
2) The lost carbon
3)Acetic acid binds with
Step 2: The Kreb’s Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle)
Step 2: The Kreb’s Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle)
Takes place within the
There are , each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate
The next seven steps
Takes place within the
There are , each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate
The next seven steps
Step 2: The Kreb’s Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle)
Step 2: The Kreb’s Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle)
2 molecules of CO2 are NAD+ and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide -
another ion carrier)
The NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food
The cycle generates
Recall that two molecules of pyruvate are formed during glycolysis resulting in
2 molecules of CO2 are NAD+ and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide -
another ion carrier)
The NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food
The cycle generates
Recall that two molecules of pyruvate are formed during glycolysis resulting in
Kreb’s Cycle SummaryKreb’s Cycle Summary
Reactants
Reactants
Products
Products
Location:
Kreb’s Summary
Kreb's Summary 2
Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
•
Takes place in the A series of molecules that
excited electrons pass along,
Most of the chain’s components are , which exist in
•
Takes place in the A series of molecules that
excited electrons pass along,
Most of the chain’s components are , which exist in
Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food
These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via
The carriers alternate as they accept and donate electrons
Electrons They are finally passed to O2
,forming
Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food
These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via
The carriers alternate as they accept and donate electrons
Electrons They are finally passed to O2
,forming
NADH and FADH2NADH and FADH2
Dump the electrons and protons they’ve gathered throughout glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Again, • O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O
Electrons are passed through a number of proteins
The chain’s function is to break the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts
Dump the electrons and protons they’ve gathered throughout glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Again, • O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O
Electrons are passed through a number of proteins
The chain’s function is to break the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts
ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis Electron transfer in the ETC causes
proteins to H+ then moves back across the
membrane, passing through channels in
ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive
This is an example of chemiosmosis,
Electron transfer in the ETC causes proteins to
H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in
ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive
This is an example of chemiosmosis,
ETC Summary
ETCETC
ETC SummaryETC Summary
Reactants
Reactants
Product • •
Product • •
Location:
Simpler ETC Summary
Best ETC Summary
Whole Respiration Process
Whole Respiration Process
Song I Found...
Total EnergyTotal Energy
Total ATP from 1 molecule of glucose in Stage ATP + 4 TotalGlycolysis (b/c 2 are used in the first step) CA Cycle ETC
_________________ TOTAL During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence: Glucose -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP
FermentationFermentation
Most cellular respiration requires Glycolysis can produce ATP
, glycolysis couples with to
produce ATP Fermentation uses instead of an electron
transport chain to generate ATP 2 Types:• •
Most cellular respiration requires Glycolysis can produce ATP
, glycolysis couples with to
produce ATP Fermentation uses instead of an electron
transport chain to generate ATP 2 Types:• •
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation,
Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation
In lactic acid fermentation,
Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation Example: Burning feeling in
muscles during a workout
• From oxygen debt
•
• Lactate
Example: Burning feeling in muscles during a workout
• From oxygen debt
•
• Lactate
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation In alcohol fermentation,
pyruvate is • Bacteria and fungi (yeast)
Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in
In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is • Bacteria and fungi (yeast)
Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in
FermentationFermentation Obligate anaerobes carry out
fermentation or anaerobic respiration and
Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that
Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and
Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that
Review
Role of MacromoleculesRole of Macromolecules Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration Glycolysis accepts a wide range of • Amino groups can feed
Fats are digested to • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield
An oxidized gram of produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of
Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration Glycolysis accepts a wide range of • Amino groups can feed
Fats are digested to • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield
An oxidized gram of produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of
Regulation of Cell Respiration
Regulation of Cell Respiration
is the most common mechanism for control• If ATP concentration begins to , respiration
• When there is of ATP, respiration Control of catabolism is based mainly on
is the most common mechanism for control• If ATP concentration begins to , respiration
• When there is of ATP, respiration Control of catabolism is based mainly on
Review QuestionsReview Questions1. Define cellular respiration and state its importance as a life process.2. Differentiate between aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and
fermentation.3. State and explain the chemical equation for cellular respiration.4. Define oxidation and reduction and explain the idea of redox reactions.5. Explain the use of NAD+ as a coenzyme.6. Explain the electron transport chain (ETC).7. Name the 3 major stages of cell respiration, along with their locations.8. Explain glycolysis, stating the reactants, products, and major activities.9. Explain the bridge reaction, stating the reactants, products, and major
activities.10. Explain the Kreb’s cycle, stating the reactants, products, and major
activities.11. Explain glycolysis, stating the reactants, products, and major activities.12. Explain the ETC, stating the reactants, products, and major activities.13. Explain the role of oxygen in the ETC.14. Define chemiosmosis and explain its role in cellular respiration.15. Differentiate between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol
fermentation.16. Differentiate between oblicate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes.17. Explain the role of macromolecules in cellular respiration.18. Explain how cell respiration is regulated.