Chapter Two:The Planting of English America

Interest in colonization grew in England because of:1. A desire to compete with Spain2. Almost constant religious strife 3. The growth of merchant capitalism – joint stock company4. An increasing population and decreasing food supply.5. The desire to own land and break out of poverty.

Queen Elizabeth I

The English believed that colonies would:1. Provide a place to send excess population2. Be a place where human settlement could start anew3. Relieve England of dependence on a foreign supply of natural resources4. Offer new markets for the wool industry

Sir Walter Raleigh

• “Sea Dog”• Affected by

primogeniture – only oldest son could inherit land

Early Colonies1. Newfoundland - failed2. Roanoke The Lost Colony

founded by Raleigh – disappeared “Croatoan”1st English baby, Virginia Dare, born there

3. Jamestown Maltese Maltese crosscross

ReturnReturn

Balance of Power Shifts1. Spanish built “Invincible Armada”2. Entered English Channel3. Routed by smaller, faster English ships4. Ended Spanish dreams of empire5. Led to period of English confidence

The Spanish ArmadaThe Spanish Armada

Common characteristics of English colonies in the early 1600s:

1.They were business enterprises designed to produce a profit

2. They were part of a complex and changing society

3. They could not get things to work as they had planned

4. They were tied only indirectly to the British Crown

The arrival of colonists at Jamestown, 1607

The Charter of the Virginia Company:The Charter of the Virginia Company:

Guaranteed to colonists the same Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as Englishmenrights as Englishmenas if they had stayed as if they had stayed in England.in England.

This provision wasThis provision wasincorporated into incorporated into future colonists’ future colonists’ documents.documents.

Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!Englishmen!

English English ColonizationColonization

English English ColonizationColonization

Late 1606 Late 1606 VA Co. sends out 3 ships VA Co. sends out 3 ships

Spring 1607 Spring 1607 land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay. land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.

Attacked by Indians and move on.Attacked by Indians and move on.

May 24, 1607 May 24, 1607 about 100 colonists [all men] land at about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James RiverJamestown, along banks of James River

Easily defended, but swarming with disease-Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.causing mosquitoes.

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

Chesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Geographic/environmental problems??Geographic/environmental problems??

Colonists begin making camp at Jamestown

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement

1606-1607 1606-1607 40 people died on the voyage to the 40 people died on the voyage to the New World.New World.

1609 1609 another ship from England lost its leaders another ship from England lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.

Settlers died by the dozens! Settlers died by the dozens!

““Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.

Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.

Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming.hunting or farming.

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job?? The Right Man for the Job??

(1608)(1608)

Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job?? The Right Man for the Job??

(1608)(1608)There was no talk…but There was no talk…but

dig dig goldgold, wash , wash goldgold, , refine refine goldgold, load , load goldgold……

He who shall not work He who shall not work shall not eat.shall not eat.

High Mortality High Mortality RatesRates

High Mortality High Mortality RatesRatesThe “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:

1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericanAmericanss

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericanAmericanss

Chief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief PowhatanPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

Powhatan dominated a Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes few dozen small tribes in the James River in the James River area when the English area when the English arrived.arrived.

The English called allThe English called allIndians in the areaIndians in the areaPowhatans.Powhatans.

1610-1614 1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War First Anglo-Powhatan War

De La Warr had orders to make war on the De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.Indians.

Raided villages, burned houses, took Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.supplies, burned cornfields.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

1614-1622 peace between Powhatans and the English.

1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.

1622-1644 periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.

1622 Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].

Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.

Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Rolfe and Pocahontas married at Jamestown

John RolfeJohn RolfeJohn RolfeJohn Rolfe

What finally made the colony prosperous??What finally made the colony prosperous??

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s gold Virginia’s gold and silver.and silver.

John Rolfe, John Rolfe, 16121612

Indentured Indentured ServitudeServitude

Indentured Indentured ServitudeServitudeHeadright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid.whose passage they paid.

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:

5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” [land, money]Promised “freedom dues” [land, money]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!contracts!

Tobacco Prices: Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101618-1710

Tobacco Prices: Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101618-1710

Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?

The House of Burgesses established in The House of Burgesses established in 16191619 & began to & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in Englandassume the role of the House of Commons in England

Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

By the end of the 17 century, H of B was able to initiate By the end of the 17 century, H of B was able to initiate legislation.legislation.

A Council appointed by royal governorA Council appointed by royal governor

Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.

Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.

High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.

Growing Political Growing Political PowerPower

Growing Political Growing Political PowerPower

Virginia House of Virginia House of BurgessesBurgesses

Virginia House of Virginia House of BurgessesBurgesses

James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia

He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.

He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..

1624 1624 he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.Company.

Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!control!

Virginia Becomes a Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyRoyal Colony

Virginia Becomes a Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyRoyal Colony

Maryland Colony:1. Established as a retreat for English Catholics2. It experienced no starving time like the colony in Virginia3. It drew both Catholic and Protestant immigrants4. It copied part of Virginia’s economic and social system

A royal charter was granted to GeorgeA royal charter was granted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Baltimore in 1632.Calvert, Lord Baltimore in 1632.

A proprietary colony created in 1634.A proprietary colony created in 1634.

Tobacco would be the main crop.Tobacco would be the main crop.

His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.relationship.

Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.

High number of Protestants threatened because of High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.overwhelming rights given to Catholics.

Toleration Act of 1649Toleration Act of 1649

Supported by the Catholics in MD.Supported by the Catholics in MD.

Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.

Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].[like Jews, atheists, etc.].

In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!passed!!

A Haven for A Haven for CatholicsCatholics

A Haven for A Haven for CatholicsCatholics

MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649

MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649

Charles I overthrown; replaced by Oliver Cromwell; Charles II Charles I overthrown; replaced by Oliver Cromwell; Charles II regained throne 11 years later (1660)regained throne 11 years later (1660)

Colonization interrupted – when “Restoration” began, Colonization interrupted – when “Restoration” began, colonization became more intense, and government-runcolonization became more intense, and government-run

The CarolinasThe CarolinasThe CarolinasThe Carolinas

The The English English

Civil WarCivil War

Colonizing the Colonizing the CarolinasCarolinas

Colonizing the Colonizing the CarolinasCarolinasCarolina developed close economic ties to the West Indies.

Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the West Indies.

They used local Savannah Indians to enslave other Indians [about 10,000] and send them to the West Indies [and some to New England].

1707 Savannah Indians decided to migrate to PA.

PA promised better relations with whites.

Carolinians decided to “thin” the Savannahs before they could leave bloody raids killed most of them by 1710.

The primary export.

Rice was still an exotic food in England.

Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves.

These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria.

By 1710 black slaves were a majority in Carolina.

Crop of the Crop of the Carolinas: Carolinas: RiceRice

Crop of the Crop of the Carolinas: Carolinas: RiceRice

American Long Grain RiceAmerican Long Grain Rice

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-from SC & GA: 1698-

17751775

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-from SC & GA: 1698-

17751775

The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolina

The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolinaNorthern part of Carolina shared a border with VA

VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally Church of England members.

Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.

Poor farmers with little need for slaves.

Religious dissenters.

Distinctive traits of North Carolinians

Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.

Strong spirit of resistance to authority.

1712 NC officially separated from SC.

Late-Coming Late-Coming GeorgiaGeorgia

Late-Coming Late-Coming GeorgiaGeorgiaFounded in 1733.

Last of the 13 colonies.

Named in honor of King George II.

Founded by James Oglethorpe.

Georgia--The “Buffer” Georgia--The “Buffer” ColonyColony

Georgia--The “Buffer” Georgia--The “Buffer” ColonyColonyChief Purpose of Creating Georgia:

As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana.

Received subsidies from British govt. to offset costs of defense.

Export silk and wine.

A haven for debtors thrown into prison.

Determined to keep slavery out!

Slavery found in GA by 1750.

The Port City of The Port City of Savannah Savannah

The Port City of The Port City of Savannah Savannah Diverse community.

All Christians except Catholics enjoyed religious toleration.

Missionaries worked among debtors and Indians most famous was John Wesley.