Chapter 2 Chapter 2

““The Planting of English The Planting of English America”America”

Colonization in Early 1600sColonization in Early 1600s

1610 – Sante Fe – Spanish1610 – Sante Fe – Spanish

1608 – Quebec – French1608 – Quebec – French

1607 – Jamestown - English1607 – Jamestown - English

England and ExplorationEngland and Exploration

NorthNorth America in 1600 was largely unclaimed, America in 1600 was largely unclaimed, though the Spanish had much control in though the Spanish had much control in Central and South America.Central and South America.Issues in England kept them from exploringIssues in England kept them from exploringKing Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and launched the English Church in the 1530s and launched the English Protestant Reformation.Protestant Reformation.After Elizabeth I became queen, Britain After Elizabeth I became queen, Britain became predominantly Protestant, and a became predominantly Protestant, and a rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified.rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified.

Spain Vs. EnglandSpain Vs. England

England wanted what Spain had – money, England wanted what Spain had – money, gold , land, power and prestige.gold , land, power and prestige.Sea Dogs led by Francis Drake stole from Sea Dogs led by Francis Drake stole from Spanish shipsSpanish shipsKing Philip was livid after Drake raided King Philip was livid after Drake raided Spanish ships on the west coast of South Spanish ships on the west coast of South AmericaAmericaPhilip ordered the building of the Spanish Philip ordered the building of the Spanish ArmadaArmada

Sir Francis DrakeSir Francis Drake

Queen Elizabeth's Queen Elizabeth's favorite sea dogfavorite sea dog

Stole from the Stole from the Spanish and Spanish and eventually eventually circumnavigated the circumnavigated the world.world.

Drake’s Golden HindDrake’s Golden Hind

English explorer Francis Drake English explorer Francis Drake sailed around the world sailed around the world between 1577 and 1580 in his between 1577 and 1580 in his galleon the galleon the Golden HindGolden Hind. On . On his voyage Drake was able to his voyage Drake was able to seize large amounts of seize large amounts of treasure from Spanish treasure from Spanish possessions in South America. possessions in South America. As a result of his success, he As a result of his success, he was knighted by Queen was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I of England. This Elizabeth I of England. This replica of Drake’s galleon can replica of Drake’s galleon can be seen on the Thames River be seen on the Thames River in London. in London.

Joel W. Rogers/Corbis

Spanish ArmadaSpanish ArmadaThe Spanish fleet sailed on July The Spanish fleet sailed on July 12, 1588. It consisted of 128 ships 12, 1588. It consisted of 128 ships carrying 29,522 sailors. The carrying 29,522 sailors. The British fleet consisted of 116 large British fleet consisted of 116 large ships and numerous coastal ships and numerous coastal vessels vessels The Armada was defeated by the The Armada was defeated by the English and Sir Francis Drake.English and Sir Francis Drake.Many ships were lost in the battle Many ships were lost in the battle and because of storms on the way and because of storms on the way back to Spainback to SpainAbout half of the ships returned to About half of the ships returned to SpainSpainTurning point in history because Turning point in history because now the English had confidence to now the English had confidence to pursue colonization in the New pursue colonization in the New WorldWorldSpain’s invincibility was shatteredSpain’s invincibility was shattered

Reasons for EmigrationReasons for Emigration

1.1. Britain’s population was mushrooming. Britain’s population was mushrooming. 2.2. Farmers were forced off the landFarmers were forced off the land3.3. Economic depression hit the woolen trade in Economic depression hit the woolen trade in

the late 1500sthe late 1500s4.4. Primogeniture – decree that only the oldest Primogeniture – decree that only the oldest

son was eligible to inherit landed estatesson was eligible to inherit landed estates5.5. By the 1600s, the joint-stock company was By the 1600s, the joint-stock company was

perfected, being a forerunner to today’s perfected, being a forerunner to today’s corporations corporations

6.6. Confidence because of the victory over the Confidence because of the victory over the Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada

Early English ColonizationEarly English Colonization

1.1. Sir Humphrey GilbertSir Humphrey Gilbert• Attempted to settle in Newfoundland with a charter Attempted to settle in Newfoundland with a charter

from king. from king. • Lost at seaLost at sea

2.2. Sir Walter RaleighSir Walter Raleigh• Gilbert’s half brotherGilbert’s half brother• Given Gilbert’s charterGiven Gilbert’s charter• Hired John White to take a group to Roanoke Island Hired John White to take a group to Roanoke Island

to set up first English colonyto set up first English colony• ““Lost Colony”Lost Colony”

Roanoke IslandRoanoke Island

3. Jamestown3. Jamestown

Started by a The Virginia Company, a joint stock Started by a The Virginia Company, a joint stock ventureventureKing James I gave a charter to Virginia King James I gave a charter to Virginia CompanyCompanyCompany hired young, strong men to mine for Company hired young, strong men to mine for gold and make money for the stock companygold and make money for the stock companySettled in a low swampy area protected on three Settled in a low swampy area protected on three sides by watersides by waterStagnant water – mosquitoes – malaria – deathStagnant water – mosquitoes – malaria – deathIndian attack, lack of shelter, drought, and Indian attack, lack of shelter, drought, and starvation became biggest problemsstarvation became biggest problems

Why Was There Such Why Was There Such High Mortality?High Mortality?

Why Was There Such Why Was There Such High Mortality?High Mortality?

POPULATION:POPULATION: 1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: Death of children before age 5: 80%80%

JamestownJamestown

John SmithJohn Smith– Helped desperate situation Helped desperate situation

in Jamestown by forcing in Jamestown by forcing colonists to work for the colonists to work for the good of the colonygood of the colony

– Pocahontas saved Smith Pocahontas saved Smith from Powhatan Indiansfrom Powhatan Indians

– Left Jamestown because of Left Jamestown because of a gunpowder accidenta gunpowder accident

– ““starving time followedstarving time followed

TobaccoTobacco– Brought over by John RolfeBrought over by John Rolfe– Became a badly needed Became a badly needed

source of income for source of income for JamestownJamestown

Jamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Pocahontas

16191619

1.1. Dutch ship with 20 Dutch ship with 20 African indentured African indentured servants ran aground at servants ran aground at JamestownJamestown

• Dutch traded the Dutch traded the servants for suppliesservants for supplies

• Servants became first Servants became first slaves in North Americaslaves in North America

2.2. House of Burgesses House of Burgesses started in Williamsburg started in Williamsburg VirginiaVirginia

• First representative First representative government in Americagovernment in America

• Beginning of democracy Beginning of democracy in North Americain North America

TobaccoTobacco

Tobacco created a Tobacco created a greed for land, since greed for land, since it heavily depleted it heavily depleted soil and ruined the soil and ruined the land.land.

Tobacco field in Virginia

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude

Headright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose for each person whose passage they paidpassage they paid

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:

5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” Promised “freedom dues” [land, $][land, $]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured outlived their indentured contracts!contracts!

MarylandMaryland

Founded in 1634 by Cecil Calvert (Lord Founded in 1634 by Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore), Maryland was the second Baltimore), Maryland was the second plantation colony and the fourth overall colony plantation colony and the fourth overall colony to be formed.to be formed.Refuge for CatholicsRefuge for CatholicsLord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives, but the poorer people who Catholic relatives, but the poorer people who settled there where mostly Protestant, creating settled there where mostly Protestant, creating friction.friction.Act of Toleration – all welcome in Maryland as Act of Toleration – all welcome in Maryland as long as they believed in the Holy Trinity.long as they believed in the Holy Trinity.

– Death penalty to those who did not believeDeath penalty to those who did not believe

MarylandMaryland

West Indies PlantationsWest Indies Plantations

As the British were As the British were colonizing Virginia, they colonizing Virginia, they were also settling in the were also settling in the West Indies West Indies Thousands of African Thousands of African slaves were needed to slaves were needed to operate sugar operate sugar plantationsplantationsTo control so many To control so many slaves “codes” were set slaves “codes” were set up that defined the legal up that defined the legal status of slaves and the status of slaves and the rights of the masters rights of the masters

CarolinasCarolinas

Created during the Restoration PeriodCreated during the Restoration Period

Carolina flourished by developing close Carolina flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies.economic ties with the West Indies.

Rice emerged as the principle crop in Rice emerged as the principle crop in Carolina.Carolina.

Violent colony due to the close border to Violent colony due to the close border to Spanish FloridaSpanish Florida

North CarolinaNorth Carolina

In 1712, North and South In 1712, North and South Carolina were officially Carolina were officially separated.separated.Many newcomers to Many newcomers to Carolina were Virginia Carolina were Virginia castoff “squatters,” people castoff “squatters,” people who owned no land.who owned no land.North Carolinians developed North Carolinians developed a strong resistant to a strong resistant to authority, due to geographic authority, due to geographic isolation from neighbors.isolation from neighbors.

– Most democraticMost democratic– Most independent mindedMost independent minded– Least aristocraticLeast aristocratic

GeorgiaGeorgia

Last of the 13 colonies to be establishedLast of the 13 colonies to be established

Started by James Oglethorpe as a colony Started by James Oglethorpe as a colony for imprisoned debtors from Englandfor imprisoned debtors from England

Also became a buffer by protecting Also became a buffer by protecting Carolinas from Indian and Spanish attack.Carolinas from Indian and Spanish attack.

Undisciplined and doomed to failureUndisciplined and doomed to failure

Oglethorpe and GeorgiaOglethorpe and Georgia

James Oglethorpe

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies1.1. MarylandMaryland2.2. VirginiaVirginia3.3. North CarolinaNorth Carolina4.4. South CarolinaSouth Carolina5.5. GeorgiaGeorgia Dominated by tobacco Dominated by tobacco

plantationsplantations All were aristocratic (except All were aristocratic (except

for North Carolina)for North Carolina) All had cash crop – tobacco, All had cash crop – tobacco,

rice , sugar or indigorice , sugar or indigo Close contact with England Close contact with England

due to slow moving due to slow moving navigable riversnavigable rivers

All had slavesAll had slaves

WidowarchyWidowarchyWidowarchyWidowarchy

High mortality High mortality among among husbands and husbands and fathers left fathers left many women many women in the in the Chesapeake Chesapeake colonies with colonies with unusual unusual autonomy and autonomy and wealth!wealth!