CHAPTER TWO

Gr. 8 Social Studies

Preliminary Study:

Why do you think the title of this unit is "Where Once They Stood We Stand"?

Listen to the Ode to Newfoundland

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SpUmZtaRBQ

Visual ActivityCh. 2 Assignment #1

Each group will be given one verse of the “Ode to Newfoundland”. Your task is to do the following

1. Create a visual of your verse. 2. You are expected to work together to

represent the lyrics in a creative and appealing way.

3. Use colour and design to make the words of the lyrics come alive on the paper.

4. Be sure to include the lyrics on your visual in any way you wish.

Ode to Newfoundland Words by Sir Cavendish Boyle (1849-1916)

Music by Sir Hubert Parry (1848-1918) When Sunrays crown thy pine clad hills

And Summer spreads her handWhen silvern voices tune thy rillsWe love thee smiling landWe love thee, we love theeWe love thee, smiling land.

When spreads thy cloak of shimm'ring whiteAt Winter's stern commandThro' shortened day and starlit nightWe love thee, frozen landWe love thee, we love theeWe love thee, frozen land.

When blinding storm gusts fret thy shoreAnd wild waves lash thy strandThro' spindrift swirl and tempest roarWe love thee, wind-swept landWe love thee, we love theeWe love thee, wind-swept land.

As loved our fathers, so we loveWhere once they stood we standTheir prayer we raise to heav'n aboveGod guard thee, NewfoundlandGod guard thee, God guard theeGod guard thee, Newfoundland.

Film Analysis: Stealing MaryCh. 2 Assignment #2

What the film and answer the questions on the assignment provided.

Evaluation:

The Beothuk PeopleProject due: Oct 6th (next Thursday). You will present your

project to the class.

Using your viewing guide worksheet as well as your knowledge of the Beothuk people, please do the following:

The story of The Beothuk people is a sad and tragic part of Newfoundland and Labrador culture. Using any format you wish (act a scene, write a poem, draw a picture, create a model, etc) demonstrate your knowledge of the Beothuk (you may speak directly of Shanawdithit or Demasduit ).

Using your notes on the film "Stealing Mary: The last of the Red Indians". Present your understandings of the incident at Red Indian Lake by choosing one of the following activities:

1) Create a film poster

2) Create a Crime Scene model

3) Write a journal entry from either one of the characters in the film

4) Write a poem reflecting the incident

5) Create a board game

6) Reinactment of the event at "Red Indian Lake" and perform it in class

7) Write a song and perform it for the class

8) Write a short story from the perspective of a Beothuk who experienced the incident at Red Indian Lake

9) Create a visual art piece (using paper and paint or graphite, fabric, pastel, etc)

Preliminary work:

Define the Key Words for this chapter found on page 24.

Ch. 2 Notes

Aboriginal PeoplesB________________Mi’kmaqI____________InuitLabrador M________

Here we see an Aboriginal Woman accepting an award. What do you think the award is for?

cont

Newcomers ( immigrants) largest # came from Europe (see chart on page 36&37)F_________________EnglishI___________S________________

Codfish, ca. 1878. From Bénédict Henry Révoil, Pêches dans l'Amerique

du Nord (Tours : A. Mame et Fils, 1878) 135.

Thousands of European fishers annually visited Newfoundland and Labrador from the 16th through the 18th centuries to participate in the transatlantic migratory cod fishery.

Aboriginal Peoples

1800s the B_________________ and M______________ lived in areas of Newfoundland

I__________, Inuit, and M_____________ lived in areas of Labrador

Important locations in Labrador.Illustration by Tina Riche and Duleepa Wijayawardhana, ©1998

Page 26

Draw a map of NL and label the areas of Aboriginal Settlement.

Use colour leads to mark the distinct areas of settlement.

Use Figure on page 26.

Beothuk, p. 26-27

The word is believed to mean “good people” or “k__________”

The Beothuk numbered between _________ and ___________

Lived on A_____________ P________________, B___________ P________________, St. George’s Bay and E___________ area

Lived and traveled in groups of ____ to _______ people

Beothuk

The word is believed to mean “good people” or “k_KINSHIP_________”

The Beothuk numbered between ____500______ and __1000_________

Lived on A___AVALON__________ P____PENINSULA____________, B_BONAVISTA__________

P_PENINSULA_______________, St. George’s Bay and E__EXPLOITS_________ area

Lived and traveled in groups of __30___ to __55_____ people

In summer they lived along c__COAST_________ and used c__CANOES__________

In winter moved i_INLAND_________ to _HUNTING____________

Had 2 styles of ____HOUSING (MAMTEEKS)________ they used for shelter

Used r_RED___ o__ORCHE________ for its life-giving power

Bodies and belongings covered in this and because of that they were given the term “R___RED ____ I___INDIAN_________”. This term is no longer used today,

S__SHANAWDITHIT________ - last of the Beothuk. She died in 1829__

Where They Lived

Place Names

Avalon, Bonavista PeninsulasSt. George’s BayInterior around Red Indian Lake

.Original artifacts housed in the Newfoundland Museum.Courtesy of Dr. Ralph Pastore, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St.

John's, Newfoundland.

Beothuk Carved Bone Objects

Draw one of these Carved Bone Objects in your notebook.

Spoon, saw and scissors from a Beothuks site on the Exploits River

Click icon to add pictureThe Beothuks often acquired metal objects like these by visiting abandoned European fishing posts. Reworking the metal, the Beothuks were able to construct their own traditional hunting tools which included arrowheads and harpoon tips.Reproduced by permission of J. A. Tuck, Atlantic Archaelogy Ltd. From Dr. Ralph Pastore,Shanawdithit's People: The Archaelogy of the Beothuks (St. John's, Newfoundland: Atlantic Archaelogy Ltd., ©1992) 61.

Evidence of Contact "The Dancing Woman" by

Shanawdithit.

From James P. Howley, The Beothuks or Red Indians: the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Newfoundland (Cambridge: University Press, 1915) 248. Original drawing in the Newfoundland Museum, St. John's, Newfoundland.

Housing Styles

Two main typesMamateek –

summer and winter

Summer – cone shape

Birch bark, animal skin

Winter more solid, insulated with moss

Shanwdithit’s Sketch Winter Mamateek

Red Ochre People

Covered skin with red iron oxide pigmentMixed with oil/greaseSpiritual – life giving powers

Transportation: Birch Bark Canoe

FOOD

Traditionally used bow and arrows, spears, snares, fences to hide, direct animals

Furbearers Caribou, seal, beaver, salmon, eggs

Extinction

Settlers forced them into poorer resource areas..

StarvationDiseases – no immunitySome settlers killed them, chased them from

their homes

Reasons why Beothuk became extinct:

Many farmers, fishermen, and trappers b______________ along the coasts which forced Beothuk inland

F__________ resources inland and they could not get what was needed to keep them h______________

D______________ such as __________ were brought to the island by immigrants and the Beothuk had no i_____________ to these diseases

Beothuk took t_________ and other useful items from the white people. This a_________ the white people who chased the Beothuk and k____________ many of them

Other Indian groups like the M_____________ competed with the Beothuk for good h_______________ g___________ and would s_________ them with the g_______ given to them by the immigrants

Many farmers, fishermen, and trappers b__BUILT__ along the coasts which forced Beothuk inland

F_FEWER___ resources inland and they could not get what was needed to keep them h__HEALTHY_______

D DISEASES___ such as _TB_________ were brought to the island by immigrants and the Beothuk had no i_IMMUNITY____ to these diseases

Beothuk took t_TOOLS____ and other useful items from the white people. This a_ANGRY_______ the white people who chased the Beothuk and k__ CHASE AND KILL____ many of them

Other Indian groups like the M_MIK’MAK__________ competed with the Beothuk for good h_HUNTING ______________ g_GROUNDS__________ and would s___SHOOT______ them with the g__GUNS_____ given to them by the immigrants

Beothuk Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFvq80DJd6A

Song Analysis: Demasduit Dream

I dreamt I saw a womanStanding by the strandWaiting for her people (WHO ARE HER PEOPLE?)To come in from the land

Waiting there for seven daysShe built a fire in the sandWaiting for her peopleTo come in from the land

She had the look of a refugee Hiding in her eyesAnd when I tried to talk to herShe answered with a cry (WHY?)

And pointed to the waterOut beyond the harbour lineWhere a thousand ships lay waitingThey lay waiting for my sign

[

Lyric’s cont.

[Chorus]I remember days of sunlightWith my father by my sideAnd the children, ran before usLike the foam upon the tide

We ran like frightened partridge (WHY DID THEY RUN?)When the strangers came to talk (WHO ARE THE STRANGERS?)Bringing sickness 'round them (WHAT SICKNESS?)And the thunder in their walk

We ran into the valleysAnd we ran into the hillsThey only ran before us,Driven by the strangers' will (WHAT DID THE STRANGERS WANT?)

[

I'm waiting by the landwashGiant standing nearI see them coming alwaysChildren in their fear

I'm waiting on my blanketAnd the giant waits with meAnd I will wait here alwaysAs they fill the endless sea

Mi’kmaq, page 29

Referred to NF as Ktaqmkuk meaning “l_________ across w________”

S_____________ lifestyle (lived according to seasons – fished in summer / hunted in winter)

Lived on _______ coast (Codroy Valley, St. George’s Bay, Bonne Bay)

Lived on _______ coast (Burgeo, Conne River)Lived in ________ NF (Badger, Glenwood)Lived on _______ coast (Clode Sound) and

__________ coast (Gander Bay)

Mi’kmaq, cont

Were more s___________ than the Beothuk towards immigrants

Interacted with European settlers and became g_________ for them

T________ with EuropeansConverted to the ____________________ religionAdopted some ways of the European settlersEstablished a town at C__________ R__________ because

it was ideal for year-round livingS______________ J______ was a guide who led

W_____________ C___________ from C_______________ to St. George’s Bay in ____

Map showing traditional hunting and trapping territory of the Newfoundland Mi'kmaq as perceived by Frank Speck. From Frank Speck, Beothuk and Micmac, Indian Notes and Monographs series, vol. 22 (New York: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1922). End Map. Illustration by Tina Riche.

A deserted wigwam, ca. 1890

Humber River, western coast of Newfoundland. The influx of European hunters and trappers during the 19th century greatly altered the traditional way of life for many Mi'kmaq. Courtesy of the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador (PANL VA 13-19).

During the 16th and 17th centuries the Mi'kmaq had created a “Domain of Islands” in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Constructing snowshoes

Damien Benoit of Conne River constructing a pair of snowshoes.Courtesy of the Newfoundland Museum, St. John's, Newfoundland. Photo ©1983.

Michael Joe and Martin Jeddore of Conne River completing the construction of a Mi'kmaq skin canoe.

This canoe, now in the Newfoundland Museum, is a replica of the caribou-skin canoes constructed by Mi'kmaq while travelling in the Newfoundland interior.Courtesy of the Newfoundland Museum, St. John's, Newfoundland.

A Mi'kmaq wigwam used by hunters and trappers early in the 20th century.

From J. G. Millais, Newfoundland and its Untrodden Ways (London: Longmans, Green, 1907) facing 16.

This is a fine example of a Mi'kmaq birch-bark box decorated with porcupine quills collected in Newfoundland in the early 19th century.Since porcupines are not found on the island of Newfoundland, the quills on the box would have likely come from Nova Scotia.

Throughout the 19th century, the 150 or so Mi'kmaq people in Newfoundland made their living as guides, trappers, mail carriers, and as sellers of basketry

Innu, page 30 and 31

Occupy parts of Q____________ and L_________________ Natuashish and Sheshatshiu are two Innu communities Territory called Nitassinas means “o_______ l________” Language called Innu-Aimun Branch of the A______________ people Approximately ______________ Innu in early 1800s Two branches of Innu: M_________________ Innu Lived in n_____________ Labrador lived on beaver, caribou, bear, porcupine, hare, and lake fish moved within one area S_________________ Innu lived in s______________ Labrador

Innu, cont

lived on beaver, caribou, bear, porcupine, hare, and lake fishmoved within one areaS_________________ Innu lived in s______________ Labrador lived mainly on caribou traveled great distances when caribou was not plentiful trading posts were set up in the mid-1800s in northern

Labrador and this changed the lifestyle of the Innunow the Innu hunted animals for p_______ as well as for foodpelts were exchanged for European g_________ the trapping caused the number of caribou to d____________

and families faced s_____________ the traditional lifestyle of the Innu was lost

Innu Bands in the Early 1880s. Adapted with permission from Peter Armitage, The Innu (The Montagnais-Naskapi) (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, ©1991) 30. Courtesy of Gary Tong. Adapted by Tina Riche, 1997.

19th century drawing of Labrador Innu.

Until the 1800s, the Innu not only depended upon caribou to provide skin coverings for their tents, but also as a source of food and clothing. Unfortunately, these herds were greatly diminished by European hunters who came to the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

"Nasquapees" drawn by W. G. R. Hind, on stone by F. F. L., chromolithographed by Hanhard, for Henry Youle Hind's Exploration in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsula, London, 1863. From Charles de Volpi, Newfoundland: a Pictorial Record (Sherbrooke, Quebec: Longman Canada Limited, ©1972) 99.

An Innu hunter from northern Labrador wearing a caribou-skin coat, ca. 1910.From William B. Cabot, In Northern Labrador (London: J. Murray, 1912) frontispiece.

19th-century drawing of Innu at an HBC post, 1863

19th-century drawing of Innu at an HBC post, 1863The Newfoundland and Labrador government had little direct contact with the Innu people before the mid-20th century. Instead, government officials delegated the day-to-day administration of Labrador affairs to religious groups and commercial trading companies in the area, the most prominent of which were Christian missionaries and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC).

Drawn by W. G. R. Hind. From Henry Youle Hind, Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsula: The Country of the Montagnais and Nasquapee Indians, Vol. 2 (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863) 100.

Inuit

language is I______________fished _________________hunted c_____________, whales, s_________ , and

walrustraveled by dog team or kayak called _____________clothing made from s_______ s________ and

c___________ h_______lived in skin tents called t________ in wintersod houses called qamartalik in summersocial and economic life was centered around the

family

Inuit

contact with Europeans changed their lifestyleM______________ C_________ built mission stations close

to the InuitTheir language, religious beliefs and life style changedOver-harvesting of w____________ led to greater sealing

industryEuropean goods such as g________, t_______, and

c__________ were in demandDiseases such as the f____ and m__________ decreased

their populationApproximately __________ Inuit lived around the early

1900s

By the late 18th century, the Moravian missionaries had established themselves along the Labrador coast. Since no original clothing from this period has survived, both written and pictorial records such as this engraving provide clues to the clothing worn by the Inuit during the early 1800s."Esquimaux Indians of the Coast of Labrador" communicated by a Moravian missionary, drawn by Garret, engraved by Chapman, published by C. Jones, October 17, 1818. From Charles de Volpi, Newfoundland: A Pictorial Record (Sherbrooke, Quebec: Longman Canada Limited, ©1972)

An engraving of Inuit on the Labrador coast, 1818.

Inuit woman and children, Labrador.Courtesy of the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador (PANL B10-148).

Inuit man in kayak, ca. 1885

Both the Thule and Inuit travelled by single-person kayaks and larger umiaks, able to hold up to 20 people. Builders covered both vessels with animal hides and framed them with wood or walrus ribs and other animal bones.

Watercolour by D. Smith. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada (R9266).

Inuit in front of their skin tent (tupiq), Okak, Labrador, 1896.

Photo courtesy of the Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Hettasch Collection), Memorial University of Newfoundland Library, St. John's, Newfoundland.

Labrador Inuit, ca. 1920s.

The Inuit people of Labrador won the right to self-government in 2004 after settling a land claim agreement with the Newfoundland and Labrador government. Photographer unknown. Reproduced by the permission of the Maritime History Archive (PF-323.059), Memorial University, St. John's, NL.

Metis

Known as “almost w_______ m______” because of mixed aboriginal and European ancestry

The Labrador Metis lived farther ___________ than the Inuit

The Metis were not influenced by the Moravian missionaries as much as the Inuit were

Economic activity involved t____________ animals, h__________ and f__________

Harp seal, 1909.

Labrador Métis traditionally hunted seals in the spring, making use of the meat for food and the skin for boots. Pictured here is a harp seal.Reproduced by the permission of The Room Provincial Archives, VA 17-73.1

St. John’s Friendship Center

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41emxw99Zr8

Immigrants

Know the difference between a push factor and pull factor.

Know where the immigrants settled. Complete your graphic organizer chart!

Michael Anthony Flemming, page 40

Write a one paragraph biography of Flemming. Use the following questions to guide your writing.

Who was he?Where was he from?What did he do?When did he do it?Describe the Basilica

Other Immigrants, pg41

Lebanon escaped religious turmoil Pack peddlers (why???) Many became business men

China Chinese immigrants had to pay a tax of $300,

therefore community grew slowly Wasn’t until 1950 that women were allowed to enter Who was Choy Fong?

Newfoundlanders and Labradorians, pg 42 and 43

Population growth Natural increase

more births than deaths Higher rates of immigration than emigration

Examine Table 2.2 on page 421. What caused the rapid growth?2. How did people’s identification change?

Internal Migration-after 1830create a timeline using the below information

Movement from place to placeStarted in 1800 where people moved from areas on

Avalon Peninsula to less populated areas to fish (to North East Coast, ex. Bonavista Bay and Notre Dame Bay)

1800’s communities on West Coast grew due to fishery and sawmills.

Southern coast of Labrador for fishing (cod and salmon)

1909-central Newfoundland for newsprint mill20th century-land based industries (copper mines)1897-trans-island railway (sawmill towns)