Chapter SixteenChapter SixteenThe Eighteenth Century:The Eighteenth Century:

From Rococo to RevolutionFrom Rococo to Revolution

Age of Diversity, Age of Age of Diversity, Age of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Unqualified optimism, extreme discontentTrust in science and human reasonConscious engagement with social issuesRevolutionaries and conservativesEnlightened despots Welfare of citizenry Duty and responsibility

The Late Eighteenth Century:The Late Eighteenth Century:Time of RevolutionTime of Revolution

American Revolution Inspired revolution in France

Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence Optimistic, rational view Political and social freedom Equality and justice Universality of man and nature

Here ends our lecture upon the 18th Century

This is George Washington, sculpted in 1778 and looking very neo-classical. He is standing next to a fasces, a bundle of rods bound together around an ax with the blade projecting. Fasces were carried before ancient Roman magistrates as an emblem of authority. Note the symbolism of how Washington has covered and softened the ax blade with his hand and a piece of cloth..

The RococoThe Rococo

fantasy life of the last fantasy life of the last European aristocratsEuropean aristocrats

Watteau, Return from Cythera (1717)

Boucher, Cupid a Captive (1754)

Fragonard, Love Letters (1773)

Fragonard’s “The Bolt”

Note how the hunky fellow in short pants is bolting the door.

What will happen next???

The tres rococo Salon de la Princesse, Hotel de Soubise, Paris

The ultra rococo nave and high altar of Vierzehnheiligen Pilgrim Church, Bamberg, Germany (1743-1772)

The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

Neo-Classical ArtNeo-Classical ArtArcheological inspiration New awareness of classical art Inspired by discoveries at Pompeii and

Herculaneum Appealed to revolutionaries in France and America

Roman Republic, French Revolution Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) United opposition to tyranny Modeled on ideals of Roman Republic

Austere poses, orderly decoration Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792)

David’s neo-classical Oath of the Horatii (1784)

David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps (1800)

The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

Neo-Classical ArchitectureNeo-Classical ArchitectureClassical models of architecture Austere public buildings Thomas Jefferson’s State Capitol (1785-

1796)

Stop here for today—next class, enlightenment satire…

Add some slides from other ppt

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century

Intellectual DevelopmentsIntellectual DevelopmentsSystematic examination of society Pessimistic views vs. Optimistic views

Renewed interest in Classical culture Translations, themes, forms, references

Rise of Feminism Mary Wollstonecraft, “Vindication of the

Rights of Women” (1792)

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Hatred for human race“Savage indignation” Animals capable of reason

Gulliver’s Travels Satire of human behavior

A Modest Proposal “Man’s inhumanity to man” Inevitability of human suffering

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth CenturyRational Humanism: The EncyclopedistsRational Humanism: The Encyclopedists

Encyclopédie Denis Diderot (1713-1784) System for the classification of knowledge Compendium of human rationality Freedom of conscience and belief

The Late Eighteenth Century:The Late Eighteenth Century:Time of RevolutionTime of Revolution

Technological improvementsIncreased literacy, circulation of ideasGovernmental abuses Louis XV: “Après moi le déluge”

The Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) Essentiality of constitutional government

The Feminist RevolutionThe Feminist RevolutionMary Wollstonecraft (1739-1797)Mary Wollstonecraft (1739-1797)“Vindication of the Rights of Women”Similar sentiments to French declaration of rights of man and American declaration of independence, both of which excluded womenFirst statement of women’s inherent rights Women not subservient objects for men, but

free, rational beings possessed of strength and dignity and deserving of respect