Chapter IV Transportation system analysis & Project Evaluation Er . Guru Datta Adhikari

Chapter IV

Transportation system analysis &

Project Evaluation

Er. Guru Datta Adhikari

Transportation Planning & Engineering Er. GD Adhikari

2

Driving Factors in Transportation


3

Transportation System Dimensions


4

Transportation Characterization

Transportation System analysis

– Characteristics of benefit and cost measurement– Framework of evaluation– cost-effective evaluation

5Transportation Planning & Engineering Er. GD Adhikari

What is Evaluation?

• It is the process of determining the desirability of different courses of action and of presenting information to decision makers in a comprehensive and useful form.


Determining desirability requires…• Defining how value is to be measured;• Estimating the sources and timing of the

benefits and costs of the proposed action;• Comparing these benefits and costs to

determine the level of effectiveness for that alternative.


Questions that form the basis of evaluation:1. Appropriateness:

• What information required on impacts and trade-offs is required for the decisions that need to be made?

• Do the objectives attained by the alternative?• Do the objectives attained by the alternative reflect previously

specified community goals and objectives.2. Equity:

• What is the distribution of benefits and costs among the members of community?

• Do any groups pay shares of the costs that are disproportionate to the benefits they receive?

3. Effectiveness:• Is the alternative like to produce the desired results?• To what extent community goals are attained?

4 How are the predicted impacts modified when analysis assumptions are changed ?


4. adequacy:– Does the alternative correspond to the scale of the problem?– Are there other alternatives that might be considered?

5. Efficiency:– Does the alternative provide sufficient benefits to justify the cost?– In comparison with other alternatives, are the additional benefits

provided worth the extra cost? 6. Implementation feasibility:

– will the funds available to implement the alternative on schedule?– Are there any administrative or legal barriers to alternative

implementation?– Are there groups who are likely to oppose the alternative?

6. Sensitivity analysis:– How are the predicted impacts modified when analysis

assumptions are changed? – What is the likelihood of these changes occurring?


Principles for developing a set of alternatives

1. Alternative should be defined in terms of their design concept and scope.

2. Alternative should respond directly to a clear statement.3. Should be developed through a process of considering all

reasonable options.4. Set of alternatives should be structured to provide a range

of options to decision makers. 5. Each alternative should be defined to make it as

competitive as possible. 6. Alternatives should be identified and refined in an open,

well documented process.


Evaluation criteria for major investment studies

1. Prescreening criteria: (unsuitability/fatal flaw analysis) – Is the alternative consistent with regional goals and

objectives?– Is alternative affordable?– Does the alternative have an irresolvable environmental

impacts?– Does the alternative have an irresolvable community or

agency opposition? – Is the technology proven in revenue service?


2. Screening criteria: – How consistent is the alternative with regional goals

/policies?– How affordable is the alternative?– What are the primary environmental Impacts?– How well does the alternative address the corridor’s

mobility problem?


Detail level evaluation:Performance criteria•Project person-carrying capacity•Maximum link utilization•Number of users•Corridor congestion•Travel times•Regional delay•Travel time reliability•Impact to goods movement

Impact criteria:•Wetland•Parks, Historic properties •Air quality•Endangered spices•Displacements•Neighborhood disruption•Hazardous materials



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Evaluation should have following characteristics:

1. Evaluation should focus on the decisions being faced by decision makers.

2. Evaluation should relate the consequences of alternatives to goals and objectives

3. Evaluation should determine how different groups are affected by transportation proposals…

4. Evaluation should be sensitive to the time frame.5. Evaluation should produce information on the likely impacts of

alternatives6. Evaluation should analyze the implementation requirements of each

alternative7. Evaluation should assess the financial feasibility of the actions

recommended in the plan.8. Evaluation should provide information to the decision makers on the

value of alternatives.


Characteristics of Benefit and cost measurements1. Real and pecuniary (financial) impacts:

– real benefits are realized by final consumers of a project or that add to a community’s overall wale fare.

– Pecuniary benefits are gained at the expense of other individuals or groups (redistribution of income). Increase in land values resulting from improved transportation accessibility.

2. Benefits and costs can be Direct or indirect benefits: – Directs are related to the objectives of the investment– Indirect are by-product.– Reduce travel times (direct benefit)– Increased demand for housing near rail station (indirect)

3. Benefits and costs result in tangible or intangible benefits and costs:– Tangible B & C can be assigned monetary values: benefits measured by the price

at market place and cost being measured by the price of the inputs needed to deliver the service.

– Intangible benefits and costs can not be easily measured with the price at marketplace. 16Transportation Planning & Engineering

Er. GD Adhikari

4. Benefits and costs can be defined as internal or external to the study area:– Improvement of metropolitan transport facilities with short and long distance

travelers– Improvement of air quality

5. Distinction between user and non user costs: – Conventionally, user benefits and cost are were usually measured in

monetary terms. – The monetary value of user travel time saving was an important benefit for

the evaluation and was often single large contributor to a project’s over all benefits.

– In recent years, the definition of benefits and costs has been expanded to include:• many nonuser impacts• Dislocation of businesses & homes• Environmental degradation• Impacts on Land-use pattern


6. Benefits and costs can be made as total and incremental– Total cost include the total outlay used to construct and operate

the alternative– Incremental costs are additional costs associated with the

proposed changes to the existing system.


Selection CriteriaProgramming process

• Programming: “Matching of available projects with available funds to accomplish the goals of a given period” considering:– Resource availability– Resource distribution– Staging of projects over time


Requirements of Transport improvement Projects (TIP)

• The TIP must be updated at least every 2 years• Air quality conformity• Reasonable opportunity for public comment.• Must be financially constraints by years and must

include financial plan.


Key elements of capital programming• Setting program goals and objectives:

– establish clear and measureable statements to meet its policy goals consistent with the state transportation plans

• Establishing program performance measure:– Set criteria to enable the agency to measure the progress

• Assessing needs and identifying the projects:– Identify and measure deficiencies, problems and needs– Identify alternative solutions– Evaluate the proposed project according to criteria

• Project evaluation: – Evaluate proposed projects according to the consistent criteria

• Priority setting and program development:– Organize work into program areas– Identify priorities fro each program– Set priorities for projects


Key elements of capital programming (Cont…

• Program trade-offs:– Evaluate what the proposed program will achieve– Evaluate trade-offs– Determine level of resources allocation

• Budgeting: – Develop expenditure plan based on available resources

• Program implementation and monitoring:– Implement program– Monitor program– Track system conditions and performance over time– Evaluate results


Setting priorities for project selection• Approaches to provide information project priorities:

– Goal achievement: – Numerical rating– Priority index– Programming evaluation matrices– Multi-objective system analysis techniques


Thank You !!!


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Chapter IV Transportation system analysis & Project Evaluation Er . Guru Datta Adhikari

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