CHAPTER I1.1 GeneralIn current century the large number of land parcels are get converted intoproperties due to large population that is horizontal space is now getting exhaustedcompletely. Now the situation is arisen that almost 90% useful lands are covered withthe development of infrastructures but still peoples are in search of shelter because thehorizontal development proves to be inadequate for such a huge population. his leadsto the idea that there is infinite space in vertical direction which can be used freely butthe !ob was not as simple as it seems. "ut structural engineers ma#e it possible anddeveloped the structure from $0m height to %$0m height. his development is not onlyfor brea#ing the record but also for ma#ing the strong enough safe structure which canprevent the loss from natural calamities& envoirmental conditions& terrorist attac#s& etc.his cannot be done until proper analysis of structure which is to be brought in reallife. 'nalysis is not enough alone& with that proper design is also important. (ence thedesign and analysis are the scientific art of evaluating the all possible worst conditionthat structurecanfaceduringitslifecycleandfindingthesolutiontoprevent thestructure from the effect of these conditions by deciding some structural geometriesinside the structure. 1.2 Past and Current ScenarioInpast structural engineers wereanalyzingthestructuremanually. )ven*+,structures consists of lot of heavy calculations and hence manual calculations becomescumbersome. 'lso engineers faced problems li#e large human errors& precision& lessscope for optimization& less scope for load variation& limitation on dynamic analysis&time consumption& and repetition of all calculations even if small modifications weredoneinstructure. (enceit became necessarythat toeliminatethesedrawbac#s&engineersneededthehelpofcomputerapplications.'fterarisenofsuchimportantneeds lot of software developing firms had ta#en initiative and presented solution onthis problem. 't beginningthesoftwares for analysis was havingverybasicandlimitedfeaturesbut overthetimesoftwaresbecomemorepowerful andadvancednever before. 'fter some period developers introduce designing module also and todaywehavehundredsofchoicestochoosethebest solutionfitsforourrequirement.INTRODUCTION2-('.)/0I1 IN/234-I2N3esigning and analyzing the "hur! 5halifa by manually was !ust hard as impossiblenot onlybecausecalculationsbut alsotheco0ordination& consolidation& verificationandcompilationofdata. (encetodaywecansaythat thesoftwareapplicationisequivalent to the team of thousands of structural engineers. Indirectly it means thatsoftwareisreducingthedirect investment inthestaff. (encefromabovewecanconclude that the software applications are the basic need of today6s modern structuralengineering.1. So!t"ares a#aila$le and c%oice o! so!t"aresodaythereare hundreds of softwaresavailablein mar#et.7ost of themgivesvery accurate results. 8ew of them are very popular as they are very oldest and lot ofengineers used them for very long time. "eing popular doesn6t mean versatile. Now adays accuracyisnot theproblemasall softwaresgivefair resultsandhencetheaccuracy of the results became secondary criteria to choose the software pac#age. heselectionof softwareapplicationismainlybasedontheuniquefeaturesit offers&reputation& service& andsupport tothelocal conditions.'lsothesoftwaresarenotcheap in cost and hence firm has to invest high capital in softwares& hence the value ofsoftwareisveryessential thing. (encethesoftwarewhichoffersmorefeaturesinsame cost are loo#forwardfor selection. he softwares available inmar#et foranalysis and design are )tabs& 9'.& /obot 9tructural 'nalysis& 9taad .ro& /I9' ,3&-9- 9truds& Nucleus /- ,3& NI9'& e#la 9tructural 3esigner& etc. 2ne may chooseany software from these as per his requirement and budget. 9ome of these softwaresare free to use fully functioned for students for some specified period. his is bestpolicy as it develops s#illed engineers without charging any cost. :ith all this& it leads to us to ma#e a pro!ect on design and analysis of multistoriedbuilding using software. :e also wanted to get familiar with the process of designingthe structure and to face practical problems associated with the process. In further& it isexplained that why 'utodes# /obot 9tructural 'nalysis .rofessional was chosen forthis pro!ect.1.& T%e role o! structural en'ineer and (rocess in#ol#ed in desi'nin'.3-('.)/0I1 IN/234-I2N4sually the !ob of structural engineer starts after architectural plan comes in hands.hen the process starts from deciding the positions of various structural members andit ends to generation of final drawing of the structural elements. 3uring this processthe structural engineer has to ta#e care about the economy of the structure as well asthema!or carehastobeta#enforsafetyofthestructureandindirectlysafetyofoccupants in the structure. (ence the design submitted to the client should beeconomic without compromising the safety of the structure. 9ame considerations havebeen implemented while completing this pro!ect. 1.) Process o! desi'nin' $uildin'.he typical designing process for any general /-- building is shown in table in brief. his need not to be same for all buildings as many buildings may have some special considerations which are to be considered& but these are basic design process which cannot be avoided in any design of building.*etting architectural plan ready-ollecting the information about location8ixing out layout of structural elements as optimum as possible8ixing trial dimensions of structural elements based on thumb rules)stimating loads coming on the structure-reating model of the structure in software'pplying loads on model'nalyzing model for worst condition that may occur-hec#ing the structure based on trial sections for failureIf fail If safeIncrease dimensions or grade ofmaterialsoradoptanotherlayoutorsystem to resist the load-hec# for optimum dimensions tomaintain economy of the structure andhence try to reduce the dimensions ofelements.4-('.)/0I1 IN/234-I2NDesi'n o!*uildin'8inal design based on optimum dimensions3etailing and drafting7anaging drawings as per codification of elements1.+ General S(eci!ications o! t%e (ro,ecthepro!ectconsistsof design of*round+ ;08loorswiththeprovisionofoverhead water tan#& head room& two number of lifts and two no. of staircases. heground floor is #ept for par#ing and other ;0 floors are for residential purpose. )achfloor is typical and contains < flats which consists of , bed room& a hall and a #itchen&twotoilets& twobalconies. hefloor tofloor height is,.=m. hedetail planandelevations are shown in 8igure No>and 8igure No>respectively. he location of thisbuilding is considered in .une city which comes in III 9eismic zone and ,9 m?secwind zone. he building is ordinary /- 7oment resisting frame with core wall at thecenter of building for lift. he thic#ness of core wall is ,00mm. he thic#ness for theoutter walls is considered as $,0mm and internal walls as ;=0mm. 9oil strata type isconsidered as medium or stiff.he size of overhead water tan# is decided on the basis of per capita waterrequirement. he water required for one person is about ;,= lits per day. "yconsidering < members in a family& we get total water requirement as < x < 8lats x ;05-('.)/0I1 IN/234-I2N8loors x ;,= liters @ $;A00 liters. In addition to that ;=00 liters water is considered forother purposes li#e gardening& cleaning of building& and to full fill some fluctuations inwater demand. herefore total water required is $,;00 liters or $,.;0 -u.m. Now theplan area of head room is ;;.=A 9q.m which gives $m height BIncluding 8ree boardCrequired to accommodate this volume of water. 's the height of water tan# is $m& thenthe water pressure on headroom slab will be $D9.%; #N?mE, @ ;9.A$ #N?mE$ @ $0#N?mE$ approx.'stheregular shapebuildingsareveryeasy to analyzeandarenotdifficult tomodel it& we too# irregular shape building which can impart some practical difficultieswhile modeling it which may not occur in the regular shaped building. 9ummary ofspecifications are given in able No.'ll other structural specifications such as column dimensions& beam dimensions&slabthic#nesses& etc. arementionedinfurtherchaptersalongwithhowtheyweredecided.1.-Ad#anta'es o! Ro$ot Structural Anal.sis o#er ot%er so!t"ares4tility of "uilding /esidentialFocationNarhe& .uneype2f-onstruction /.-.- 8ramed structure'rea of each floorNo 2f 9torey *round + ;0 8loorsype of "uilding /- 7oment resisting frame with core wall.ype according to shape IrregularNo. 2f Fiftswo8loor0o08loor (eight ,.= m2verhead water tan# capacity$,;=0 litres Bi.e ;