CHAPTER Geography Activityteachers.dadeschools.net/rscott/geoact/HWHgeo.pdfHunyuan Feicheng Handan...

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The Emergence of Civilization

Geography ActivityCHAPTER 1

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Holt World History: The Human Journey 1 Geography Activities

ANTHROPOLOGY AND GEOLOGYAccording to tradition, in 1911 a butterfly collector was chasing a butterfly in rural

Tanganyika (now Tanzania) when he nearly fell over the edge of a 300-foot cliff. The cliffturned out to be the edge of Olduvai Gorge. Scholars such as Mary and Louis Leakey,Donald Johanson, and Maurice Taieb later made many discoveries there about the evolu-tion of humans. Most of the fossils at Olduvai Gorge have been found near the junctionof the Main Gorge and the Side Gorge. The large map shows a view of the two gorges.The insert at the top shows a detailed view of the junction of the gorges. The insert at thebottom shows Olduvai Gorge in relation to surrounding geological features in northernTanzania. Study the map below, and answer the questions that follow.

Olduvai Gorge

Main Gorge

Sid

eG

orge

Fi f th F

au l t

Se

co

nd

Fa

ul t

Main Gorge

eSide Gorg

Junction

OlduvaiGorge

Eastern Rift Valley

Rift

Es c

arpm

ent

Seren

geti Plain

LaetoliNgorongoro CraterLemagrut

Lake Natron

LakeManyaru

LakeEyasi

LakeNdutu

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Chapter 1, Geography Activity, continued



1. In what plain does Olduvai Gorge lie?

2. Where is Laetoli in relation to Olduvai Gorge?

3. How might the earthquake faults around Olduvai Gorge affect fossil discoveries?

4. How might Lemagrut, an extinct volcano, have affected the development of fossilbeds at Olduvai Gorge?

Critical Thinking: Place

Anthropologists believe that Olduvai Gorge provides rare opportunities to learn moreabout human development. How does the information on the map support this belief?

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The First Civilizations




THE END OF AN ISLAND CIVILIZATIONCrete rose to the center of the thriving Minoan civilization due in large part to geo-

graphic factors. Crete’s position as a large island with many island neighbors made it a nat-ural shipping center. So did its location between Europe and the great civilizations of AsiaMinor. The people of Crete built a massive shipping fleet to handle trade between the twoareas.

Crete’s fertile soil and mild climate made it self-sufficient in food production. Its pop-ulation turned to developing crafts, trading goods, and administering the powerfulMinoan civilization.

Despite all these advantages, Crete and the Minoans lost their power suddenly. Forcenturies, historians wondered why. Only recently have archaeological and geologicalfinds in the Aegean and Mediterranean seas offered a possible explanation. It nowappears that Crete was badly damaged as a result of volcanic activity on Thera (nowcalled Santorini), an island in the Aegean Sea.

Archaeological evidence showed that sometime between 1500 and 1400 B.C., manytowns in Crete were destroyed. Geologists found a thick layer of volcanic ash buried deepin the sediment below the Aegean and Mediterranean seas. This layer was estimated tohave been there since about 1450 B.C. Finally, the remains of a Minoan town were foundon Thera. The town had been destroyed by a volcano and buried under volcanic ash.

Further study showed that one of the most powerful volcanic eruptions ever knownhad occurred on Thera about 1450 B.C. The force of the volcano had literally blown thetop off the island. It sent rock and ash 20 miles into the atmosphere. The eruptionopened a huge crater 6 miles wide and 2,500 feet deep.

Thera was transformed from one island into five. Sea water rushed in to fill the crater.This massive displacement of water created huge tidal waves that raced toward the northshore of Crete. The waves also washed the shores of all the islands of the Aegean and eventouched the Mediterranean coast. The ash and debris hitting the atmosphere moved east-southeast from Thera at speeds of 200 to 400 miles per hour. Volcanic dust blanketed awide area.

Crete and the Aegean

N

Knossos

GREECE

M e d i t e r r a n e a nS e a

AegeanS

ea

ASIA

MINOR

Crete

Mycenae

1 inch = 130 miles (approx.)

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Geologists theorize that the tidal waves destroyed the Cretan fleet and flooded theland. Volcanic dust covered the eastern half of the island and destroyed crops. Such acatastrophe must have weakened the entire Aegean area. It probably also left the Minoanseasy targets for attack. Study the map on page 3, and answer the questions that follow.

1. What physical features does Crete have that would have encouraged the building of alarge fleet of ships?

2. How far does Crete stretch from east to west?

3. How far is Crete from Thera? (Note that Thera is indicated by an arrow on the map.)

4. Why would the explosion on Thera have deposited more volcanic ash on Asia Minorthan on mainland Greece?

Critical Thinking: Human-Environment Interaction

How could the volcanic eruption on Thera have destroyed crops on Crete? What doesthis suggest about the other environmental changes in the Aegean and Mediterraneanand their effects on human settlements?

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Ancient Indian Civilizations




INDIAN TRADEAround 2500 B.C. a civilization began to develop around the Indus River in what is now

Pakistan and western India. In addition to the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa,archaeologists have uncovered many other sites along the Indus River valley that were partof the Harappan civilization. Ruins of ancient cities show that those ancient people builtdrainage systems that ran into brick-lined sewers. Brick homes many stories high werecommon. They also developed systems of writing and counting and dug canals to irrigatetheir farms. The port of Lothal, for example, had an enclosed shipping dock that was morethan 700 feet long. There also was a sluice gate that made it possible to load ships at highor low tide. At such ports, Harappans exported gold, copper, lapis lazuli, turquoise, timber,ivory and cotton. Examine the map below and answer the questions that follow.

I N D I A N O C E A N

Arabian

Sea Bay of

Bengal

Pers ianGu l f

Caspian

Se

a

Ganges

Indus

Plateau of Tibet

Arabian Peninsula

H I MA L A Y A S

I N D I A

PUNJAB

MAGADHA

ANDHRAANDHRA

GAHDHARA

BACTRIA

A S I A

A F R I C A

E U R O P E

A F R I C A

CELTS

GERMANSBALTS

SLAVS

ITALICSGREEKS

HITTITESARYANS

Mohenjo Daro

Harappa

Kalibangan

Lothal

Ajanta

AjodhyaPataliputra (Patna)

Nalanda

I N D I A N O C E A N

Arabian

Sea Bay of

Bengal

Pers ianGu l f

Caspian

Se

a

Ganges

Indus

Plateau of Tibet

Arabian Peninsula

H I MA L A Y A S

I N D I A

PUNJAB

MAGADHA

ANDHRA

GAHDHARA

BACTRIA

A S I A

E U R O P E

A F R I C A

ARYANS

Mohenjo Daro

Harappa

Kalibangan

Lothal

Ajanta

AjodhyaPataliputra (Patna)

Nalanda

Miller Cylindrical Projection

0 750 1,500 Miles

0 750 1,500 Kilometers

N

W E

S

N

W E

S

Gupta Empirec. A.D. 400Harappan Civilizationc. 1700 B.C.Indo-European MigrationsIndo-Aryan Invasions

Regional Map of India

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1. Trade occurred between the inhabitants of the cities of Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro. What were some of the items exchanged between occupants of these two citiesof the Harappan civilization?

2. Why do you think trade first developed in the southern region along the coast?

3. What type of economic activity do you think took place in the city of Lothal, andwhy?

4. Why do you think trade developed around the three areas of India that are eitherriver basins or coastline? What is it about being close to water that would encouragethat?

Critical Thinking: Economic Independence

How did the exporting of valuable metals and goods add to the quality of life for peoplewho traded with the Harappans?

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Ancient Chinese Civilization




POLITICAL TURMOIL IN CHINABy the early 400s B.C., many Chinese leaders had lost confidence in diplomacy as a

means of resolving disputes. Several states emerged as leading powers. They battled eachother for dominance. By the end of the Era of Warring States, the Qin state had tri-umphed over the others. Examine the map below, and answer the questions that follow.

The Warring States

STATES OFSONG, LU, TENG,AND ZHOU

Changan

Tangshan

Lingyuan

Y e l l o wS e a

E a s tC h i n a

S e a

Tai Lake

PoyangLake

Yangz i

Yellow

(Hua

ng

)

Tao

Jia

l in

g

Hu a i

Hunyuan

Feicheng

Handan

Changzhi

Luoyang

Xinzheng

Shouxian

H an

Tonglushan

Guangze

Changde

Jiangling

Chongqing

Lifan

MeixianHAN

HAN

WEI

WEI

ZHAO

QIN

QI

YAN

ZHOU

CHU

BA

SHU

DIAN TRIBES YUE TRIBES

XIONGNU TRIBES

Yu

an

Xia

ng

WEI

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1. Which state controlled the most territory?

2. Which states had direct access to the Yellow Sea?

3. Which state controlled the cities of Lingyuan and Tangshan?

4. Which state held land in three separate areas?

Critical Thinking: Location

In the struggle to gain control of greater territory, how did the Qin state have geographi-cal advantage over the Han and Wei states?

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The Greek City-States




GREEK ALLIANCESIn the years following the Persian Wars, many Greek city-states banded together for

mutual protection. Two main alliances developed: the Delian League and the Spartanconfederacy. Increasingly, Athens gained control over the Delian League until the alliance was essentially an Athenian empire. Study the map below and answer thequestions that follow.

Athenian Empire, 440 B.C.

A

then

ian

supp

ly li

ne

whe

at fr

om C

entra

l Asi

a

Athens

Rhodes

Corinth

Argos

Thebes

Sparta

Delos

Aegospotami

Byzantium

Halicarnassus

Miletus

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Crete

Samos

Chios

Lesbos

ITALY

MACEDONIA CHALCIDICE

THESSALY

BOEOTIAEUBOEA

ACHAIA

ARCADIA

T H R A C E

P E R S I A N

E M P I R E

Ae

ge

an

Se

a

Io

ni

an

Se

a

non-allied regions

Sparta and allies

Athens and allies

Hellespont

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1. What regions were allied with Athens?

2. What regions were allied with Sparta?

3. Which alliance controlled the Mediterranean coastline near the Persian Gulf?

4. What did Athens import from Central Asia?

Critical Thinking: Movement

Why was control of the Hellespont and the eastern Mediterranean important to Athens?

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Greece’s Golden and Hellenistic Ages




STOPPING ALEXANDER THE GREATDuring their long march eastward toward the Indus River, Alexander the Great and his

army met and overcame many enemies. The most difficult enemies to overcome, however,seemed to come from nature itself. Perhaps the most difficult barrier was the Hindu Kush,the mountain range whose name means “Killer of the Hindus.” These mountains arelocated in what is now northeastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwestern India.

In December of 328 B.C., the snow-covered Hindu Kush blocked Alexander’s path. Hehad to wait until spring to lead his men single file through the narrow Khawak pass,which was 11,650 feet high. The brave troops faced a winding climb and descent.Nevertheless, the troops pushed on until they reached the Indus River a year later. Therethey faced not only a large, well-equipped army, but also drenching monsoon rains.

Monsoons are seasonal winds that blow over the Indian Ocean and the land that sur-rounds it. They are created as a result of the difference in temperature over land and sea.In the spring, the sun’s rays fall more directly on the earth. The land heats up and the airover it becomes hot and dry. The ocean does not warm as quickly, so the air above itremains cooler and more moist. The warm, dry air rises high above the land, creating lowatmospheric pressure. The difference in pressure created by the rising air pulls the cooler,moist air from the southwest, creating monsoon winds. These winds bring torrentialrains with them. The summer rainy season lasts from mid-June to mid-September.

In the fall, the land begins to cool more quickly than the sea, and the reverse situationoccurs. Now the cool air over the land rushes out to replace the rising warm air over thesea. This brings on the winter dry season.

Alexander must not have known about such harsh climate conditions, because hestarted his attack as the monsoon rains began. His men fought on, creating bridges ofboats to cross swollen rivers.Although Alexander’s forces werevictorious, they had had enough.The unending rains had destroyedtheir weapons and food, and forcedthem to live in constantly wet uni-forms. Just as Alexander’s forcesreached the point where India laybefore them for the taking, theyrefused to go on. The monsoons andthe mutiny ended Alexander’s east-ward march, and he began the longjourney home. Study the map andanswer the questions that follow.

NE

Mon

soons

SW

M

onso

ons

N

I n d i a n O c e a n

INDIA

Hi n

d u K u s h

Ind

u s

Ri v

er

r

India and the Monsoons

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1. From what direction did Alexander attempt to invade India?

2. What geographical feature complicated Alexander’s assault on India?

3. How did climate affect Alexander’s assault on India?

4. Did Alexander’s army encounter the southwest monsoons or the northeastmonsoons?


Discuss how advance knowledge of the monsoons might have influenced Alexander’splans to invade India.

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The Roman World




ROME DURING THE REIGN OF AUGUSTUSDuring his reign (31 B.C.–A.D. 14) Augustus worked to transform Rome. He estab-

lished a police force and fire brigade and built and restored several aqueducts. He alsooversaw construction of many buildings throughout the city. In addition, he had the sur-faces of many existing buildings overlaid with marble to improve their appearance andmake them more impressive. The map below shows Rome during Augustus’s reign. Studythe map, and answer the questions that follow.

The City of Rome

Mausoleum ofAugustus

Aq

ua

Vi rg

o

Altar ofAugustan Peace

Horologium of Augustus(solar clock)

T i b e r

Pantheon of Agrippa Saepta Julia(voting enclosure)

Baths of Agrippa

Theater and Cryptof Balbus

Theater of Pompey (55 B.C.)

Portico of Pompey (52 B.C.)

Largo Argentina(3rd century B.C.to 1st century B.C.)

Aqua Marcia(144–140 B.C.)

Aqua Julia

branch ofAqua Julia

Temple of Juno Moneta(4th century B.C.)

Tabularium(official record office)(78 B.C.)

Forum of Julius Caesar(46 B.C.)

Forum of Augustus

Tomb of Livia(wife of Augustus)

Roman ForumTemple ofJupiter Capitolinus(6th century B.C., rebuilt 1st century B.C.)

Temple of Apolloon the Palatine

Circus Maximus(mainly 2nd century B.C. and later)

Aqua Appia(aqueduct–mainly underground) (4th century B.C.)

Porticus Aemilia(market warehouse)(early 1st century B.C.)

Amphitheater ofStatilius Taurus

Tomb of Octavia(sister of Augustus)

Aqua Alsietina

major buildings:

pre-Augustan

Augustan

wall

aqueducts

Theater ofMarcellus

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1. Which temple was constructed during Augustus’s reign?

2. What building is located southwest of the city walls?

3. Which of the buildings inside the city walls were constructed during Augustus’sreign?

4. Which of the buildings outside the city walls were constructed before Augustus’sreign?

Critical Thinking: Location

What reasons might Augustus have had for constructing more public buildings outsidethe city walls than inside the city walls?

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Africa




THE SPREAD OF IRONWORKINGGeographical isolation, climate differences, and geographic diversity were three critical

factors in shaping the cultures of the vast continent of Africa. In East Africa, settlersspread down the Rift Valley from Ethiopia. Of further importance, trans-Saharan tradeincreased after 100 B.C. with the introduction of the domestic camel from Asia. Thesedevelopments aided the spread of iron tools and weapons, which had been introduced bythe Greeks and Carthaginians in the 700s and 600s B.C. Study the map below and answerthe questions that follow.

Ironworking in Africa

early ironworking site

major Iron Age site

spread of iron

limits of cattle domestication

4500

B.C.

3000 B.C.

2000 B.C.

1500 B.C. 1500 B.C.

500 B.C.

A.D. 500

A.D

. 1000

MogadorUtica

Carthage

Cyrene Naucratis

SaïsMemphis

Nuri

NapataMeroe

(500 B.C.)

AdulisAksum

Jebel MoyaDaima

Gao

Taruga(440 B.C.)

Katuruka(400s B.C.)

Jenné

Atwetwebooso

Nok

Ife

Igbo Ukwu

Urewe

Funa River(270 B.C.)

Kwale

KalamboSanga

Lubusi Kamnama

Kapwirimbe

Kalundu

Nkope

ZiwaGokomere

ZimbabweMabueni

Malapati

PhalaborwaCastleCavern

Blackburn

A t l a n t i c

O c e a n

MediterraneanSea

LeptisMagna

I n d i a n

O c e a n

Thebes

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1. In which areas in Africa was iron technology first introduced?

2. In which direction did iron technology spread?

3. What accompanied the introduction of ironworking?

4. Which powerful kingdom was also an early ironworking site?


Based on the map, how do you think ironworking technology spread?

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The Americas




THE MAYA EMPIREThe Yucatán Peninsula was home to the Maya. The Maya people built elaborate cities

throughout their territory. These cities contained temples, ball courts, sacrificial wells,and astronomical observatories. Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

Maya Cities in the Yucatán

C a r i b b e a n

S e a

G u l f o f M e x i c o

P a c i f i c

O c e a n

DzibilchaltúnChichén Itzá

Mayapán Cobá

UxmalTulum

Edzná

Río Bec

Calakmul

Holmul

Tikal

Motul de San José

Seibal

Yaxchilán

Piedras NegrasTonina

Palenque

Copán

Kaminaljuyú

marshy zones

0–660 feet

660–6600 feet

over 6600 feet

archaeological sites

1 inch = 80 miles (approx.)

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1. Which Maya settlement would have been most threatened by hurricanes?

2. Which Maya site is the farthest west?

3. About how far was Chichén Itzá from Uxmal?

4. Which cities were located in marshy zones?

Critical Thinking: Place

How did altitude influence the establishment of Maya cities?

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CHAPTER Geography Activityteachers.dadeschools.net/rscott/geoact/HWHgeo.pdfHunyuan Feicheng Handan...

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