Chapter Four:The Roman Legacy

Culture and Values, 7th Ed.Cunningham and Reich

The Importance of Rome

Cultural achievements Assimilation of influences

Role of musicHistorical division:

Monarchy/ Etruscan Age (753-510 B.C.E.)Republican Rome (509-31 B.C.E.)Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. - C.E. 476)

The Etruscans and Their ArtRome founded in mid-8th c. by LatinsEtruscans gained control by 616 B.C.E.

Urban centers, engineeringSocial, leisure activitiesTrade, expansion

Etruscan ArtPrimitive but sophisticated, natural focusValue emotion over intellectual appeal

The Bride & Bridegroom or Married Couple

[Image 4.2]Capitoline She-Wolf

[Image 4.3]Apollo of Veii

[Image 4.4]Wall painting from the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing

Republican Rome

Etruscan expulsion in 510 B.C.E.New government

Consuls, Senate, Patricians/Plebeians

Political equality / Balance of PowerHortensian Law

Increasing power / expansionSocial and political unrest civil war

[Image 4.6]The Roman Forum

Literary Developments During the Republic

Ennius (239-169 B.C.E.)AnnalsTragedies adapted from Greek models

Plautus (254-184 B.C.E.) and Terence (185-159 B.C.E.)Roman adaptations of Greek comedies

Catullus (80-54 B.C.E.)Roman lyric poetryInfluenced by Sappho

Quintus Ennius

Plautus

Catullus

Literary Developments During the Republic

Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.)CommentariesAssassinated on March 15, 44 B.C.E.

Marcus Tullius CiceroLawyer, oratorEpistolary legacy

Ciceronian RhetoricAlliterationAllusionAnalogyAntithesisCrescendoClimaxHyperboleJuxtapositionMetaphorOnomatopoeiaOxymoronPersonificationSimile

Roman Philosophy and Law Epicureanism

Founded by Epicurus (341-271 B.C.E.)Extolled by Lucretius (99-55 B.C.E.)

Intellectual and rational vs. self-indulgentOn the Nature of Things

Gods play no part in human affairsPleasure and calm composure

Roman Philosophy and LawStoicism

World governed by ReasonRole of Divine ProvidenceRoman Stoics

SenecaEpictetusMarcus Aurelius

Roman Philosophy and Law

Julius Caesar’s Ius CivileLaw of the Twelve TabletsJustinian’s Corpus Iuris CivilisRoman science of law

Legal experts

Natural justice

Republican Art and Architecture

Roman portraitureRealistic detailsExpress outer appearance and inner characterPropagandistic

Architecture as political mediumPublic buildings for glory of leaders

[Image 4.7]Bust of Cicero

Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. - C.E. 476)

Julius Caesar assassinated 44 B.C.E.Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E.)

Octavian vs. Mark AntonyOctavian inaugurated as Augustus (27 B.C.E.)Vast, multiethnic empireEmperor, bureaucracy, civil serviceRoman army

Publius Virgilius Maro (Virgil)

Augustan Literature: Vergil

Roman art promoted Augustan worldviewOfficial, public, served state purposes

Vergil’s AeneidTribute to Rome and AugustusNational epic of RomeHuman destiny and personal responsibility

Eclogues (Bucolics) and Georgics