Chapter Four
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Transcript of Chapter Four
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verb group:
Verbs can consist of one or more than one element as in , for example:
(1a )Sara read the book.
(1b )Sara was reading the book.
(1c )Sara has been reading the book.
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Elements of verbs group 1- lexical verb (V)
2- auxiliary verbs (AUX)
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1 -lexical verb (V):
Carries the meaning
Appears last in the groupForms the head of the verb groupCan appears alone
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2 -auxiliary verbs (AUX):
Means additional ,Giving help
Auxiliary verbs can modify the lexical verb by indicating modality, or aspect , or voice
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Rules:
VP verb group + do
Vgp AUX + V
dO NP
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Tense :
There are two tenses in English ;
1 -Present.
EX: Kate hugs the baby
2 -Past.
EX: Kate hugged the baby
Note: tense affect the form of the lexical verb
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S
NP VP
N Vgp NP ( trans )
AUX V DET N
TENSE
Kate (PRES) hugs the baby
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Modal AuxiliariesMODALITY allow us to express whether a
state of affairs is likely, possible, necessary and so on .
The MODAL auxiliary (MOD) is a feature of the language which allow us such
expression.
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The modal auxiliaries are:
will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must, ought to
and marginally ;
need
dare
used to
Will and would indicate volition or prediction as in :
(7a )Kate will hug the baby )8b( The baby would like a hug
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Can, could, may, and might indicate possibility or probability as
(8a )Kate can hug the baby
(8b )Kate could hug the baby
(8c )The baby might like a hug
Shall, should, must, and ought indicate obligation as in:
(9a )Kate should hug the baby
(9b )The baby must want a hug
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A modal auxiliary does not carry tense and is indicated on the tree diagram, immediately dominated by the AUX node as follows
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The form of the verb which appears after a modal is called the INFINITIVE .
The infinitive carries no ending either for person (as in she hug-s) or for tense (as in hugged). It can appear
with the particle to, to + infinitive ,
Rules to remember: Auxiliaries – modals1. Modal auxiliaries + infinitivee.g. will hug
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The function of entire Vgp is that of Predicator (P). That is :
( 12a )Kate (pres) hugs the babyS P dO
(12b )Kate will hug the baby S P dO
( 12c )The baby )past( cried hourly S P A
(12d )The baby will cry hourly S P A
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Primary Auxiliaries
Auxiliary verbs which are not modals are called PRIMARY auxiliaries .
These are :
have, be, do
Aspect is the relationship of actions or states to periods of time or duration .
There are two kinds of aspect: PERFECT and PROGRESSIV.
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Perfect AspectPerfect aspect (PERF) is indicated by the presence of the auxiliary verb have .
For example:
The dog has eaten the boneSally had been in the garden
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Unlike the modal auxiliaries do carry tense. In a verb group without a modal, it is always the first element which is marked for tense; that is element immediately following TENSE.
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The tree diagram showing the verb group incorporating TENSE and the perfect auxiliary (PERF) is: s
NP
N
sue
VP
VGP(ditra
ns)
AUX
TENSE(Past)
PERF
had
V
given
NP
DET
the
N
dog
NP
DET
a
N
bone
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The functionsue (past) had given the dog a bone. S P iO do
note: the modal auxiliary can also combine with perfect and each element of the verb group dictates the form of the following one. you may be also notice that auxiliaries appear in a fixed order , the modal always precedes the perfect and lexical verb is always lastex: sue may have given the dog a bonelexical V)) (modal) (perfect)
Auxiliaries – perfect aspect2. Perfect aspect have + -en form (past participle)
e.g. Had given
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.
S
NP VP
N
Sue
Vgp
[ditrans]
AUX V
Tense PROG
(Past) was
giving
NP
DET N
the dog
NP
DET
N
a bone
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progressive aspect
progressive aspect (PROG)is indicated by the presence of the auxiliary verb be. For example
Sally is walking along the beach ( present tense ) sally was giving the dog a bone. ( past tense )
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Rules to remember: Auxiliary- progressive aspect
3. Progressive aspect: be + -ing form (present
participle) e.g. Was giving
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The progressive an also combine with modal and/or perfect auxiliaries. Again, each type of auxiliary may appear only once in the verb group and if modal appears, then tense cannot. For example:
(20) Modal + progressive + V
Sue may be giving the dog a bone.(21) Present tense + perfect + progressive + V Sue has been giving the dog a bone.
(22) Modal + perfect + progressive + V Sue may have been giving the dog a bone.
Vgp AUX + LEXICAL VERB
AUX Tense/modal (+ perfect ) (+ progressive )
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Voice Voice refers to whether a sentence or
utterance is in the ACTIVE or the PASSIVE
Active:
(23 )A dog chased that girl.
Passive:
(26 )That girl was chased by a dag .
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Switching the positions of agent and
affected : (24 a )That girl chased a dog .
though this has changed the meaning .( That the dog was doing the chasing (agent ),the girl
was being chased (affected ) ) the verb group has to be modified:
( 24 b )That girl was chased a dog .
Finally , the noun phrase a dog becomes a prepositional phrase:
(24 c )That girl was chased by a dog.
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o remember : Auxiliaries – passive voice
4 . Passive voice : be + en form ( past participle ) e.g. was chased
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*Passives can also appear with other auxiliaries.
For example we could have:
• Modal + passive + V The dog may be given a bone (by Sue).
• Present tens + perfect + passive + V The dog has been given a bone (by Sue).
• Present tens + progressive + passive + V The dog is being given a bone (by Sue).
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All combination are possible but it is important to remember that:
The order is still fixed with passive now coming after tense/modal.
Perfect and progressive be it another auxiliary or the lexical verb.
Vgp Aux + LEXICAL VERBAUX tense/modal(+perfect)(+progressive)
(+passive)
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RULES TO REMEMBER: ORDER OF AUXILIARIES:
1- Tense or modal+ infinitive2- Perfect: have+ -en3- Progressive: be+ -ing4- Passive: be + -en
+ LEXICAL VERB
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Do
Do turns up to lend support to the lexical verb only in certain construction and where there is on other auxiliary verb already presentThe function for do:
The statement
I like bananas
1-nagative verb
I do not like bananas
2-question the statement
Do you like bananas?
3 -provide emphasisYou do like bananasDo as an auxiliary is the first constituent of the verb group and therefore carries tense.
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S
NP VP
PRO Vgp NP(trans)
AUX V N
Tense
She (past) does like bananas
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Do when it appears as auxiliary is followed by a bare infinitive
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Rules to remember: Auxiliary do
do+ infinitive
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