Chapter 9 - 1981 to 1995
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Transcript of Chapter 9 - 1981 to 1995
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Chapter 9 - 1981 to 1995
Workstations, UNIX & the Net
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Next Step - Workstations Inexpensive microprocessor
Motorola 68000 Cost less than mini; more than PC Main Features
UNIX Extensive Networking Capabilities
Idea: Attach these to mainframe rather than dumb terminal
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Apollo - First Workstation Bill Poduska, from Prime Computer Domain: own OS and NW system $40,000 Used for CAD & engineering Mid-1980 - sold 1,000 1989- bought by H.P.
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Sun Microsystems 1982- founded by
Vinod Khosla Also Bill Joy
Grant - UNIX
Stanford University Network Workstation Andy Bechtolsheim
June 1982- SUN-2, $20,000 Berkeley UNIX
First SUN Workstation - 1983
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UNIX AT&T Bell Labs, NJ; Ken Thompson,
Dennis Richie Not a complete OS
Set of tools to manipulate & share files Due to legal actions
AT&T couldn’t sell for profit Universities got license for cheap Commercial could also buy
Open Source 5
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The UNIX Journey Developed in New Jersey
To easily share files; Very frugal Not for masses;
Univ. of Illinois-Champagne-Urbana U.C. Berkeley
Extensively rewritten Bill Joy
Took it to SUN6
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UNIX and Universities Cheap source code Written in C; run any machine with C
compiler Free to modify code - and they did Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
UNIX 1978-Joy offering tapes cheap
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Universities (cont.) 1980 - ARPA backed BSD Version 4.2
Network Protocol TCP/IP ARPA promoted TCP/IP Forever linked UNIX & Internet
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UNIX * Miscellaneous VAX - Berkley UNIX w/ TCP/IP
Helped transform ARPANET to Internet
Vulnerable to viruses Never really challenged Windows
Not even LINUX, yet
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Vax Strategy - 1980’s Offer single architecture (VAX) with single
OS (VMS) in solitary or networked configurations ranging from desktop to mainframe capability
Networking – Ethernet - from Intel & Xerox “The network is the computer.” Several Modes: 11/780, 11/750, MicroVAX
II, 8600 (Venus), 9000
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Vax Strategy Risks Similar to IBM’s “betting the
company” Had to supply customers with
everything without seeming to change too much
Entire line had to be high in quality
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Risks (cont.) Stop marketing own competing H.W.
PDP-10- Outdated Public outcry over PDP-10 &
DECtape Phase out an announcement
Historical Perspective- Pg. 186
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Vax Strategy Results Did not stick with it
1982 - 3 incompatible machines (not IBMPC compatible - fatal)
Strategy went well through 1980’s 1987 stock market crash Competition - UNIX workstations & IBM PC DEC couldn’t recover #2 position Final blow: Did not develop current
architecture13
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RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer IBM-360, DEC VAX
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) 200+ instructions, each Due to slow access core memory Due to immature compilers Trying to close “English Instruction” gap Cheap ROM allowed low cost of CISC
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RISC- More #1 John Cocke, IBM “wild duck”
Improved technology believed smaller set of instructions with more loads & stores would be faster than 370
Experimental: IBM 801, 1979 Did not make market
1980 - Berkeley- RISC Project 1981- Stanford
MIPS (Millions of instructions per second) Skepticism outside university environment Everything else booming - so why change? 15
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RISC - More #2 1987- SUN SPARC- RISC Chip
Scalable Processor Architecture Overcame Skepticism
RISC improved microprocessors speeds faster than mainframe & mini- processors were improving
Sun Licensed SPARC to others Hoped it would become the standard But would not be profitable 16
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RISC – More #2 (cont.)
MIPS computer systems Stanford MIPS project DEC bought RISC chip for workstation Silicon Graphics
1990- IBM R/6000 1990’s early: IBM & Apple
Power PC, Motorola Chip17
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Workstation vs. PC RISC Architecture Scientific & Engineering Apps. Networking (Ethernet) Cost
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Ethernet Developed @ Xerox PARC, 1973 Robert Metcalfe & David Boggs Metcalfe
At MIT in 1969- helped connect PDP-10 to ARPNET – to do same in ‘72 at PARC
Focus @ PARC was local networking PARC Local Network
Data General minis in star technology Expensive, inflexible, not robust
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ALOHAnet To connect among Hawaiian
Islands Radio Signals Wireless Packets of 1000 bits; address of
recipient attached to head of each message
Computers turned to UHF frequency & listened for packets
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Network Features #1 Radio (medium) was passive Computers (Nodes) did the work
Process, queue, route
“Ether”- invisible medium Replaced by coaxial cable
New Computer just taps into cable21
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Network Features #2 Computer “listens” before sending Collision: random pause, try again
If many collisions, send less frequently Math analysis showed would work 1974- Running @ 3 million bps
Arpanet 50 (telephone) - kilobits/sec
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Ethernet Impacts Speed changed relationship between
small and large computers 1st affected workstations, then PC market DEC, INTEL, Xerox: accepted as
standard for VAX DOS/ Early PC chips - not well suited
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Apple PC’s With Lotus 1-2-3, Word Processing,
& dBase III, IBM compatibles began to replace Apples & Word Processors in office environment
Less expensive clones
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“Personal” Computing in Business Employees had personal SW
Not in line with business goals Some sw not very good
Became problem for I.S. people So LAN’s helped to “control” technology
Irony: networking made it not so personal
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Novell Networking practical after 80386 1989 - had half business Complex, expensive, overlaid DOS
File server with software Not as good a UNIX networking with
workstations Backups, messaging, sharing
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Internet LAN’s provided access to Internet Key features
Descendent of ARPANET Packet switching No dedicated line necessary TCP/ IP- standard protocol Open to public, commercial
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Internet Success ARPA’s support; adoption of
TCP/IP in 1980 TCP/IP inclusion into Berkeley
UNIX Not proprietary
Rise in number of LAN’s
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Success (cont.) Ethernet Speeds Grove’s Law
Telecommunication bandwidth doubles every 100 years
Cable, etc. have improved “Last Mile Problem”
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Internet Before WWW Arpanet- goal was resource sharing
FTP, Telnet: had to know location of information Email - did emerge
Groups Bulletin Boards, Discussion Groups, Etc.
Gopher- 1990/91 Univ. of Minnesota Search for Data on campus Spread
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Before WWW (cont.) WAIS - Wide Area Information
System Thinking Machines Corp., Cambridge Searched documents & made index of
words
All were short lived But demonstrated what could be done
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WWW - The Beginning Doug Englebart: mouse + on-line
system, NLS Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper - hypertext Ted Nelson: Xanadu System
Computer Lib/Dream Machines Hypertext: forms of writing which branch or
perform on request; they are best presented on computer display screens
Worked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’s Apple Macintosh HyperCard - 1987 32
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WWW Finally Tim Berners-Lee @ CERN
European particle physics lab Swiss- French border
Features and Goals A shared information space, inclusion Across platforms URL- Uniform Resource Locator
To avoid database restrictions HTTP- to replace FTP HTML 33
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WWW Early Years Slow Start - few but CERN supported Hard to program links Just a few browsers-
Lynx & Viola
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Mosaic Marc Andreessen & Eric Bina
U. of Illinois January 1993- released Mosaic, a
browser, over the Internet Used Mouse, hypercard Links in different color Seamless integration of text and graphics Re-written for Windows and Macintosh
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Netscape Navigator 1994 – Jim Clark, Silicon Graphics
Commercialize Mosaic Univ. of Illinois – objected
Andreessen had been a student there Clark & Andreessen
Netscape Communications Corp Mosaic died
1995 – Public release of stock $28 $58 (day 1) $150
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Chapter 91981-1995
Workstations, UNIX & the Net
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