The Earthquake Catalogues for Turkey · Ambraseys & Finkel 1995). Soysal et al. (1981) presented...

The Earthquake Catalogues for Turkey

ONUR TAN, M. CENG‹Z TAPIRDAMAZ & AHMET YÖRÜK

TÜB‹TAK Marmara Research Center, Earth and Marine Sciences Institute, GebzeTR–41470 Kocaeli, Turkey (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract: The earthquake data from instrumental records in the last 40 years indicate the general seismicity ofthe earth. However, examining historical records is necessary to understand long-term seismicity. Cataloguestudies about historical earthquakes in Turkey are limited. All these catalogues are on printed paper and a digitaldatabase has not yet been prepared. On the other hand, there is no common database for the focal mechanismsolutions of the recent destructive earthquakes (Mw≥5.5) in the region. The present study aims to prepare twonew digital databases for earth scientists so that the earthquake parameters can be reached from a single source.The first one is ‘The Historical Earthquake Catalogue of Turkey’ which includes parameters of the earthquakesoccurring between 2100 B.C. and 1963 A.D. This database contains approximately 2285 events and is presentedas an electronic supplement. The second dataset, ‘The Focal Mechanism Solutions Catalogue of Turkey’, containsfault plane solution parameters of the destructive earthquakes occurring between 1938 and 2004. All availablemechanism solutions of the destructive earthquakes were collected, although the global moment tensor solutionsreported via the internet were not included in the present study.

Key Words: Turkey, historical earthquakes, focal mechanism solutions, earthquake catalogue

Türkiye Deprem Katalo¤u

Özet: Son 40 y›lda aletsel kay›tlardan elde edilen deprem verileri yeryüzünün günümüz depremselli¤ini genelanlamda ortaya ç›karmaya yeterli olmaktad›r. Ancak, uzun dönemli depremselli¤in anlafl›lmas› için tarihsel kay›tlar›nincelenmesi gerekmektedir. Türkiye’de meydana gelmifl tarihsel depremlerle ilgili katalog çal›flmalar› s›n›rl›düzeydedir. Kataloglar›n tamam› ka¤›t ortam›nda mevcuttur ve henüz say›sal ortamda bir veri taban›oluflturulmam›flt›r. Ayr›ca bölgede meydana gelmifl güncel y›k›c› depremlerin (Mw≥5.5) odak mekanizmas›çözümleri için de ortak bir veri taban› yoktur. Yerbilimcilerin bu verilere ortak bir kaynaktan ulaflabilmeleri amac›ylaiki yeni say›sal veri taban› oluflturulmufltur. Bunlardan ilki M.Ö. 2100 ile M.S. 1963 y›llar› aras›nda meydana gelendepremlerin parametrelerini içeren ‘Türkiye Tarihsel Deprem Katalo¤u’dur. Mevcut olan tüm yaz›l› kaynaklarkronolojik s›rayla taranm›flt›r. Bir depreme ait parametre seçilirken ortak referans› en fazla olan de¤er dikkateal›nm›flt›r. Oluflturulan bu katalog yaklafl›k 2285 deprem içermektedir ve elektronik olarak sunulmaktad›r. ‹kinciveri seti ise 1938–2004 y›llar› aras›nda meydana gelmifl y›k›c› depremlerin odak mekanizmas› çözümlerini içeren‘Türkiye Odak Mekanizmas› Çözümleri Katalo¤u’dur. Bu katalog için mevcut olan tüm mekanizma çözümleriderlenmifltir. Ancak internet üzerinden eriflilebilen moment tensör çözümleri veri taban›na dahil edilmemifltir.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Türkiye, tarihsel depremler, odak mekanizmas› çözümleri, deprem katalo¤u

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences (Turkish J. Earth Sci.), Vol. 17, 2008, pp. 405–418. Copyright ©TÜB‹TAKFirst published online 28 December 2007

405

Introduction

Turkey, which is a natural laboratory for earth sciences,covers one of the most seismically active regions on theearth. The complex plate interaction among Arabia,Eurasia and Africa has created different fault systems inAnatolia and the surrounding region. The northwardmotion of the Arabian Plate has resulted in continentalcollision in Eastern Turkey and the Caucasus. Althoughthrust faults have been observed in the east, there areseveral active strike-slip fault segments that generatedestructive earthquakes (Mw>5.5). The North Anatolian

Fault System (NAFS) and the East Anatolian Fault System(EAFS) are the main strike-slip fault belts in Turkey.These fault systems facilitate the westward escape of theAnatolian micro-plate. Normal fault systems are dominantin western and central Anatolia because of the north-south extensional regime in the Aegean.

Earthquake data collected over the last 40 yearsindicate that most earthquakes occur in eastern andwestern Anatolia, and on the two main fault systems(NAFS and EAFS). Existing digital databases areinadequate to study the long-term seismicity and

EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUE OF TURKEY

406

recurrence interval of the large earthquakes in the region,so more data needs to be collected in order to increaseinformation about historical events. Cataloguing historicaldata is very important to access the earthquakeinformation easily. For this purpose, in this study, twonew digital datasets have been created on theearthquakes in Turkey. The first one is ‘The HistoricalEarthquake Catalogue of Turkey’, which includesparameters of the earthquakes occurring between 2100B.C. and 1963 A.D. The second dataset is ‘The FocalMechanism Solutions Catalogue of Turkey’ that includesfaulting parameters of the destructive earthquakesoccurring between 1938 and 2004.

Databases

The Historical Earthquake Catalogue of Turkey

(2100 B.C. – 1963 A.D.)

There are several printed catalogues about historicalearthquakes in Turkey and the surrounding area (Pınar &Lahn 1952; Ergin et al. 1967, 1971; Soysal et al. 1981;Güçlü et al. 1986; Ambraseys & Finkel 1995; Ambraseys& Jackson 1998). There are also some reports thatcannot be accessed easily, so it is necessary to compilevarious catalogues and make a digital database.

Two important publications contain information abouthistorical earthquakes in Turkey (Soysal et al. 1981;Ambraseys & Finkel 1995). Soysal et al. (1981)presented 1175 events occurring between 2100 B.C. and1900 A.D. Ambraseys & Finkel (1995) gave details andmaps about historical earthquakes of the region.However, some earlier reports became a basis for recentstudies. The first one, prepared by Pınar & Lahn (1952),contains information about destructive earthquakes butgives no data on their coordinates and magnitudes. Erginet al. (1967) compiled the first detailed catalogueaccording to accepted methods and recommended by theUNESCO Intergovernmental Meeting on Seismology andEarthquake Engineering (April 21–30, 1964, Paris,UNESCO/NS/SEISM/5). This catalogue includes epicentrecoordinates and intensity of the events from 11 to 1964.The updated version of the catalogue was published byErgin et al. (1971). The historical earthquakes of Turkeyare also given in the databases of neighboring countries(i.e. Guidoboni et al. 1994; Papazachos et al. 1997;Shebalin & Tatevossian 1997; Kondorskaya & Ulomov1999).

In this study, all the references are chronologicallysearched and all the available historical events wereinserted into a new catalogue. All the previouspublications reported only large events and most of themgave different parameters for the same earthquake.Therefore, while selecting parameters for an event, onlythe widely accepted values in different publishedcatalogues were used. There are also many events havingno magnitude. Ergin et al. (1967, 1971) presented onlyintensity values for the historical earthquakes usingreported damage and gave no information for themagnitudes. The intensity-magnitude relation formula(M*= 0.592IO + 1.63) as given by ‹pek et al. (1965),used in other catalogues, was used also here to calculateapproximate magnitude (M*) from intensity (IO).

All available parameters of the historical earthquakesbetween 34°–43°N and 25°–46°E were collected asshown in Figure 1. Because of approximately 2285entries, the parameters could only be presented as anelectronic supplement. The date, time, location,magnitude and depth information of the earthquakes aregiven in a single text file. Table 1 shows the columnstructure and the reference abbreviations in the database.The list was terminated at the end of 1963 because theISC began to report earthquake informationsystematically from 1964 on. The USGS-NEIC also has alarge database beginning from 1973. Bo¤aziçi UniversityKandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute(KOERI), European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre(EMSC) and Engdhal et al. (1998) also give earthquakelists for the period of instrumental seismology. Thesedatabases can easily be reached via the Internet.

The Focal Mechanism Solutions Catalogue of Turkey(1938–2004)

Focal mechanism solutions are one of the important partsof active tectonic studies. Shida (Kyota University) firstdiscovered a systematic distribution of the two senses ofP-wave polarity in azimuth about epicenter (Kasahara1981). Then, Byerly (1955) proposed a simple and quickgraphical technique to use P-wave polarity data, in whichall available P-wave up (compression) and down(dilatation) polarity readings from the station records arecollected and plotted on a stereonet. The up and downpolarity groups are divided by two perpendicular lines(fault and auxiliary planes). The power of solutiondepends on a high number of clear polarity around the

O. TAN ET AL.

407

Figu

re 1

.Se

ism

icity

map

of

Turk

ey.

Red

cir

cles

rep

rese

nt h

isto

rica

l ear

thqu

akes

giv

en in

the

dat

abas

e. P

rese

nt d

ay e

arth

quak

e ac

tivity

(M

≥4.

0; I

SC,

2001

) is

sho

wn

with

whi

teci

rcle

s. T

he t

hick

line

is t

he b

ound

ary

for

the

hist

oric

al e

arth

quak

e da

taba

se.


408

epicentre. Because the nearest stations to the earthquakesource are located at the edge of the stereonet, the planesare confined, thus decreasing the error in the solution.The P-wave first motion polarity method lets us defineonly the strike and dip angles of the both nodal (fault andauxiliary) planes.

Computers have been used in earthquake waveanalysis since the 1980s. By using computers, aseismologist can determine faulting parameters moreaccurately with complex mathematical models than everbefore. Modelling shape and amplitude of wavesimproves observation details of the source parameters.For this purpose, P and S phases of earthquakewaveforms from several stations are collected andanalyzed with inversion techniques. Many parameters,such as strike, dip, rake, centroid depth and seismicmoment can be found with earthquake waveforminversion. Energy release as a function of time, meaningrupture history of an earthquake, is also determined inthat inversion method. Changes of synthetic waveformsgive more realistic error values for faulting parameters.

Several focal mechanism solutions have been reportedin various publications for the Turkish earthquakes.Therefore, researchers must search all of these foravailable solutions in their study area. When all thesolutions are imported into a single database, a veryuseful resource is established for further studies. In thisstudy, all available P-wave first motion and bodywaveform inversion solutions of the destructiveearthquakes have been collected (Table 2, Figure 2).

However, the global moment tensor solutions reportedby Harvard University and USGS have not yet beenincluded. These databases can be accessed on the websites and solution details can be obtained from the ftpservers (http://www.globalcmt.org/; http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/sopar/).

Coordinate and time information for a givenearthquake may have been reported differently inprevious studies. As inconsistencies may arise due todifferent epicentre databases (i.e. ISC, USGS) orpreliminary information, the ISC parameters are used inthis study for all events in order to standardize the timeand coordinate parameters. Nevertheless, the parametersof the earthquakes that occurred before 1964 weretaken from the ISS (International SeismologicalSummary). The first and second nodal plane values aregiven in degrees and are in agreement with Aki &Richards (1980) convention. Most of the first motionsolutions were not given according to Aki & Richards’convention. Additionally, some of the nodal planes werenot perpendicular and rake angles were not reported inthe publications. Also, several typographical errors werefound in these papers. Hence, the parameters werechanged by a few degrees to calculate both nodal planesbut deranging tectonic meaning of the solution was notallowed. 74 first motion and 87 inversion solutions werecollected for 108 earthquakes, occurring between 1938and 2004. The faulting parameters are summarized inTable 2 and the lower hemisphere equal area projectionplots are shown in Figure 3.

Table 1. Description of the parameters in the historical earthquake database. A sample table is given below. The latitude and longitude of the eventsare given in the first and second columns. Calculated surface (Ms) and moment (Mw) magnitudes that were reported in the originalreference are shown in the third and fourth columns. M refers to unknown magnitude type. M* represents magnitude which was calculatedwith the intensity relation formula (‹pek et al. 1965). Column five is the depth of the event. The date and time are given in the sixth andseventh columns. The dates B.C. are represented with negative (-) sign. Column eight is the reference. AJ: Ambraseys & Jackson (1998);AJ2: Ambraseys & Jackson (2000); EG: Guidoboni et al. (1994); HS: Soysal et al. (1981); KE: Ergin et al. (1967, 1971); KU: Kondorskaya& Ulomov (1999); PA: Papazachos et al. (1997); ST: Shebalin & Tatevossian (1997).

Latitude Longitude Magnitude Magnitude Depth Date Time Ref.(°) (°) Type (km) (yy mm dd) (hhmmss)

35.50 25.50 -2100 HS35.50 25.50 -1890 HS

– – – – – – – –39.10 43.90 7.00 Ms 15.0 1695 04 15 ST

– – – – – – – –40.65 29.00 6.10 Mw 20.0 1903 05 26 0609 KU

– – – – – – – –34.10 24.90 5.18 M* 1938 01 02 105444 KE

– – – – – – – –38.40 45.30 4.50 M 33.0 1963 12 31 151808 KE

O. TAN ET AL.

409

No

Dat

eTi

me

Lat.

Lon.

mb

Ms

FDS1

D1

R1

S2D

2R

2h

Mo

Sol.

Faul

tR

ef.

(dd

mm

yy)

(hh:

mm

:ss)

(°)

(°)

(Km

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(K

m)

(1016

Nm

)Ty

peTy

pe

119

04

1938

10:5

9:17

39.5

033

.70

—6.

835

3060

429

887

150

——

FMLL

JM84

226

12

1939

23:5

7:16

39.7

039

.70

—8.

035

108

8615

120

061

4—

—FM

RLw

RM

K72

320

06

1943

15:3

2:50

40.8

030

.40

6.2

—35

8690

166

176

760

——

FMR

LM

K72

423

07

1949

15:0

3:30

38.6

026

.30

6.8

——

250

56-1

4914

165

-38

——

FMR

LwN

MK

725

13 0

8 19

5118

:33:

3040

.80

33.4

06.

8—

—81

70-1

7234

883

-20

——

FMR

LM

K72

618

03

1953

19:0

6:13

40.0

027

.30

7.1

——

150

8414

5976

174

——

FMLL

MK

727

16 0

7 19

5507

:07:

1037

.60

27.2

06.

8—

—55

51-1

3329

255

-49

6—

FMN

wR

LM

K72

820

02

1956

20:3

1:37

39.9

030

.40

6.0

——

140

56-5

126

450

-133

9—

FMN

wLL

MK

729

24 0

4 19

5719

:10:

1336

.37

28.5

96.

9—

4883

6316

346

7615

250

—FM

LLM

K72

1025

04

1957

02:2

5:42

36.4

728

.56

7.1

—53

5885

1932

571

174

0—

FMLL

MK

7211

26 0

5 19

5706

:33:

3440

.67

30.8

67.

0—

—87

7818

035

890

-12

0—

FMR

LM

K72

1225

04

1959

00:2

6:39

37.9

728

.50

6.1

——

6576

-70

188

24-1

4443

—FM

Nw

LLM

K72

1318

09

1963

16:5

8:08

40.8

029

.13

6.2

——

118

20-6

927

670

-97

33—

FMN

wLL

MK

7226

870

-125

152

40-3

233

—FM

Nw

RL

JM84

304

56-8

211

035

-102

1596

IN

T91a

1414

06

1964

12:1

5:31

38.1

338

.51

5.5

—3

080

-90

180

10-9

08

—FM

NM

K72

227

29-2

834

277

-116

1163

ILL

wN

T91b

1506

10

1964

14:3

1:23

40.3

028

.23

6.0

—34

122

54-9

030

236

-90

10—

FMN

MK

7227

340

-95

101

44-8

7—

—FM

NP9

111

040

-90

290

50-9

014

410

IN

T91a

1613

06

1965

20:0

1:50

37.8

529

.32

5.1

—33

101

70-9

028

120

-90

16—

FMN

MK

7225

938

-90

7962

-90

——

FMN

P91

102

67-1

0030

625

-68

——

FMN

W93

1723

08

1965

14:0

8:58

40.5

126

.17

5.2

—33

177

416

8286

131

12—

FMLL

CT71

1807

03

1966

01:1

6:08

39.2

041

.60

5.2

—26

310

6014

360

5836

38—

FMR

LwR

MK

7295

6512

521

642

3910

36I

Rw

RL

T97

1927

04

1966

19:4

8:51

38.1

442

.52

4.9

—28

195

67-1

729

274

-156

40—

FMLL

MK

7220

19 0

8 19

6612

:22:

1039

.17

41.5

65.

8—

—30

464

147

5061

3033

—FM

RLw

RM

K72

100

6513

021

746

3610

833

IR

wR

LT9

721

20 0

8 19

6611

:59:

0939

.42

40.9

85.

3—

1410

486

-166

1376

-412

—FM

RL

MK

7210

090

177

190

870

1015

9I

RL

T97

2210

12

1966

17:0

8:33

41.0

933

.56

4.8

—13

7590

180

345

900

13—

FMR

LM

K72

2307

04

1967

18:3

3:31

37.3

636

.24

4.9

—32

090

-90

180

0-9

039

—FM

NM

K72

4780

-62

156

30-1

5939

—FM

Nw

LLJM

8424

22 0

7 19

6716

:56:

5840

.67

30.6

96.

0—

—93

9018

03

900

4—

FMR

LM

K72

Tabl

e 2.

The

eart

hqua

ke f

ocal

mec

hani

sm s

olut

ion

cata

logu

e of

Tur

key

(193

8–20

04).

Tim

e, la

titud

e (L

at.)

, lo

ngitu

de (

Lon.

), b

ody

(mb)

and

sur

face

(M

s) m

agni

tude

s an

d fo

cal d

epth

(FD

) of

each

eve

nt a

re f

rom

ISC

data

base

(IS

C 20

01).

Str

ike

(S),

dip

(D

) an

d ra

ke (

R)

valu

es o

f 1st

and

2ndno

dal p

lane

s ar

e gi

ven

in d

egre

es. h

rep

rese

nts

foca

l dep

th g

iven

by

the

auth

or f

orth

e fir

st m

otio

n so

lutio

ns (

FM)

and

cent

roid

dep

th f

or t

he b

ody

wav

efor

m in

vers

ion

solu

tions

(I)

. Fa

ult

type

acc

ordi

ng t

o th

e ra

ke a

ngel

s is

als

o gi

ven

(see

the

tex

t).

The

last

col

umn

is u

sed

for

abbr

evia

tions

for

ref

eren

ce. m

ul.r

efer

s to

foc

al m

echa

nism

sol

utio

n of

the

mul

tiple

of

that

eve

nt. A

86: A

lpte

kin

et a

l.(1

986)

; AK

00: A

ktar

et a

l.(2

000)

; BN

96: B

raun

mill

er&

Náb

elek

(19

96);

C72

: Ca

nıte

z (1

972)

; CT

71:

Canı

tez

& T

oksö

z (1

971)

; Ca

02:

Çalıfl

kan

(200

2);

E99:

Eyi

do¤a

n et

al.

(199

9);

EB96

: Ey

ido¤

an &

Bar

ka (

1996

); E

J85:

Eyi

do¤a

n &

Jack

son

(198

5);

F97:

Fue

nzal

ida

et a

l.(1

997)

; JK

82:

Jack

son

et a

l.(1

982)

; JM

84:

Jack

son

& M

cKen

zie

(198

4);

K83

: K

udo

(198

3);

MK

72:

McK

enzi

e (1

972)

; M

K78

: M

cKen

zie

(197

8); N

84: N

ábel

ek (

1984

); P

91: P

apaz

acho

set

al.

(199

1); P

I98:

Pın

ar (

1998

); R

04: R

oum

elio

ti et

al.

(200

4); S

83: fi

engö

ret

al.

(198

3); T

91a,

b: T

aym

azet

al.

(199

1a, b

); T

92:

Taym

az &

Pri

ce (

1992

); T

93:

Taym

az (

1993

); T

96:

Taym

az (

1996

); T

97:

Taym

az (

1997

); T

99:

Taym

az (

1999

); T

an04

: Ta

n (2

004)

; TI

01:

Tibi

et a

l.(2

001)

; To

78:

Toks

özet

al.

(197

8); T

T99:

Tay

maz

& T

an (

1999

); T

T01a

: Tan

& T

aym

az (

2001

); T

T01b

: Tay

maz

& T

an (

2001

);TT

03a,

b: T

an &

Tay

maz

(20

03a,

b);

TT0

4: T

an &

Tay

maz

(20

04);

TT0

5: T

an&

Tay

maz

(20

05);

TT0

6: T

an &

Tay

maz

(20

06);

TTY

04:

Taym

az e

t al

.(20

04);

U03

: U

tkuc

u et

al.

(200

3);

W99

: W

righ

tet

al.

(199

9).


410

278

88-1

7518

885

-2—

—FM

RL

C72

275

88-1

7818

588

-212

7500

IR

LT9

1a25

26 0

7 19

6718

:53:

0139

.54

40.3

85.

6—

—10

284

162

194

726

33—

FMR

LM

K72

101

86-1

6410

74-4

14—

FMR

LCT

7110

075

-165

676

-16

865

IR

LT9

726

30 0

7 19

6701

:31:

0140

.72

30.5

25.

4—

1815

144

-67

301

50-1

1016

—FM

Nw

LLM

K72

2729

04

1968

17:0

1:55

39.2

444

.23

5.3

—17

5970

2632

066

158

34—

FMLL

wR

MK

7228

03 0

9 19

6808

:19:

5241

.81

32.3

95.

7—

521

065

139

320

5432

5—

FMR

LwR

MK

7219

682

158

284

687

——

FMR

LwR

fi83

232

7416

332

673

16—

—FM

RL

K83

213

6815

331

566

255

—FM

RLw

RJM

8428

3880

221

5398

439

0I

RA8

626

4075

225

5210

24

400

IR

TT99

2914

01

1969

23:1

2:06

36.1

129

.19

5.6

—22

100

7482

306

1811

533

—FM

RM

K72

3003

03

1969

00:5

9:10

40.0

827

.50

5.6

——

219

6545

107

5014

74

—FM

LLw

RM

K72

6040

6826

853

107

550

IR

wLL

T91a

3123

03

1969

21:0

8:42

39.1

428

.48

5.6

—9

7046

-117

287

50-6

412

—FM

Nw

RL

MK

7211

234

-90

292

56-9

08

98I

NEJ

8532

25 0

3 19

6913

:21:

3439

.25

28.4

45.

5—

3790

40-1

0428

851

-79

23—

FMN

MK

7290

40-1

0428

851

-79

817

0I

NEJ

8533

28 0

3 19

6901

:48:

2938

.55

28.4

65.

9—

410

161

-90

281

29-9

09

—FM

NM

K72

281

34-9

010

156

-90

—20

00I

NEJ

8534

06 0

4 19

6903

:49:

3338

.47

26.4

15.

6—

1611

660

-90

296

30-9

014

—FM

NM

K72

3530

04

1969

20:2

0:32

39.1

228

.52

5.0

—8

292

46-6

578

49-1

149

—FM

Nw

RL

MK

7236

28 0

3 19

7021

:02:

2339

.21

29.5

16.

0—

1812

855

-90

308

35-9

020

—FM

NM

K78

280

30-9

010

060

-90

10—

FMN

P91

308

35-9

012

855

-90

1087

50I

NEJ

8537

28 0

3 19

7023

:11:

4339

.15

29.5

64.

8—

3177

33-1

0727

758

-79

37—

FMN

MK

7813

349

-84

304

41-9

78

51I

NBN

9638

16 0

4 19

7010

:42:

2239

.02

29.9

15.

4—

3128

031

-100

112

60-8

49

—FM

NM

K78

280

31-1

0011

260

-84

827

IN

EJ85

3919

04

1970

13:2

9:36

39.0

329

.76

5.5

—18

104

24-9

028

466

-90

20—

FMN

MK

7828

466

-90

104

24-9

08

194

IN

EJ85

4023

04

1970

09:0

1:26

39.1

328

.65

5.2

—28

7750

-96

267

40-8

218

—FM

NM

K78

4112

05

1971

06:2

5:15

37.6

429

.72

5.5

—30

222

42-1

0764

50-7

523

—FM

NM

K78

6840

-90

247

50-9

010

—FM

NP9

123

035

-105

6856

-80

1260

IN

T92

4212

05

1971

10:1

0:37

37.6

029

.68

5.3

—36

214

90-9

034

0-9

033

—FM

NM

K78

7314

-90

253

76-9

010

—FM

NP9

143

12 0

5 19

7112

:57:

2437

.58

29.6

05.

3—

3321

075

-90

3015

-90

33—

FMN

MK

7879

22-7

224

170

-97

10—

FMN

P91

235

65-8

953

25-9

212

25I

NT9

244

22 0

5 19

7116

43

5938

.85

40.5

25.

9—

323

286

-832

382

-176

3—

FMLL

JM84

231

823

141

8717

29

580

ILL

T91b

Tabl

e 2.

(Con

tinue

d)

No

Dat

eTi

me

Lat.

Lon.

mb

Ms

FDS1

D1

R1

S2D

2R

2h

Mo

Sol.

Faul

tR

ef.

(dd

mm

yy)

(hh:

mm

:ss)

(°)

(°)

(Km

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(K

m)

(1016

Nm

)Ty

peTy

pe

O. TAN ET AL.

411

4525

05

1971

05:4

3:26

39.0

529

.71

5.7

—16

9537

-109

298

55-7

624

—FM

NM

K78

298

55-7

796

37-1

086

95I

NEJ

8546

14 0

3 19

7214

:05:

4639

.32

29.4

75.

3—

3827

755

-92

101

35-8

733

—FM

NM

K78

No

Dat

eTi

me

Lat.

Lon.

mb

Ms

FDS1

D1

R1

S2D

2R

2h

Mo

Sol.

Faul

tR

ef.

(dd

mm

yy)

(hh:

mm

:ss)

(°)

(°)

(Km

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(K

m)

(101

6Nm

)Ty

peTy

pe

4727

03

1975

05:1

5:07

40.4

526

.12

5.5

——

4160

-128

279

46-4

35

—FM

Nw

RL

MK

7868

55-1

4531

662

-41

1520

0I

RLw

NT9

1a48

30 0

4 19

7504

:28:

5736

.19

30.7

45.

6—

6172

6074

283

3311

656

—FM

RM

K78

4906

09

1975

09:2

0:11

38.5

140

.77

6.0

—32

244

5454

114

5012

810

—FM

Rw

LLJM

8427

050

5014

354

127

510

00I

Rw

LLN

8450

24 1

1 19

7612

:22:

1539

.05

44.0

46.

1—

1034

286

168

7378

480

0—

FMR

LTo

7811

574

174

206

8416

36—

FMR

LJM

8411

376

-178

2388

-14

636

00I

RL

T97

5125

03

1977

02:3

9:58

38.5

840

.03

5.0

—29

232

86-8

323

82-1

7621

—FM

LLJM

8452

26 0

5 19

7701

:35:

1338

.93

44.3

85.

2—

3838

90-2

012

870

180

37—

FMLL

JM84

5301

06

1977

12:5

4:49

36.1

631

.30

5.6

—68

3090

012

090

180

67—

FMLL

JM84

5405

10

1977

05:3

4:43

41.0

233

.57

5.3

—10

258

8017

834

888

1033

—FM

RL

JM84

7065

155

171

6727

858

IR

LwR

TT99

5516

12

1977

07:3

7:29

38.4

127

.19

5.3

—24

9028

-116

300

62-7

634

—FM

Nw

RL

JK82

5628

05

1979

09:2

7:33

36.4

631

.72

5.8

5.3

111

256

78-9

076

12-9

098

—FM

NJM

8457

14 0

6 19

7911

:44:

4538

.79

26.5

75.

95.

715

266

36-1

0510

456

-80

23—

FMN

JK82

262

41-1

0810

551

-75

867

IN

T91a

5831

12

1979

06:2

1:35

36.2

231

.49

5.3

4.9

9314

080

9032

010

9079

—FM

RJM

8459

27 0

9 19

8323

:59:

3936

.72

26.9

35.

4—

160

261

2012

249

7380

160

—FM

Rw

RL

P91

6030

10

1983

04:1

2:28

40.3

542

.18

6.0

6.8

1621

564

712

284

154

980

0I

LLE9

922

052

512

786

142

995

0I

LLTT

0661

30 1

0 19

8312

:40:

2540

.45

42.1

75.

35.

131

240

87-1

133

179

-177

612

ILL

E99

6218

09

1984

13:2

6:02

40.9

042

.24

5.3

5.5

1020

481

1111

279

171

914

ILL

E99

6318

10

1984

09:4

6:21

40.7

942

.48

5.3

5.2

1926

158

5413

547

133

108

IR

wLL

E99

6405

05

1986

03:3

5:38

38.0

237

.79

5.7

5.8

427

349

3116

167

135

411

2I

LLw

RT9

1b65

06 0

6 19

8610

:39:

4738

.01

37.9

15.

55.

611

275

2730

158

7711

42

90I

LLw

RT9

1b66

11 1

0 19

8609

:00:

1037

.94

28.5

65.

45.

45

275

35-7

071

57-1

0315

17I

Nw

LLT9

367

20 0

4 19

8803

:50:

0539

.11

44.1

25.

15.

148

106

70-1

6410

75-2

15

7I

RL

TT04

6825

06

1988

16:1

5:38

38.5

043

.07

5.3

5.0

4987

4413

421

460

5614

15I

Rw

RL

TT04

6927

04

1989

23:0

6:52

37.0

428

.17

5.3

5.0

1210

633

-70

263

59-1

0314

6I

Nw

LLTT

Y04

7028

04

1989

13:3

0:20

37.0

328

.11

5.1

5.1

1791

35-9

728

055

-85

816

IN

TTY0

471

18 0

7 19

9011

:29:

2637

.00

29.5

75.

14.

926

6652

-114

282

44-6

28

13I

Nw

RL

TTY0

472

13 0

3 19

9217

:18:

3939

.72

39.6

36.

16.

823

122

63-1

6425

76-2

89

1050

IR

LF9

712

878

-170

3380

-12

1214

75I

RL

T96

7315

03

1992

16:1

6:25

39.5

339

.93

5.4

5.8

2925

661

5712

943

134

470

IR

wLL

F97

240

6535

134

5915

05

65I

LLw

RT9

674

06 1

1 19

9219

:08:

1038

.11

26.9

55.

56.

017

255

85-1

5816

368

-513

153

IR

LwN

TT01

a

Tabl

e 2.

(Con

tinue

d)

No

Dat

eTi

me

Lat.

Lon.

mb

Ms

FDS1

D1

R1

S2D

2R

2h

Mo

Sol.

Faul

tR

ef.

(dd

mm

yy)

(hh:

mm

:ss)

(°)

(°)

(Km

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(K

m)

(1016

Nm

)Ty

peTy

pe


412

7528

01

1994

15:4

5:25

38.6

927

.50

5.2

5.1

1025

943

-121

119

54-6

48

15I

Nw

RL

TTY0

476

24 0

5 19

9402

:05:

3638

.69

26.5

35.

05.

210

273

48-1

2213

651

-60

1316

IN

wR

LTT

Y04

7713

11

1994

06:5

6:01

36.9

229

.05

4.9

4.9

1013

855

-66

280

42-1

2012

8I

Nw

LLTT

Y04

7801

10

1995

15:5

7:12

38.0

630

.15

5.8

6.1

513

540

-105

334

52-7

88

38I

NEB

9630

951

-94

135

39-8

510

210

IN

PI98

136

43-8

731

247

-93

431

0I

NW

9911

341

-119

329

55-6

78

185

IN

wR

LTT

Y04

130

39-8

630

551

-93

616

6m

ul.

N79

05 1

2 19

9518

:49:

3239

.43

40.1

15.

35.

726

134

7615

523

066

1513

46I

RLw

RTT

03b

8002

04

1996

07:5

9:24

37.8

426

.97

5.2

5.0

1126

946

-125

134

54-5

99

9I

Nw

RL

TT03

a81

22 0

1 19

9717

:57:

2336

.19

35.9

45.

35.

545

217

19-1

632

285

-108

489

ILL

Ca02

8204

04

1998

16:1

6:49

38.1

030

.15

4.9

4.6

1915

445

-74

311

47-1

066

9I

NTT

Y04

8313

04

1998

15:1

4:32

39.3

141

.07

4.8

4.8

1595

7017

018

881

2010

6I

RL

Tan0

484

27 0

6 19

9813

:55:

5436

.85

35.3

35.

56.

147

5085

1031

980

175

3336

3I

LLAK

0051

7717

317

7316

620

292

ILL

Tan0

485

25 0

7 19

9906

:56:

5439

.33

27.9

84.

94.

915

255

60-1

5615

269

-32

94

IR

LwN

TTY0

486

17 0

8 19

9900

:01:

3940

.76

29.9

66.

17.

717

270

83-1

7918

089

-7?

1470

0I

RL

TI01

9289

-177

287

-19

1200

0I

RL

T99

8713

09

1999

11:5

5:28

40.7

530

.08

5.6

5.7

1026

027

162

682

6412

42I

RL

T99

8805

10

1999

00:5

3:28

36.7

528

.24

4.8

4.7

1755

48-7

521

344

-106

1513

IN

TTY0

489

11 1

1 19

9914

:41:

2340

.75

30.2

55.

45.

57.

529

440

174

2986

5017

35I

RL

T99

9012

11

1999

16:5

7:20

40.8

131

.19

6.2

7.4

1026

362

-176

171

86-2

8?

4700

IR

LTI

0127

659

-167

179

79-3

214

4500

IR

LT9

991

03 1

2 19

9917

:06:

5440

.41

42.3

65.

35.

513

226

731

136

8916

36

27I

LLTT

0692

21 0

4 20

0012

:23:

0937

.88

29.3

64.

84.

820

316

72-7

596

23-1

286

6I

NTT

Y04

9306

06

2000

02:4

1:50

40.7

032

.98

5.5

6.0

102

46-2

911

370

-132

813

0I

LLw

NTT

01b

358

47-3

010

969

-133

810

0I

LLw

NU

0394

15 1

1 20

0015

:05:

3738

.41

42.9

55.

25.

448

100

6411

123

933

5418

38I

Rw

RL

Tan0

495

15 1

2 20

0016

:44:

4738

.40

31.3

35.

15.

810

294

40-8

010

151

-98

813

0I

NTT

Y04

9625

06

2001

13:2

8:48

37.1

936

.23

5.3

4.8

1016

950

-94

355

40-8

54

14I

NTa

n04

9703

02

2002

07:1

1:31

38.5

231

.20

5.6

6.4

2229

569

-60

5736

-142

740

1I

Nw

LLTT

Y04

258

49-6

239

48-1

187

342

mul

.N

wLL

315

74-4

963

4615

619

75I

Nw

LLR

0427

554

-43

3457

-135

831

5m

ul.

LLw

N98

03 0

2 20

0209

:26:

4638

.63

30.8

85.

65.

625

3750

-75

194

42-1

0710

69I

NTT

Y04

9927

01

2003

05:2

6:23

39.4

839

.85

5.5

6.0

1060

71-1

315

478

-161

1013

2I

LLTa

n04

100

10 0

4 20

0300

:40:

1638

.25

26.8

95.

35.

511

7085

165

161

755

842

IR

LTT

03a

101

01 0

5 20

0300

:27:

0539

.00

40.4

65.

76.

310

336

80-1

7824

688

-10

1031

8I

RL

TT04

102

06 0

7 20

0319

:10:

2840

.45

26.0

45.

15.

517

170

8010

7880

170

646

ILL

TTY0

410

313

07

2003

01:4

8:22

38.2

738

.98

5.3

5.3

1355

756

323

8416

56

15I

LLTa

n04

104

25 0

3 20

0419

:30:

4839

.93

40.8

85.

05.

410

188

8415

9675

174

1216

ILL

Tan0

410

528

03

2004

03:5

1:09

39.9

540

.96

5.2

5.3

518

376

2985

6216

47

13I

LLw

RTa

n04

106

11 0

8 20

0415

:48:

2538

.34

39.2

55.

35.

47

6680

-515

785

-170

423

ILL

TT05

107

03 0

8 20

0413

:11:

3136

.86

27.7

84.

84.

510

6739

-99

258

52-8

211

5I

NTT

Y04

108

04 0

8 20

0403

:01:

0636

.84

27.7

85.

25.

110

5039

-105

249

53-7

87

17I

NTT

Y04

Tabl

e 2.

(Con

tinue

d)

No

Dat

eTi

me

Lat.

Lon.

mb

Ms

FDS1

D1

R1

S2D

2R

2h

Mo

Sol.

Faul

tR

ef.

(dd

mm

yy)

(hh:

mm

:ss)

(°)

(°)

(Km

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(°

)(K

m)

(1016

Nm

)Ty

peTy

pe

O. TAN ET AL.

413

Figu

re 2

.Lo

catio

ns o

f th

e ea

rthq

uake

s gi

ven

in t

he f

ocal

mec

hani

sm s

olut

ion

cata

logu

e. N

umbe

rs r

efer

to

the

even

ts in

Tab

le 2

. Th

e th

ick

line

is t

he b

ound

ary

for

the

data

base

.


414

Figure 3. Lower hemisphere equal area projection plots of the focal mechanism solutions of earthquakes in Table 2. Theshaded parts are compressional quadrants. Pressure (P) and tension (T) axes are plotted with black and white circlesrespectively. Event number (in brackets) and reference abbreviation are given above focal sphere. The strike, dipand rake values of the first nodal plane are below.

O. TAN ET AL.

415

Figure 3b. (Continued)

Faulting types according to the rake angles of the firstnodal plane (R1) are also given in the 18th column of thetable to help researchers. Left-lateral, right-lateral,normal and reverse faulting are abbreviated as LL(R1=0°), RL (R1=180°), N (R1=-90°) and R (R1=90°)respectively according to the Aki & Richards’ convention.Oblique faulting is named with combination of the maintypes (i.e. RLwR means right-lateral strike-slip fault withreverse component). Where the rake of the first nodalplane differentiates ±20° from the main faulting valuethe fault is defined as oblique. For example, rake anglerange is -20°≤R1≤+20° (0°±20°) for a left-lateral fault(LL) and +21°≤R1≤+45° is for a left-lateral strike-slipfault with reverse component (LLwR). A normal faultwith right-lateral component (NwRL) is limited to -135°≤R1<-110°. It is difficult to give an exact angle limit but±20° gives a good and practical approximation fordefining and reporting the faulting mechanism.

Discussions and Conclusions

There have been fewer than 30 earthquakes in Turkeylarger than magnitude 6.0 in the last 40 years. Whensmaller events (M≥4.0) are considered, it can be seen thatthey cluster in the western and eastern parts of Anatolia(Figure 1). Note that, based on Figure 1, the NorthAnatolian Fault System displays very low activity.However, it is well known that the fault system is capableof generating destructive earthquakes and there havebeen six large events (M≥6.5) between 1939 and 1957.Hence, the observations in the modern instrumentalperiod of seismology in Turkey are insufficient tounderstand the behaviour of the fault systems.Researchers should mention the historical events. The

earliest historical records are very sparse and locationsgiven may be questionable. There have been only 35events before Christ, and the seven events between 2100and 1400 B.C. were very close to Crete. In Anatolia therehave been no reported events in the records before 600B.C.

The earliest focal mechanism solution was reportedfor the 1938 Kırflehir-Keskin earthquake, which was thesingle large event in Central Anatolia (Jackson &McKenzie 1984). After McKenzie (1972), focalmechanism studies became a very powerful tool inunderstanding the faulting properties of the Turkishearthquakes. The solutions for more than hundredearthquakes were reported by several researchers, butthe data from these studies are unavailable.

The catalogues constitute important base informationfor future researches. With this aim, the first digitaldatabase about earthquakes in Turkey has beenestablished. The parameters of the historical earthquakesand the focal mechanism parameters of 108 destructiveearthquakes have been compiled in this database. Thesedatasets reported here are believed to facilitate andenhance future earthquake studies.

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by TÜB‹TAK Marmara ResearchCentre and ‹stanbul Technical University. Onur Tanthanks his Ph.D. supervisor Prof.Dr. Tuncay Taymaz forhis great support. All figures were plotted with GenericMapping Tools (GMT, Wessel & Smith 1998). John A.Winchester edited the English of the final text.


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Received 04 July 2006; revised typescript received 20 May 2007; accepted 17 December 2007

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