Chapter 5 Lesson 13 The Civil War. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate soldiers...

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Lesson 13Lesson 13

The Civil WarThe Civil War


The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate soldiers attacked Fort when Confederate soldiers attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. military post at Sumter, a U.S. military post at Charleston, South Carolina.Charleston, South Carolina.

The fort surrendered the next day, and The fort surrendered the next day, and the U.S. troops that were stationed there the U.S. troops that were stationed there left.left.

Union troops tried to retake the fort, but Union troops tried to retake the fort, but they were not successful.they were not successful.


Fort Sumter


In spite of the early defeat at Fort In spite of the early defeat at Fort Sumter, the North had many Sumter, the North had many advantages over the South in terms of advantages over the South in terms of fighting a war.fighting a war.

North’s population was larger North’s population was larger North had twice the number of men North had twice the number of men

eligible for serviceeligible for service North’s economy was strongerNorth’s economy was stronger North’s troops were better equippedNorth’s troops were better equipped


NorthNorth Government spending Government spending

stimulated the stimulated the economy and led to economy and led to growthgrowth

Better equippedBetter equipped Northerners believed Northerners believed

that they would be that they would be able to defeat the able to defeat the South in only a few South in only a few monthsmonths

SouthSouth Economy suffered Economy suffered

during the warduring the war Confederate Confederate

government could not government could not raise enough money to raise enough money to finance the warfinance the war

Shortage of basic Shortage of basic supplies led to supplies led to hardships for troops hardships for troops and civiliansand civilians

Early BattlesEarly Battles At first the Civil War went well for the At first the Civil War went well for the

South under talented commanders:South under talented commanders:

General Robert E. LeeGeneral Robert E. Lee General Thomas J. General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson“Stonewall” Jackson

Early BattlesEarly Battles

The first major battle of the war, the The first major battle of the war, the First Battle of Bull Run, was fought in First Battle of Bull Run, was fought in July 1861 in northern Virginia. It July 1861 in northern Virginia. It ended with the retreat of the Union ended with the retreat of the Union forces.forces.

Early BattlesEarly BattlesUnder General George B. Under General George B. McClellan, the North began a McClellan, the North began a campaign to capture campaign to capture Richmond, Virginia, in the Richmond, Virginia, in the winter of 1861. A number of winter of 1861. A number of battles led to the retreat of battles led to the retreat of McClellan’s forces in July McClellan’s forces in July 1862. Richmond remained 1862. Richmond remained under the control of the under the control of the Confederates. The South won Confederates. The South won another victory at the Second another victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run, in late Battle of Bull Run, in late August 1862.August 1862.


In September 1862, southern troops In September 1862, southern troops under General Lee, with support from under General Lee, with support from Jackson’s forces, invaded Maryland. Jackson’s forces, invaded Maryland. McClellan’s forces met the McClellan’s forces met the Confederate army at Antietam Creek, Confederate army at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg. near Sharpsburg.

The Battle of AntietamThe Battle of Antietam •Bloodiest single day Bloodiest single day

of the warof the war

•12,410 Union troops 12,410 Union troops were killedwere killed

•13,724 Confederate 13,724 Confederate troops were killedtroops were killed

•Lee’s forces retreated Lee’s forces retreated to Virginiato Virginia

Early BattlesEarly Battles The North suffered two more defeats The North suffered two more defeats

in the winter and spring of 1862-in the winter and spring of 1862-1863. 1863.

Battle of Fredericksburg (Virginia)Battle of Fredericksburg (Virginia)

•13,000 Northern and 5,000 Southern 13,000 Northern and 5,000 Southern troops were killed, wounded, missing, or troops were killed, wounded, missing, or capturedcaptured


Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle of Chancellorsville Southern forces forced Southern forces forced

the Union army, under the Union army, under General Joseph Hooker, General Joseph Hooker, to retreat.to retreat.

The South suffered a The South suffered a devastating loss when devastating loss when Stonewall Jackson was Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his accidentally shot by his own men and did from own men and did from pneumonia one week pneumonia one week laterlater

General Joseph HookerGeneral Joseph Hooker

The Battle of GettysburgThe Battle of Gettysburg(Pennsylvania)(Pennsylvania)

From July 1 to 3, From July 1 to 3, 1863, 90,000 Union 1863, 90,000 Union troops under troops under General George B. General George B. Meade battled Meade battled 75,000 Confederate 75,000 Confederate troops under troops under General LeeGeneral Lee

Armies fought Armies fought fiercely with ground fiercely with ground troops and artillerytroops and artillery General George B. MeadeGeneral George B. Meade


Confederate army was never Confederate army was never able to break the Union’s able to break the Union’s defensive positionsdefensive positions

Lee ordered 15,000 troops Lee ordered 15,000 troops under General James under General James Longstreet to march straight for Longstreet to march straight for Union lines along Cemetery Union lines along Cemetery Ridge and was a disaster for Ridge and was a disaster for the southern troopsthe southern troops

Less than half of the soldiers Less than half of the soldiers involved in the attack made it involved in the attack made it back to their Confederate back to their Confederate positionspositions

Lee retreated and the Lee retreated and the Confederate army never Confederate army never recoveredrecovered General James LongstreetGeneral James Longstreet


The Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg marked a turning point in marked a turning point in favor of the North.favor of the North.

The War in the WestThe War in the West

West of the Appalachian West of the Appalachian mountains, southern mountains, southern forces had less success forces had less success against the North.against the North.

In February 1862, Union In February 1862, Union forces under General forces under General Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant captured two key captured two key Confederate army posts Confederate army posts in Western Tennessee.in Western Tennessee.

General Ulysses S. General Ulysses S. GrantGrant


Gunboats and ground troops Gunboats and ground troops captured Fort Henry, on the captured Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson, Tennessee River and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River.on the Cumberland River.

These victories gave the North These victories gave the North control of Kentucky and half of control of Kentucky and half of Tennessee.Tennessee.


In 1863, Grant began an assault on In 1863, Grant began an assault on Vicksburg, Mississippi. (This city guarded an Vicksburg, Mississippi. (This city guarded an important location between the Memphis and important location between the Memphis and New Orleans)New Orleans)

After several months of attacks, Grant’s After several months of attacks, Grant’s forces began a forces began a siegesiege, the surrounding of a , the surrounding of a fort or city during war in an attempt to fort or city during war in an attempt to capture it, of the city in Maycapture it, of the city in May

Confederates surrendered Vicksburg on July Confederates surrendered Vicksburg on July 4.4.


On July 8, Union forces On July 8, Union forces captured Port Hudson, captured Port Hudson, Louisiana.Louisiana.

A year earlier in May A year earlier in May 1862, naval captain 1862, naval captain David G. Farragut had David G. Farragut had captured New Orleanscaptured New Orleans

North now controlled the North now controlled the entire Mississippi River.entire Mississippi River.

The Confederacy was The Confederacy was divided in two.divided in two.

Naval Captain David G. Naval Captain David G. FarragutFarragut

The Battle of ChattanoogaThe Battle of Chattanooga

In the fall of 1863, the north occupied In the fall of 1863, the north occupied Chattanooga, TN.Chattanooga, TN.

Southern forces began an assault near the Southern forces began an assault near the city in September.city in September.

Blocked roads leading to the city and Blocked roads leading to the city and Mississippi RiverMississippi River

Union army had no way to get supplies Union army had no way to get supplies and was in danger of starvingand was in danger of starving

Grant led his army to Chattanooga to helpGrant led his army to Chattanooga to help

The Battle of ChattanoogaThe Battle of Chattanooga

Fought from November 23-25Fought from November 23-25 Drove Confederate forces from their Drove Confederate forces from their

positions around the citypositions around the city The North now had a base from The North now had a base from

which to launch attacks into Georgia which to launch attacks into Georgia and Alabamaand Alabama


The South and its military The South and its military were in poor shape. were in poor shape.

The North was becoming The North was becoming confident that it would win confident that it would win the war.the war.

Grant Versus LeeGrant Versus Lee

In March 1864, In March 1864, President Lincoln President Lincoln named Grant head named Grant head of all union armies.of all union armies.

2 months later, 2 months later, Grant faced Lee in Grant faced Lee in the first of 3 the first of 3 devastating battles devastating battles near Richmond, near Richmond, Virginia.Virginia. President Abraham LincolnPresident Abraham Lincoln

Grant Versus LeeGrant Versus Lee

Due to heavy losses on both sides there Due to heavy losses on both sides there were no clear winners in the following were no clear winners in the following battles: Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of battles: Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Battle of Cold Spotsylvania Court House, Battle of Cold HarborHarbor

In June, Grant laid a siege to Petersburg, In June, Grant laid a siege to Petersburg, Virginia, an important Confederate railroad Virginia, an important Confederate railroad center, by digging trenches around the center, by digging trenches around the city. The siege lasted about 9 months.city. The siege lasted about 9 months.

The Final CampaignsThe Final Campaigns

Grant ordered General Grant ordered General William Tecumseh William Tecumseh Sherman to march from Sherman to march from Chattanooga to Georgia to Chattanooga to Georgia to capture Atlanta.capture Atlanta.

Sherman set out in May Sherman set out in May 1864 with a force of over 1864 with a force of over 110,000 men, battling 110,000 men, battling southern forces on the southern forces on the way.way.

He captured Atlanta on He captured Atlanta on September 2September 2 General William Tecumseh General William Tecumseh

ShermanSherman


In the fall of 1864, southern forces In the fall of 1864, southern forces tried to recapture Nashville, TNtried to recapture Nashville, TN

Union army crushed the Union army crushed the Confederates on November 30 in the Confederates on November 30 in the Battle of Franklin and then again 2 Battle of Franklin and then again 2 weeks later in the Battle of Nashvilleweeks later in the Battle of Nashville


Sherman planned to deal a final blow to the Sherman planned to deal a final blow to the South, from which it would not be able to South, from which it would not be able to recover.recover.

After setting fire to Atlanta, he set on November After setting fire to Atlanta, he set on November 15 for a march of destruction across Georgia15 for a march of destruction across Georgia

They looted, burned, and destroyed homes, They looted, burned, and destroyed homes, farms, and fields.farms, and fields.

On December 21, Sherman captured Savannah, On December 21, Sherman captured Savannah, then marched into South Carolinathen marched into South Carolina

Charleston surrendered and was left unharmed, Charleston surrendered and was left unharmed, but the state capitol, Columbia, was burnedbut the state capitol, Columbia, was burned

The End of the WarThe End of the War

In April 1865, Grant captured the In April 1865, Grant captured the railroads that supplied Richmond.railroads that supplied Richmond.

Lee moved west in hopes of fighting Lee moved west in hopes of fighting Grant in N.C. with the help of Grant in N.C. with the help of additional troops that were already additional troops that were already there.there.

Grant caught up with him and blocked Grant caught up with him and blocked his retreat. his retreat.

Lee knew he was defeated.Lee knew he was defeated.


On April 9, 1865, Grant and Lee met On April 9, 1865, Grant and Lee met in the village at Appomattox Court in the village at Appomattox Court House, Virginia and agreed to terms House, Virginia and agreed to terms of a surrender.of a surrender.

In the following weeks, other In the following weeks, other southern generals, in N.C., AL, and southern generals, in N.C., AL, and MS, surrendered.MS, surrendered.

On June 2, the Civil War ended.On June 2, the Civil War ended.


Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court HouseLee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House

Other Civil War LeadersOther Civil War Leaders

Many people who did not Many people who did not fight in the war directly fight in the war directly played an important part.played an important part.


Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass

•Former slaveFormer slave

•Helped convince African Helped convince African Americans to fight in the Americans to fight in the Union armyUnion army


Clara BartonClara Barton•Nurse who cared for wounded Nurse who cared for wounded troopstroops

•Called the Angel of the Called the Angel of the Battlefield because of her Battlefield because of her tireless and brave work in the tireless and brave work in the midst of the fighting.midst of the fighting.

•Served in superintendent of Served in superintendent of nurses in the Union army nurses in the Union army division.division.

•After the war ended, she After the war ended, she founded an organization to find founded an organization to find missing troopsmissing troops

•Founded the American Red Founded the American Red Cross in 1881Cross in 1881

Effects of WarEffects of War

The Civil War was the most The Civil War was the most destructive war in American history.destructive war in American history.

Number of dead and injured was over Number of dead and injured was over 600,000.600,000.

Almost 260,000 southerners were Almost 260,000 southerners were killed or injuredkilled or injured

About 360,000 northerners were About 360,000 northerners were killed or injuredkilled or injured


South suffered far more damage than South suffered far more damage than the Norththe North

Most battles were fought in the SouthMost battles were fought in the South Atlanta, Columbia, and Richmond Atlanta, Columbia, and Richmond

were burned almost down to the were burned almost down to the groundground

Railroads, bridges, and roads were Railroads, bridges, and roads were destroyeddestroyed


Confederate soldiers had a long hard Confederate soldiers had a long hard journey homejourney home

Many were starving, and sick or injuredMany were starving, and sick or injured When they reached their homes, they often When they reached their homes, they often

found them in ruinsfound them in ruins Also found that their families were starving, Also found that their families were starving,

tootoo Union soldiers returned to a mostly Union soldiers returned to a mostly

unharmed Northunharmed North


Most southerners, even those who had Most southerners, even those who had been wealthy, were now poor.been wealthy, were now poor.

Plantation owners didn’t have the money Plantation owners didn’t have the money or the workers to plant new cropsor the workers to plant new crops

Enslaved people had been set free. Many Enslaved people had been set free. Many went North, but those that stayed could went North, but those that stayed could charge for their services or work land charge for their services or work land themselves.themselves.

Many plantation owners could not afford to Many plantation owners could not afford to hire help. Their easy way of life was over.hire help. Their easy way of life was over.

Small farmers struggled even more.Small farmers struggled even more.

1. Why did many northerners 1. Why did many northerners think they could defeat the think they could defeat the South in only a few months?South in only a few months?

A.A. The armies of the North were more The armies of the North were more experiencedexperienced

B.B. The generals of the South were less The generals of the South were less skilledskilled

C.C. The North had more supplies, The North had more supplies, money, and resourcesmoney, and resources

D.D. European countries promised to European countries promised to send troops to help the Northsend troops to help the North

1. Why did many northerners 1. Why did many northerners think they could defeat the think they could defeat the South in only a few months?South in only a few months?

C. The North had more supplies, C. The North had more supplies, money, and resourcesmoney, and resources

2. Who was the northern 2. Who was the northern general who succeeded in general who succeeded in

defeating the South?defeating the South?A.A. Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln

B.B. Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

C.C. George B. McClellanGeorge B. McClellan

D.D. Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis

2. Who was the northern 2. Who was the northern general who succeeded in general who succeeded in

defeating the South?defeating the South?

B. Ulysses S. GrantB. Ulysses S. Grant

3. In the fall of 1864, the South 3. In the fall of 1864, the South tried to recapture Tennessee. tried to recapture Tennessee. Which two battles kept them Which two battles kept them

from succeeding?from succeeding?A.A. The Battle of Franklin and the Battle of The Battle of Franklin and the Battle of

NashvilleNashvilleB.B. The Battle of Vicksburg and the Battle of The Battle of Vicksburg and the Battle of

GettysburgGettysburgC.C. The Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of The Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of

AntietamAntietamD.D. The Battle of Chancellorsville and the The Battle of Chancellorsville and the

Battle of FredericksburgBattle of Fredericksburg

3. In the fall of 1864, the South 3. In the fall of 1864, the South tried to recapture Tennessee. tried to recapture Tennessee. Which two battles kept them Which two battles kept them

from succeeding?from succeeding?

A. The Battle of Franklin and the Battle A. The Battle of Franklin and the Battle of Nashvilleof Nashville

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