Chapter 8

Section 1

Chapter 8

Section 1

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

• Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution- a major - a major change in the way goods are change in the way goods are produced, from hand production in produced, from hand production in home workshops to machine home workshops to machine production in factories. production in factories.

• It has affected all areas of human It has affected all areas of human life, including transportation, life, including transportation, communication, and business.communication, and business.

Adam SmithAdam Smith

• Scottish philosopher/economist Scottish philosopher/economist who came up with the notion of who came up with the notion of a laissez faire economics. a laissez faire economics.

• The surest road to economic The surest road to economic progress was to allow progress was to allow businesses to compete freely businesses to compete freely and without legal restriction.and without legal restriction.

Laissez faireLaissez faire

• The dominate economic view in the The dominate economic view in the 19th century, literally meaning to 19th century, literally meaning to leave business alone, free from leave business alone, free from government regulation. government regulation.

• The federal government began to The federal government began to crack down on abuses and regulate crack down on abuses and regulate business only as the century came to business only as the century came to a close.a close.

MonopoliesMonopolies

• A situation in A situation in which one which one producer producer controls an controls an industry, industry, thereby thereby controlling controlling production and production and prices.prices.

• CapitalCapital- the money available for - the money available for investment. The Industrial Revolution investment. The Industrial Revolution required large amounts of capital to required large amounts of capital to purchase machines, build factories, purchase machines, build factories, and train and pay workers.and train and pay workers.

• CorporationCorporation- a business chartered - a business chartered under state law. Corporations have under state law. Corporations have advantages over other kinds of advantages over other kinds of businesses because they can easily businesses because they can easily raise large amounts of capital; they raise large amounts of capital; they also offer their stockholders limited also offer their stockholders limited financial liability.financial liability.

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates

Clipper ShipsClipper Ships

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.

Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Americans were willing to try anything.Americans were willing to try anything.

They were first copiers, then innovators.They were first copiers, then innovators.

PatentPatent- Is a government document giving to the - Is a government document giving to the creator of an original object the exclusive right to creator of an original object the exclusive right to make and sell that object for profit.make and sell that object for profit.

1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

Eli Whitney

• Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts.

• Products could now be put together and repaired easier than if they were completely hand made.

Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts

• Identical parts that can be substituted in Identical parts that can be substituted in the manufacture or repair of a productthe manufacture or repair of a product

• Invented by Eli Whitney to make muskets Invented by Eli Whitney to make muskets for the U.S. governmentfor the U.S. government

Assembly LinesAssembly Lines

• Each worker adding one part in order to Each worker adding one part in order to create a finished productcreate a finished product

• Used first in Lowell’s textile (clothes) Used first in Lowell’s textile (clothes) factoriesfactories

• Resulted in the construction of factories Resulted in the construction of factories across the Northern U.S.across the Northern U.S.

InventionsInventions

• Eli Whitney – Cotton ginEli Whitney – Cotton gin

• Elias Howe – Sewing Elias Howe – Sewing MachineMachine

• Robert Fulton – Steam BoatRobert Fulton – Steam Boat

• Thomas Edison- Light bulb Thomas Edison- Light bulb (electricity)(electricity)

• Alexander Graham Bell- Alexander Graham Bell- Telephone (1874-1876)Telephone (1874-1876)

• Francis Cabot Lowell and Francis Cabot Lowell and Samuel Slater – Assembly Samuel Slater – Assembly lines and factorieslines and factories

Industrial Revolution

• British inventors began to make textiles with machines.

• A British textile worker, Samuel Slater, set up a textile factory in Rhode Island in 1790.

• This was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S.!

Francis Lowell

• In 1814, In 1814, Francis Lowell Francis Lowell opened a textile opened a textile factory in factory in Waltham, MA.Waltham, MA.

1845 Lowell factory pamphlet

* As a result, the U.S. * As a result, the U.S. no longer had to buy no longer had to buy finished textile products finished textile products from Europe!from Europe!

Factory Workers

• Women were paid half as much as men.

• Working hours were long, and wages were low.

Ex.) 12-15 hour work days

Earnings: men - $5 per week

women - $2 per week

children - $ 1 per week

• Cities developed as farmers and immigrants took available factory jobs.

OliverEvansOliverEvans

First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive

First automated First automated flour millflour mill

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

z They all regarded material They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and of the country’s virtue and promise.promise.

The “American Dream”The “American Dream”

A German visitor in the 1840s, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Friedrich List, observed:

Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860

The blue line shows, for comparison, the The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.had risen to $104.

Creating a Business-Friendly Climate

Creating a Business-Friendly ClimateSupreme Court Rulings:Supreme Court Rulings:

** Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) (1810) ** Dartmouth v. WoodwardDartmouth v. Woodward (1819)(1819) ** McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (1819) ** Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) (1824) ** Charles Rivers Bridge v. Charles Rivers Bridge v. WarrenWarren Bridge Bridge (1835) (1835)General Incorporation Law General Incorporation Law passedpassed in New York, 1848. in New York, 1848.Laissez faire Laissez faire BUT, govt. did muchBUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism! to assist capitalism!

Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American

Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% ofthe population.the population.

v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

Lowell Mills Time Table

Lowell Mills Time Table

Early “Union” Newslett

er

Early “Union” Newslett

er

The Factory Girl’s GarlandThe Factory Girl’s Garland

February 20, 1845 issue.February 20, 1845 issue.

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl

Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement

Workingman’s Party Workingman’s Party (1829)(1829) ** Founded by Robert Dale Owen Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.

Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842).(1842).

Worker political parties were Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil ineffective until the post-Civil War period.War period.

Regional SpecializationRegional Specialization

EAST EAST IndustrialIndustrial

SOUTH SOUTH Cotton & SlaveryCotton & Slavery

WEST WEST The Nation’s The Nation’s “Breadbasket”“Breadbasket”

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?Why now?

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

ECONOMIC?ECONOMIC?

SOCIAL?SOCIAL?

POLITICAL?POLITICAL?

FUTUREPROBLEMS?

FUTUREPROBLEMS?