Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the...
-
Upload
annabelle-banks -
Category
Documents
-
view
231 -
download
4
Transcript of Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the...
![Page 1: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 7Chapter 7
“Ionic Bonding”“Ionic Bonding”
ChemistryChemistry
![Page 2: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Section 7.1 - IonsSection 7.1 - Ions
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
DetermineDetermine the number the number of of valence electronsvalence electrons in an atom of a in an atom of a representative element.representative element.
![Page 3: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Section 7.1 - IonsSection 7.1 - Ions
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
ExplainExplain how the octet how the octet rule applies to atoms of rule applies to atoms of metallic and metallic and nonmetallic elements.nonmetallic elements.
![Page 4: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Section 7.1 - IonsSection 7.1 - Ions
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
DescribeDescribe how how cationscations form.form.
![Page 5: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Section 7.1 - IonsSection 7.1 - Ions
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
ExplainExplain how how anionsanions form.form.
![Page 6: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Valence Electrons are…?Valence Electrons are…?
The electrons responsible for the The electrons responsible for the chemical properties of atoms, and chemical properties of atoms, and are those in the are those in the outerouter energy energy level.level.
Valence electronsValence electrons - The - The ss and and pp electrons in the outer energy levelelectrons in the outer energy levelthe highest occupied energy levelthe highest occupied energy level
Core electronsCore electrons – are those in the – are those in the energy levels below.energy levels below.
![Page 7: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Keeping Track of ElectronsKeeping Track of Electrons Atoms in the same column...Atoms in the same column...
1)1) Have the same outer electron Have the same outer electron configuration.configuration.
2)2) Have the same valence electrons.Have the same valence electrons. The number of valence electrons The number of valence electrons
are easily determined. It is the are easily determined. It is the group numbergroup number for a for a representative elementrepresentative element
Group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, etc.Group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, etc. have 2 valence electronshave 2 valence electrons
![Page 8: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Electron Dot diagrams are…Electron Dot diagrams are…A way of showing & keeping A way of showing & keeping
track of valence electrons.track of valence electrons.How to write them?How to write them?Write the symbol - it Write the symbol - it
represents the nucleus and represents the nucleus and inner (core) electronsinner (core) electrons
Put one dot for each valence Put one dot for each valence electron (electron (8 maximum8 maximum))
They don’t pair up until they They don’t pair up until they have to (Hund’s rule)have to (Hund’s rule)
X
![Page 9: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Electron Dot diagram for Nitrogen
Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons to show.
First we write the symbol. NThen add 1 electron at a time to each side.Now they are forced to pair up.
We have now written the electron dot diagram for Nitrogen.
![Page 10: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Octet Rule In Chapter 6, we learned that noble gases
are unreactive in chemical reactions In 1916, Gilbert Lewis used this fact to
explain why atoms form certain kinds of ions and molecules
The Octet Rule: in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve a noble gas configuration; 8 in the outer level is stableEach noble gas (except He, which has
2) has 8 electrons in the outer level
![Page 11: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Formation of CationsFormation of CationsMetals Metals loselose electrons electrons to attain a noble to attain a noble
gas configuration.gas configuration.They make positive ions They make positive ions (cations)(cations)If we look at the electron configuration, If we look at the electron configuration,
it makes sense to lose electrons:it makes sense to lose electrons:Na Na 1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s11 1 valence electron 1 valence electronNaNa1+1+ 1s1s222s2s222p2p66 This is a noble gas This is a noble gas
configuration with 8 electrons in the configuration with 8 electrons in the outer level.outer level.
![Page 12: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Electron Dots For CationsElectron Dots For Cations
Metals will have few valence Metals will have few valence electrons (usually 3 or less); calcium electrons (usually 3 or less); calcium has only 2 valence electronshas only 2 valence electrons
Ca
![Page 13: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Electron Dots For CationsElectron Dots For Cations
Metals will have few valence electronsMetals will have few valence electronsMetals will Metals will lose the valence electronslose the valence electrons
Ca
![Page 14: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Electron Dots For CationsElectron Dots For Cations
Metals will have few valence electronsMetals will have few valence electronsMetals will Metals will lose the valence electronslose the valence electronsForming positive ionsForming positive ions
Ca2+NO DOTS are now shown for the cation.
This is named the “calcium ion”.
![Page 15: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Electron Dots For CationsElectron Dots For Cations
Let’s do Let’s do ScandiumScandium, #21, #21The electron configuration is: The electron configuration is:
1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p664s4s223d3d11
Thus, it can lose 2eThus, it can lose 2e-- (making (making it 2+), or lose 3eit 2+), or lose 3e-- (making (making 3+)3+)
ScSc = = ScSc2+ 2+ Scandium (II) ion Scandium (III) ion
Sc = Sc3+
![Page 16: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Electron Dots For CationsElectron Dots For Cations
Let’s do Let’s do SilverSilver, element #47, element #47PredictedPredicted configuration is: configuration is:
1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p664s4s223d3d10104p4p665s5s224d4d99
ActualActual configuration is: configuration is: 1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p664s4s223d3d10104p4p665s5s114d4d1010
Ag = AgAg = Ag++ (can’t lose any more, (can’t lose any more, charges of 3+ or greater are uncommon)charges of 3+ or greater are uncommon)
![Page 17: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Electron Dots For CationsElectron Dots For Cations
Silver did the best job it Silver did the best job it could, but it did not could, but it did not achieve a achieve a truetrue Noble Gas Noble Gas configurationconfiguration
Instead, it is called a Instead, it is called a “pseudo-noble gas “pseudo-noble gas configuration”configuration”
![Page 18: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Electron Configurations: Electron Configurations: AnionsAnionsNonmetals Nonmetals gaingain electrons electrons to attain to attain
noble gas configuration.noble gas configuration.They make negative ions They make negative ions (anions)(anions)SS = = 1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p44 = 6 valence = 6 valence
electronselectronsSS2-2- = = 1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p66 = noble gas = noble gas
configuration. configuration. Halide ionsHalide ions are ions from chlorine are ions from chlorine
or other halogens that gain or other halogens that gain electronselectrons
![Page 19: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Electron Dots For AnionsElectron Dots For Anions
Nonmetals will have many valence Nonmetals will have many valence electrons (usually 5 or more)electrons (usually 5 or more)
They will They will gaingain electrons to fill outer shell. electrons to fill outer shell.
P 3-(This is called the “phosphide ion”, and should show dots)
![Page 20: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stable Electron Stable Electron ConfigurationsConfigurations
All atoms react to try and achieve a All atoms react to try and achieve a noble gas configuration.noble gas configuration.
Noble gases have 2 s and 6 p electrons.Noble gases have 2 s and 6 p electrons.8 valence electrons = already stable!8 valence electrons = already stable!This is the This is the octet ruleoctet rule (8 in the outer (8 in the outer
level is particularly stable).level is particularly stable).
Ar
![Page 21: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
ExplainExplain the electrical the electrical charge of an ionic charge of an ionic compound.compound.
![Page 22: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
DescribeDescribe three three properties of ionic properties of ionic compounds.compounds.
![Page 23: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ionic BondingIonic BondingAnions and cations are held together Anions and cations are held together
by by opposite chargesopposite charges (+ and -) (+ and -)Ionic compounds are called Ionic compounds are called saltssalts..Simplest ratio of elements in an ionic Simplest ratio of elements in an ionic
compound is called the compound is called the formula unit.formula unit.The bond is formed through the The bond is formed through the
transfer of electrons (lose and gain)transfer of electrons (lose and gain)Electrons are transferred Electrons are transferred to achieve to achieve
noble gas configuration.noble gas configuration.
![Page 24: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
1)1) Also called Also called SALTSSALTS
2)2) Made from: a Made from: a CATIONCATION with an with an ANIONANION (or (or literally from a literally from a metalmetal combining with a combining with a nonmetalnonmetal))
![Page 25: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Ionic BondingIonic Bonding
Na ClThe metal (sodium) tends to lose its one electron from the outer level.
The nonmetal (chlorine) needs to gain one more to fill its outer level, and will accept the one electron that sodium is going to lose.
![Page 26: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Ionic BondingIonic Bonding
Na+ Cl -
Note: Remember that NO DOTS are now shown for the cation!
![Page 27: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Negative charges are attracted to Negative charges are attracted to positive charges.positive charges.
Negative anions are attracted to Negative anions are attracted to positive cations.positive cations.
The result is an The result is an ionic bond.ionic bond.A three-dimensional A three-dimensional crystal crystal lattice lattice
of anions and cations is formed.of anions and cations is formed.
Ionic BondIonic Bond
![Page 28: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Preserve ElectroneutralityPreserve Electroneutrality
When ions combine, When ions combine, electroneutrality must be electroneutrality must be preserved.preserved.
In the formation of magnesium In the formation of magnesium chloride,chloride,
2 Cl2 Cl-- ions must balance a Mg ions must balance a Mg2+2+ ion: ion:MgMg2+ 2+ + 2 Cl+ 2 Cl-- → MgCl → MgCl22
![Page 29: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Ionic BondingIonic Bonding
All the electrons must be accounted All the electrons must be accounted forfor, and , and eacheach atom will have a noble atom will have a noble gas configuration (which is stable).gas configuration (which is stable).
Ca P
Let’s do an example by combining calcium and phosphorus:
![Page 30: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ionic BondingIonic Bonding
Ca P
![Page 31: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ionic BondingIonic Bonding
Ca2+ P
![Page 32: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P
Ca
![Page 33: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca
![Page 34: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca P
![Page 35: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+ P
![Page 36: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+ P
Ca
![Page 37: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+ P
Ca
![Page 38: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+P
3-
Ca2+
![Page 39: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Ionic Bonding
= Ca3P2Formula Unit
This is a chemical formula, which shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative particle of the substance.
For an ionic compound, the smallest representative particle is called a: Formula Unit
![Page 40: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Properties of Ionic CompoundsProperties of Ionic Compounds
1.1. CrystallineCrystalline solids - a regular solids - a regular repeating arrangement of ions in repeating arrangement of ions in the solid: Fig. 7.9, page 197the solid: Fig. 7.9, page 197
Ions are Ions are stronglystrongly bonded together. bonded together. Structure is rigid.Structure is rigid.
2.2. High melting pointsHigh melting points Coordination numberCoordination number- number of - number of
ions of opposite charge ions of opposite charge surrounding itsurrounding it
![Page 41: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
- Page 198
Coordination Numbers:
Both the sodium and chlorine have 6
Both the cesium and chlorine have 8
Each titanium has 6, and each oxygen has 3
NaCl
CsCl
TiO2
![Page 42: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Do they Conduct?Do they Conduct?
Conducting electricity means Conducting electricity means allowing charges to move.allowing charges to move.
In a solid, the ions are locked in In a solid, the ions are locked in place.place.
Ionic solids are insulators.Ionic solids are insulators. When When meltedmelted, the ions can move , the ions can move
around.around.3.3. Melted ionic compounds conduct.Melted ionic compounds conduct.
NaCl: must get to about 800 ºC.NaCl: must get to about 800 ºC. Dissolved in waterDissolved in water,, they also conduct they also conduct
(free to move in aqueous solutions)(free to move in aqueous solutions)
![Page 43: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
- Page 198
The ions are free to move when they are molten (or in aqueous solution), and thus they are able to conduct the electric current.
![Page 44: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Section 9.1Section 9.1Naming IonsNaming Ions
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:ModelModel the valence the valence electrons of metal electrons of metal atoms.atoms.
![Page 45: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Section 9.1Section 9.1Naming IonsNaming Ions
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
IdentifyIdentify the charges on the charges on monatomic ions by using monatomic ions by using the periodic table, and the periodic table, and namename the ions. the ions.
![Page 46: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Section 9.1Section 9.1Naming IonsNaming Ions
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:DefineDefine a polyatomic ion and a polyatomic ion and
writewrite the names and formulas the names and formulas of the most common of the most common polyatomic ions.polyatomic ions.
![Page 47: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Section 9.1Section 9.1Naming IonsNaming Ions
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
IdentifyIdentify the two common the two common endingsendings for the names of for the names of most polyatomic ions.most polyatomic ions.
![Page 48: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Atoms and IonsAtoms and IonsAtomsAtoms are electrically neutral. are electrically neutral.
Because there is the same number of Because there is the same number of protons (+) and electrons (-).protons (+) and electrons (-).
IonsIons are atoms, or groups of are atoms, or groups of atoms, with a charge (positive or atoms, with a charge (positive or negative)negative)They have They have differentdifferent numbers of numbers of
protons and electrons.protons and electrons.Only Only electronselectrons can move, and can move, and ionsions are are
made by made by gaining or losing electrons.gaining or losing electrons.
![Page 49: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
An Anion is…An Anion is…
A negative ion.A negative ion.Has Has gainedgained electrons. electrons.Nonmetals can gainNonmetals can gain electrons. electrons.Charge is written as a superscript on Charge is written as a superscript on
the right.the right.
F1-Has gained one electron (-ide is new ending = fluoride)
O2- Gained two electrons (oxide)
![Page 50: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
A Cation is… A positive ion. Formed by losing electrons. More protons than electrons. Metals can lose electrons
K+ Has lost one electron (no name change for positive ions)
Ca2+ Has lost two electrons
![Page 51: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 1AGroup 1A:: Lose 1 electron to form Lose 1 electron to form 1+1+ ions ions
HH++ LiLi++ NaNa++ KK++ RbRb++
![Page 52: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 2Group 2:: Loses 2 electrons to form Loses 2 electrons to form 2+2+ ions ions
BeBe2+2+ MgMg2+2+ CaCa2+2+ SrSr2+2+ BaBa2+2+
![Page 53: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 13Group 13:: Loses 3 Loses 3
electrons to form electrons to form 3+3+ ions ions
BB3+3+ AlAl3+3+ GaGa3+3+
![Page 54: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 14Group 14:: Do they Do they loselose 4 electrons or 4 electrons or gaingain 4 electrons? 4 electrons?
Neither! Neither! Group 14 Group 14 elements rarely form elements rarely form ions ions (they tend to share)(they tend to share)
![Page 55: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 15Group 15:: Gains 3 Gains 3 electrons to form electrons to form 3-3- ions ions
NN3-3-
PP3-3-
AsAs3-3-
Nitride
Phosphide
Arsenide
![Page 56: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 16Group 16:: Gains 2 Gains 2 electrons to form electrons to form 2-2- ions ions
OO2-2-
SS2-2-
SeSe2-2-
Oxide
Sulfide
Selenide
![Page 57: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 17Group 17:: Gains 1 Gains 1 electron to form electron to form 1-1- ions ions
FF--
ClCl--
BrBr--Fluoride
Chloride
Bromide
II-- Iodide
![Page 58: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 18Group 18:: Stable Stable
noble gases noble gases do notdo not form ions!form ions!
![Page 59: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic Charges Many Many transitiontransition elements elements have have more than onemore than one possible oxidation state. possible oxidation state.
Iron (II) = Fe2+
Iron (III) = Fe3+
Note the use of Roman numerals to show charges
![Page 60: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Naming cationsNaming cations Two methodsTwo methods can clarify when can clarify when
more than one charge is possible:more than one charge is possible:1)1) Stock systemStock system – uses – uses roman roman
numeralsnumerals in parenthesis to indicate in parenthesis to indicate the numerical valuethe numerical value
2)2) Classical methodClassical method – uses root word – uses root word with with suffixessuffixes (-ous, -ic) (-ous, -ic) Does not give true valueDoes not give true value
![Page 61: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Naming cationsNaming cationsWe will use the We will use the Stock systemStock system..Cation - if the charge is always the Cation - if the charge is always the
same (like in the main group of same (like in the main group of metals) just write the name of the metals) just write the name of the metal.metal.
Transition metals can have more Transition metals can have more than one type of charge.than one type of charge.Indicate their charge as a Indicate their charge as a roman roman
numeralnumeral in parenthesis after the name in parenthesis after the name of the metal (Table 9.2, p.255)of the metal (Table 9.2, p.255)
![Page 62: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic Charges Some of the Some of the post-transitionpost-transition elements also elements also have have more than onemore than one possible oxidation state. possible oxidation state.Tin (II) = Sn2+ Lead (II) = Pb2+
Tin (IV) = Sn4+ Lead (IV) = Pb 4+
![Page 63: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic Charges Some Some transitiontransition elements have elements have only oneonly one possible oxidation state, such as these three:possible oxidation state, such as these three:
Zinc = Zn2+Silver = Ag+ Cadmium = Cd2+
![Page 64: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Exceptions:Exceptions:Some of the transition metals Some of the transition metals
have have only oneonly one ionic charge: ionic charge:Do notDo not need to use need to use roman numerals for these:roman numerals for these:
SilverSilver is is alwaysalways 1+ ( 1+ (AgAg++))CadmiumCadmium and and ZincZinc are are alwaysalways 2+ ( 2+ (CdCd2+2+ and and ZnZn2+2+))
![Page 65: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Practice by naming these:Practice by naming these:NaNa++ CaCa2+2+ AlAl3+3+ FeFe3+3+ FeFe2+2+ PbPb2+2+ LiLi++
![Page 66: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Write symbols for these:Write symbols for these:
Potassium ionPotassium ionMagnesium ion Magnesium ion Copper (II) ionCopper (II) ionChromium (VI) ionChromium (VI) ionBarium ionBarium ionMercury (II) ionMercury (II) ion
![Page 67: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Naming AnionsNaming Anions
Anions are Anions are alwaysalways the the same chargesame charge
Change the monatomic Change the monatomic element ending to – element ending to – ideide
FF-- a Fluor a Fluorineine atom will atom will become a Fluorbecome a Fluorideide ion. ion.
![Page 68: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Practice by naming these:Practice by naming these:
ClCl-- NN3-3- BrBr-- OO2-2-
GaGa3+3+
![Page 69: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Write symbols for these:Write symbols for these:
Sulfide ionSulfide ionIodide ionIodide ionPhosphide ionPhosphide ionStrontium ionStrontium ion
![Page 70: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Polyatomic ions are…Polyatomic ions are…Groups of atoms that stay together Groups of atoms that stay together
and have an overall charge, and one and have an overall charge, and one name.name.
Usually end in Usually end in –ate–ate or or -ite-ite
AcetAcetateate: : CC22HH33OO22--
NitrNitrateate: : NONO33--
NitrNitriteite: : NONO22--
PermanganPermanganateate: : MnOMnO44--
HydroxHydroxideide: : OHOH-- and Cyan and Cyanideide: : CNCN--? ?
![Page 71: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
SulfSulfateate: : SOSO442-2-
SulfSulfiteite: : SOSO332-2-
CarbonCarbonateate: : COCO332-2-
ChromChromateate: : CrOCrO442-2-
DichromDichromateate: : CrCr22OO772-2-
PhosphPhosphateate: : POPO443-3-
PhosphPhosphiteite: : POPO333-3-
Ammonium: Ammonium: NHNH44++
Know Table 9.3 on page 257
If the polyatomic ion begins with H, then combine the word hydrogen with the other polyatomic ion present:
H+ + CO32- → HCO3
-
hydrogen + carbonate → hydrogen carbonate ion
(One of the few positive polyatomic ions)
![Page 72: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Section 9.2 Naming and Section 9.2 Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Writing Formulas for Ionic
CompoundsCompoundsOBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
Apply the rulesApply the rules for for naming and writing naming and writing formulasformulas for for binary ionic binary ionic compounds.compounds.
![Page 73: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Section 9.2 Naming and Section 9.2 Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Writing Formulas for Ionic
CompoundsCompoundsOBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
Apply the rulesApply the rules for for naming and naming and writing formulaswriting formulas for compounds for compounds containing containing polyatomicpolyatomic ions. ions.
![Page 74: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Barium nitrate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! BaBa2+2+ NONO33
--
2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross method to balance subscripts.
Not balanced!
( )( ) 22Now balanced.
= Ba(NO3)2
![Page 75: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Ammonium sulfate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
NHNH44++ SOSO44
2-2-
2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross method to balance the subscripts.
Not balanced!
( )( )22
Now balanced.
= (NH4)2SO4
![Page 76: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Iron (III) chloride (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
FeFe3+3+ClCl--
2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross method to balance the subscripts.
Not balanced!
33
Now balanced.
= FeCl3
![Page 77: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Aluminum sulfide (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
AlAl3+3+ SS2-2-
2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross method to balance the subscripts.
Not balanced!
22 33
Now balanced.
= Al2S3
![Page 78: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Magnesium carbonate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
MgMg2+2+ COCO332-2-
2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
They are balanced!
= MgCO3
![Page 79: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Zinc hydroxide (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
ZnZn2+2+ OHOH--
2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross method to balance the subscripts.
Not balanced!
( )( )22
Now balanced.
= Zn(OH)2
![Page 80: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Aluminum phosphate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! AlAl3+3+ POPO44
3-3-
2. Check to see if charges are balanced. They ARE
balanced!= AlPO4
![Page 81: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds1. Name the cation first, then anion1. Name the cation first, then anion
2. Monoatomic cation = name of the 2. Monoatomic cation = name of the elementelement
CaCa2+2+ = calcium = calcium ionion
3. Monoatomic anion = 3. Monoatomic anion = rootroot + - + -ideide
ClCl = chlor = chlorideide
CaClCaCl22 = calcium chloride = calcium chloride
![Page 82: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds
some some metals can form more than one metals can form more than one charge (usually the transition metals)charge (usually the transition metals)
use a use a Roman numeralRoman numeral in their name:in their name:PbClPbCl22 – use the – use the anionanion to find the charge to find the charge
on the cation (chloride is always 1-)on the cation (chloride is always 1-)
PbPb2+2+ is the lead (II) cationis the lead (II) cation
PbClPbCl22 = lead ( = lead (IIII) chloride) chloride
(Metals with multiple oxidation states)(Metals with multiple oxidation states)
![Page 83: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Things to look for:Things to look for:
1)1) If cations have ( ), the If cations have ( ), the number in parenthesis is number in parenthesis is their charge.their charge.
2)2) If anions end in If anions end in -ide-ide they are they are probably off the periodic probably off the periodic table (Monoatomic)table (Monoatomic)
3)3) If anion ends in If anion ends in -ate-ate or or –ite–ite, , then it is polyatomicthen it is polyatomic
![Page 84: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Practice by writing the Practice by writing the formula or name as formula or name as
required…required…Iron (II) PhosphateIron (II) PhosphateStannous FluorideStannous FluoridePotassium SulfidePotassium SulfideAmmonium ChromateAmmonium ChromateMgSOMgSO44
FeClFeCl33
![Page 85: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Practice by writing the Practice by writing the formula for the following:formula for the following:
Magnesium hydroxideMagnesium hydroxideIron (III) hydroxideIron (III) hydroxideZinc hydroxideZinc hydroxide
![Page 86: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Some compounds contain HSome compounds contain H22O in their struc-O in their struc-
ture. These compounds are called hydrates.ture. These compounds are called hydrates.The HThe H22O can usually be removed if heated.O can usually be removed if heated.A dot separates water: e.g. CuSOA dot separates water: e.g. CuSO44•5H•5H22O is O is
copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.A greek prefix indicates the # of HA greek prefix indicates the # of H22O groups.O groups.
HydratesHydrates
sodium sulfate decahydratesodium sulfate decahydrate nickel(II) sulfatenickel(II) sulfate hexahydratehexahydrate
NaNa22COCO33•H•H22O O
BaClBaCl22•2H•2H22O O
NaNa22SOSO44•10H•10H22O O
NiSONiSO44•6H•6H22O O
sodium carbonate monohydratesodium carbonate monohydratebarium chloride dihydratebarium chloride dihydrate
![Page 87: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Prefixes
11 monomono2 di2 di33 tritri
44 tetratetra55 pentapenta66 hexahexa77 heptahepta88 octaocta99 nonanona10 deca10 deca
![Page 88: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
HydratesHydratesExamples: I. Give the name of the following: I. Give the name of the following:
1. CuSO1. CuSO44 5H 5H22O O
2. MgCl2. MgCl22 6H 6H22O O
3. Na3. Na22SOSO44 10H 10H22OO II. Write the formula for:II. Write the formula for:
1. zinc chloride hexahydrate 1. zinc chloride hexahydrate 2. calcium phosphate dihydrate 2. calcium phosphate dihydrate 3. copper (I) chloride pentahydrate3. copper (I) chloride pentahydrate
![Page 89: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Summary of Naming and Summary of Naming and Formula WritingFormula Writing
For naming, follow the For naming, follow the flowchart- Figure 9.20, page flowchart- Figure 9.20, page 277277
For writing formulas, follow For writing formulas, follow the flowchart from Figure the flowchart from Figure 9.22, page 2789.22, page 278
![Page 90: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Helpful to remember...Helpful to remember...1. In an ionic compound, the net ionic 1. In an ionic compound, the net ionic
charge is charge is zero zero (criss-cross method)(criss-cross method)
2. An 2. An -ide-ide ending generally indicates a ending generally indicates a binary compoundbinary compound
3. An 3. An -ite-ite or or -ate-ate ending means there ending means there is a polyatomic ion that has oxygenis a polyatomic ion that has oxygen
4. 4. PrefixesPrefixes generally mean molecular; generally mean molecular; they show the number of each atomthey show the number of each atom
![Page 91: Chapter 7 “Ionic Bonding” Chemistry Section 7.1 - Ions OBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES: Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649e665503460f94b60f8a/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Helpful to remember...Helpful to remember...
5. A 5. A Roman numeralRoman numeral after the after the name of a cation is the name of a cation is the ionic ionic chargecharge of the cation of the cation