Lewis (Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules) (ACS)
Ionic Compounds. Ion formation Octet rule- atoms want a full valence shell ▫_____ valence...
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Transcript of Ionic Compounds. Ion formation Octet rule- atoms want a full valence shell ▫_____ valence...
![Page 1: Ionic Compounds. Ion formation Octet rule- atoms want a full valence shell ▫_____ valence electrons for most atoms ▫____ and atoms that become isoelectronic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eb65503460f94bbf4e3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ionic Compounds
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Ion formation•Octet rule- atoms want a full valence shell
▫ _____ valence electrons for most atoms▫ ____ and atoms that become isoelectronic with __ are
satisfied with ____ valence electrons▫ H can be satisfied with ___ or ___
•_____________▫ Low electronegativities and ionization energies ▫ Electrons are __________ until octet rule is satisfied (more
complicated in the transition metals)•______________
▫ High electronegativities and ionization energies ▫ Electrons are ________ until octet rule is satisfied
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Valence electrons
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Ions•An atom with a _____________
▫Imbalance of _________ and _________▫_____ or ______ electrons
•Two Types ▫Cation- __ charge because electrons are __
Cation with a common charge Multivalent cation Polyatomic cation
▫Anion- _ charge because electrons are ____ Anion with a common charge Polyatomic anion
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Cations with a Common Charge
•Atoms that predictably form a cation with a certain charge
•Group 1 elements- form cations with __ charge
•Group 2 elements- form cations with ___ charge
•Al- forms cations with a ___ charge•Some of the other metals will also only
form one common ion
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Multivalent Cations•Atoms that form multiple types of
cations
•All other metals not on the common cation list
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Polyatomic Cations•Cation made up of multiple atoms
bonded together
•You only memorized one
NH4+
+
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Naming Cations•Cations with a common charge
▫ “Element name” ion For example
Na+ is _____________ Ca+2 is _____________
•Multivalent cations▫ “Element name” (Roman numeral for charge) ion
For example Fe+2 is _____________ Fe+3 is _____________
•Polyatomic cations▫ “Polyatomic name” ion
NH4+ is _______________
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Anions with a Common Charge
•Atoms that predictably form a anion with a certain charge
•Group 17 non-metals- form anions with __ charge•Group 16 non-metals- form anions with __ charge•Group 15 non-metals- forms anions with a ___
charge•Sometime Group 14 non-metals form anions with
a ____ charge
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Polyatomic Anions
•Anion made up of multiple atoms bonded together
•You memorized 10, but by learning a set of rules you know more than 10.
•For polyatomics with oxygen ending with –ate▫Add one more oxygen, name is _________▫Take away one oxygen, name is ________▫Take away two oxygens, name is ________
CO32
-
2-
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Polyatomic Anions (cont)• For example:
▫ You memorized ClO3- is chlorate
This ion has one chlorine and three oxygen atoms with a negative one charge
▫ ClO4- is _____________
This ion has one chlorine and four oxygen atoms (one more than the –ate ion) with a negative one charge
▫ ClO2- is ____________
This ion has one chlorine and two oxygen atoms (one less than the –ate ion) with a negative one charge
▫ ClO- is _____________ This ion has one chlorine and one oxygen atom (two less than
the –ate ion) with a negative one charge
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Naming Anions•Anions with a common charge
▫ “Element name with ending changed to -ide” ion For example
Cl- is ____________ O-2 is ____________
•Polyatomic anions▫ “Polyatomic name” ion
For example CO3
-2 is ___________ NO3
- is ___________ NO2
- is ___________
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Ionic bonding•Ions of opposite charges are attracted to each other
•This attraction is a chemical bond
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F
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Na
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Electron is transferred
Na F
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Charges
Na F+1 -1
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Atoms are attracted to each other
Na F+1 -1
And each have 8 valence electrons
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Bonds
•Chemical bonds are _______________
•They act between atoms within a molecule
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Why does bonding occur?
•Bonding occurs to maximize stability of the atoms involved.
•More stable = LOWER potential energy
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Ionic Compounds
•Will often form a crystal structure
•Can be identified by name or formula▫ If given one, you can find the
other▫ Formulas give the smallest
whole number ratio between the ions
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Naming Ionic Compounds
•Determine the name of the cation and anion involved in the ionic bond
•Name both (cation before anion) leaving off the “ion”▫ For example
An ionic compound between a magnesium ion and a fluoride ion would be ________________
An ionic compound between a copper (I) ion and a phosphate ion would be _________________
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Formulas•Elements in the compound are listed
with the number of atoms of each type listed as subscripts▫For example, NaCl
Has a 1:1 ratio of sodium ions to chloride ions
▫CaI2
Has a 1:2 ratio of calcium ions to iodide ions
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Formulas (cont.)
•Formulas with polyatomic ions can have parenthesis with a subscript on the outside
•The subscript on the outside denotes how many polyatomic ions are there ▫For example, Al(NO3)3
Has a 1:3 ratio of aluminum ions to nitrate ions
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Switching Between Names and Formulas
•Name to Formula▫ Identify the symbol and charge of the anion
and the cation▫ Determine how many of cations and anions
are needed to balance the charges to neutral▫ Write the formula (cation first) with
subscripts denoting how many are needed of each ion Remember to put polyatomic ions in
parenthesis if adding a subscript to them
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Switching Between Names and FormulasName to Formula example
▫What is the formula for calcium bromide?
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Switching Between Names and FormulasName to Formula example
▫What is the formula for iron (II) chloride?
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Switching Between Names and FormulasName to Formula example
▫What is the formula for potassium hydroxide?
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Switching Between Names and Formulas•Name to Formula example
▫What is the formula for gold (II) phosphate?
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Switching Between Names and Formulas•Name to Formula example
▫What is the formula for ammonium bromide?
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Switching Between Names and Formulas
•Formula to name▫ Identify the name of the cation and anion in
the formula Remember multivalent cations need a Roman
numeral as part of their name. You will have to determine the charge from the formula clues.
▫ Name the compound
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Switching Between Names and Formulas
•Formula to name examples▫ LiBr
▫ NiO