Chapter 6 Nuclear Energy Student Copy 1

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CHAPTER 6 NUCLEAR ENERGY

6.1 Understanding Radioactive Substances

6. Understanding t!e Production o" Nuc#ear Energ$

and its Uses6.% A&areness o" t!e Need "or Pro'er Hand#ing o"

Radioactive Substances



6.1 Understanding Radioactive Substances

Radioactive Substances

1. Radioactive substances are _______________________________ while

______________________________________________________

2. Figure 6.1 shows the symbol used to warn the public about the

presence of radioactive substances.

3. Figure 6.2 shows some examples of the common radioactive substances.

Radioactive (eca$

1. Radioactive decay is

_____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. The nucleus before decay is called the parent nuclide and the product of decay is the

daughter nuclide.

Radioactive Radiation

1. There are 3 types of radioactive radiation

___________________________________________________________________

2. eiger!"uller tube #" tube$ is __________________________________________

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Si)i#arities o" t!e T!ree Radiations

1. ****************************************************************** . ****************************************************************** %. ******************************************************************

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+. ******************************************************************

(i""erences o" t!e T!ree Radiations

Radioactive

emissions

&lpha particles' ( )eta particles' * amma rays

+ature

,harge

-peed

n an

electric field

n magnetic

field

)ends a little showing

that it has a big mass.

/irection of the bend

indicates that it is

positively charges

onising

power

• The 3 types of radiation use their energy to _______________________

__________________________________________________________• The ionization of an atom produces _____________________________

__________________________________________________________

0eaest

enetrating

power

Radiation which has a stronger ioniing power will have _____________

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

• The radiation emission ___________________________ each time an

ion pair is produced.

-topped by

Range in air

Radioisoto'e

1. Radioisotopes are ________________ which decay and give out radioactive emissions.

2. Radioisotopes are isotopes of an element that are radioactive.

3. Radioisotopes are naturally occurring or artificially produced.

4. &rtificial radioisotopes can be produced when _________________________________

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

A''#ication o" Radioisoto'e in Arc!aeo#og$

4.

6.5.

.

7.

18.

11.

12.

13.

19.

14.

16.

15.

1.

A''#ication o" Radioisoto'es in ,ndustr$

#a$ Thicness control

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1. __________________ generating carbon!19 from

atmospheric nitrogen!19. This carbon!19 is _____

________________________________________

_____________________ which then settles down

to the :arth and then may enter the carbon cycle.

2. ,arbon!19 is a radioisotope with a half!life of

___________ and decays by emitting beta particles.

3. ;iving animals and plants have a ______________

____________ of carbon!19 in their tissues which

remains constant.

9. 0hen ______________________ the amount of

carbon!19 in their body ______________________

_____________________________

4. The amount of carbon!19 left in a decayed plant or

animal can be ____________________________



1. lace ______________________ at the top' _________________ on bottom

2. "easure the amount of radiation

- f too thin< ______________________

- f too thic< _____________________

3. Type of radiation used varies according to type of material

- For metal sheets' ____________________ are used

- For plastics' clothes and paper' ____________________ are used.

#b$ detecting leas in underground water pipes.

1. _____________________ which emits beta particles is _____________________

____________________ to measure the flow rate in the pipeline and to find leas.

2. The radiation produced by the radioactive substance can be detected with a

___________________________ placed above ground.

3. & larger increase in the count rate will indicate that __________________________

A''#ication o" Radioisoto'es in -edicine#a$ Radioactive tracers

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1. & radioisotope is taen in by a patient

through the ___________________

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% or through the

____________________________

The radiation emitted enables organs

such as thyroid' bones' heart' liver to

be easily imaged by imaging

e=uipment. /isorders can then be

detected.

#b$-teriliing

1. "edical instruments are sterilied after

pacing by a brief exposure to ______

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

2. amma rays can be used to ________

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

#c$ cancer treatment

1. amma rays can _________________

They are used to ill cancer cells

without having to _________________

2. This is called ___________________

3. t is important to administer the correct

dosage. :xcessive radiation will

damage too many healthy cells.

nsufficient radiation will not stop the

cancer from spreading.

A''#ication o" Radioisoto'e in t!e ie#d o" Agricu#ture

1. )y measuring the radioactivity of the stem and leaves' scientists can find out how

much fertilier has been absorbed by the plant.

2. Radioisotopes are used to ill pests and parasites and to control the ripening of

fruits.

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#a$ &s a tracer

1. Tracers are used to determine ________

_________________________________

___________________________________

2. ________________________________ is

added to the fertiliser and its rate of uptae by

the plant can be determined using a !"

counter.

#b$ &s a preservation agent

1. :mits and foodstuff are _____________

________________________________

2. otatoes treated with low doses of radiation

can be ___________________

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

#c$ &s a mutating agent

1. ************* are used to produce new

species of plants.

2. This is done by controlled exposure of the

seeds to _____________________

______________ so that the cells in the seeds

can _______________________

3. This process may produce species which are

______________________________

_________________________________

#d$ &s a sterilising agent

1. Radioisotopes are used to control _____

________________________________

2. "ale insects are bred and irradiated to

sterilise them.

3. These sterilised males are then released

_________________________________

_________________________________

6. Understanding t!e Production o" Nuc#ear Energ$ and its Uses

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Nuc#ear ission

1. +uclear fission is _______________________________________________________

2. Fission occurs when the nucleus of an atom is ________________________________

3. The _______________________________ causes the target nucleus to split into two#or more$ nuclei that are _______________________ the parent nucleus' releasing a

________________________________________ during the process.

9. & slow neutron hitting a uranium!234 nucleus' causing it to split producing strontium!78'

xenon!193 and three neutrons > energy.

:xample of nuclear fission<

Nuc#ear usion

1. +uclear fusion is ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

2. +uclear fusion is believed to be the process by which ___________________________

0hen two hydrogen!2 nuclei moving at ___________________________ they can ?oin

together to produce _______________________ & large amount of energy is released.

3. & hydrogen bomb uses the principle of __________________________ for its design.

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Generation o" E#ectricit$ "ro) Nuc#ear Energ$

1. :lectricity can be generated from the energy released by fission reactions. & nuclear

power station consists of a nuclear reactor and a generator.

2. __________________ produces tremendous amount of energy through nuclear fission.

:nergy changes that too place are<

E""ects o" nuc#ear energ$ 'roduction

1. Radioactive substances can cause positive effects and also negative effects on living

things.

Positive e""ects Negative e""ects

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6.% A&areness o" t!e Need "or Pro'er Hand#ing o" Radioactive

Substances

Negative E""ect o" Radioactive Substance

1. 0hen radioactive emissions stries living cells' it can cause ______________________ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%This may cause the cells to be illed'

resulting in tissue damage.

2. &t low doses of radiation' the damaged tissues can repair itself rapidly.

3. @igh doses of radiation can cause burn effects nown as _______________________

9. The ioniation effect of radiation can also cause genetic damage to the molecules of the

cells. This may lead to the _____________________________________ development.

4. f the radioactive substances gets inside the body' the most harmful effects come from

the alpha particles because they have the highest ioniation power.

6. f the radioactive source is outside the body' the greatest danger is from gamma

sources because gamma rays have _______________________________________

5. The alpha particles would not penetrate clothing and is highly unliely to reach living

cells in the body.

. The somatic and enetic effect are shown in the table below<

Sa"et$ Precautions in t!e Hand#ing o" Radioactive Substances

Radioactive substance must always he handled with the correct procedures to prevent

harmful effects to people and the environment. The following are sortie basic precautions<

1. _____________________________________________________________________

e=uipment and wor manuals. loves must be worn any time an unsealed source is

being used or whenever contamination is liely to occur.

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2. _____________________________________________________________________

_

3. :ating' drining' applying cosmetics or storing of food is prohibited.

9. &ll wor surfaces and storage areas #e.g. table tops and floors$ should be covered with

absorbent material to contain radioactive material contamination.4. 0hen using radioactive li=uids' plastic or metal trays #stainless steel washes easily$

should be utilised to contain potential spills.

6. Radioactive material' especially li=uids' should be

______________________________ whenever possible. f glass is used' a secondary

container is necessary.

5. )efore eating or drining' wash hands and forearms thoroughly.

. Radioactive sources for educational use are ept in ___________________

Radioactive /aste -anage)ent

1. 0aste from the nuclear reactor is radioactive and therefore must be carefully managed.

2. Radioactive waste consists of a variety of materials re=uiring different methods of

management to protect people and the environment. They are classified as _________

*********************************************************************

Lo&0Leve# /aste ,nter)ediate0Leve# /aste Hig!0Leve# /aste

,omprises 78A of the

volume but only 1A of the

radioactivity of all

radioactive wastes.

enerated from ______

__________________

__________________

__________________

,omprises __________

___________________

__________________

,ontains small amounts of

mostly short!lived

radioactivity.

)uried in _____________

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Bften compactedC

incinerated ___________

%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2 before

disposal to reduce itsvolume.

"aes up 5A of the

volume and has 9A of the

radioactivity of all

radioactive wastes.

,ontains higher amounts

of radioactivity and may

re=uire __________

_______________

,omprises of ______

_________________

_________________

________________ from

reactor decommissioning.

-olidified in concrete or

bitumen for disposal.

-hort!lived wastes #mainly

from reactors$ is

_____________

;ong!lived wastes #from

reprocessing nuclear fuel$is disposed _____

_______________

,onsists of only 3A of

the volume of all radioactive

wastes but it holds 78A of

the radioactivity.

"ainly ______________

____________________

____________________

,ontains highly!

radioactive fission products

and some heavy elements

with long!lived radioactivity.

enerates large amounts

of heat and re=uires cooling

as well as special shielding

during handling transport.

______________

_______________

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E3ercises 6

Essa$ 4uestion

1. #a$ -tate one use of radioactive substances in each of the fields of agriculture'

medicine' archaeology and industry.D9 marsE

#b$ & group of worers are directed to control a radioactive lea at a nuclear reactor.

/escribe how they can overcome this problem. our answer should include the

following<

G dentify the problem D1

marE

G /escribe t&o methods to detect the radioactive leaage D2marsE

G -tate t&o adverse effects of radioactive leaage D2

marsE

G -tate one safe storage method D1

marE

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&nswer

ie#d Uses

&griculture amma ray is used to sterilise pests

"edicine amma ray from cobalt!68 is used to ill cancer cells

&rchaeology ,arbon!19 is used to determine the age of ancient artitacts

ndustry Hranium!234 is used to generate electricity in nuclear reactors

#b$ G Radioactive leaage

G Hse a eiger!"uller counter and wear photographic badges

G ,auses cancer and mutations

G Ieep radioactive substance in thic leadC thic concrete

Chapter 6 Nuclear Energy Student Copy 1

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