Chapter 50 Class Presentation
Transcript of Chapter 50 Class Presentation
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Chapter 50Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
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Complex sensory systems that facilitate survival.
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Bats use sonar to detect prey.
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Moths can detect the bat’s sonar.
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Include diverse mechanisms that sense stimuli and generate appropriate movement.
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2. Describe the four general functions of receptor cells…
Introduction of Sensory Reception
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All stimuli represent forms of energy.
Sensation involves converting energy into a change in the membrane potential of sensory receptors.
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All stimuli represent forms of energy.
Function of sensory pathways: sensory reception, transduction, transmission, an integration.
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Sensation and perceptions begin with sensory reception.
Detection of stimuli by receptors – both inside and outside of the body.
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3. Distinguish between sensory transduction and…
Introduction of Sensory Reception
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Sensory transduction: conversion of stimulus energy into change of membrane potential.
Change is called receptor potential – many are very sensitive.
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Transmission: sensory cell facilitate the movement of action potentials.
Larger receptor potential = more rapid action potentials.
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Integration: receptor potentials integrated through summation.
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4. Since all action potentials are the same, explain how the brain distinguishes…
Introduction of Sensory Reception
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Perception: the brain’s construction of stimuli
Brain distinguishes stimuli from different receptors by the area where the action potentials arrive.
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6. Explain the importance of sensory adaptation.
Introduction of Sensory Reception
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Type of Sensory Receptors
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7. List the five categories of sensory receptors…
Introduction of Sensory Reception
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Mechanoreceptors: sense physical deformation.
TOUCH!
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Chemoreceptors: information about the total solute concentration of a solution.
Respond to individual kinds of molecules.
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Electromagnetic receptors: detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity and magnetism.
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Thermoreceptors: respond to heat or cold.
Regulate body temp. by signaling both surface and core temp.
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Nociceptors: naked dendrites in the epidermis.
Pain receptors.
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8. Explain the role of mechanoreceptors in hearing and balance.
Hearing and Equilibrium
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Hearing and perception of body equilibrium are related in most animals.
Mechanoreceptors
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9. Describe the structure and function of invertebrate statocysts..
Hearing and Equilibrium
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Most invertebrates maintain equilibrium using statocysts.
Detect movement of granules called statoliths.
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10. Explain how insects may detect sound.
Hearing and Equilibrium
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Many arthropods sense sounds with body hairs that vibrate.
“Ears” consisting of tympanic membrane and receptor cells.
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11. Refer to a diagram of the human ear and give the function of each structure.
Hearing and Equilibrium
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Vibrations create percussion waves that vibrate tympanic membrane.
Bones of the middle ear transmit the vibrations.
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Vibrations create waves of fluid that move through vestibular canal.
Waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate, bending hair cells.
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12. Explain how the mammalian ear functions as a hearing organ.
Hearing and Equilibrium
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Bending of hair cells depolarizes the membranes.
Sends action potential to the brain via the auditory nerve.
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13. Describe how the ear conveys information about volume and pitch of sound to the brain.
Hearing and Equilibrium
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Ear conveys information about volume and pitch.
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15. Describe the hearing and equilibrium system of nonmammalian vertebrates.
Hearing and Equilibrium
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Fishes have only a pair of inner ears near the brain.
Also have lateral line system that detect and respond to water movement.
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16. Distinguish between tastants and odorants.
Chemoreception: Taste and Smell
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Taste and smell rely on similar set of sensory receptors.
Terrestrial animals:Gustation: Taste, detection of chemicals called tastants.Olfaction: Smell, detection of odorant molecules.
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Taste and smell rely on similar set of sensory receptors.
Taste buds detect five taste perceptions: sweet, sour, salty, butter, and umami – different regions of the tongue.
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19. Describe what happens after an odorant binds to an ordorant receptor…
Chemoreception: Taste and Smell
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Olfactory receptors are neurons that line the upper portion of the nasal cavity.
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Photoreception and Vision
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22. Refer to a diagram of the vertebrate eye…
Photoreception and Vision
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The basic structure of the vertebrate eye.
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Muscle Function
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Muscle activity is a response to input from the nervous system.
The action of a muscle is always to contract.
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• Skeletal muscle characterized by a hierarchy of smaller and smaller units.
• Consists of a bundle of long fibers – each a single cell – running the length of the muscle.
• Each muscle fiber is a bundle of smaller myofibrils.
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Two kinds of myofilaments.
Thin: two strands of actin, one strand of regulatory protein.
Thick: staggered arrays of myosin molecules.
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Skeletal muscle also called striated muscle – arrangement of myofilaments create light and dark bands.
Functional unit of a muscle is called a sarcomere – bordered by Z lines.
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Sliding-filament model: filaments slide past each other, producing overlap.
Based on interaction between actin of thin filaments and myosin of the thick filaments.
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Fig. 50-27-1
Thinfilaments
ATP Myosin head (low-energy configuration
Thick filament
Thin filament
Thickfilament
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Fig. 50-27-2
Thinfilaments
ATP Myosin head (low-energy configuration
Thick filament
Thin filament
Thickfilament
Actin
Myosin head (high-energy configuration
Myosin binding sites
ADP
P i
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Fig. 50-27-3
Thinfilaments
ATP Myosin head (low-energy configuration
Thick filament
Thin filament
Thickfilament
Actin
Myosin head (high-energy configuration
Myosin binding sites
ADP
P i
Cross-bridgeADP
P i
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Fig. 50-27-4
Thinfilaments
ATP Myosin head (low-energy configuration
Thick filament
Thin filament
Thickfilament
Actin
Myosin head (high-energy configuration
Myosin binding sites
ADP
P i
Cross-bridgeADP
P i
Myosin head (low-energy configuration
Thin filament movestoward center of sarcomere.
ATP
ADP P i+
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Skeletal muscle fiber contract only when stimulated by a motor neuron.
Muscle at rest, myosin-binding sites on thin filament blocked by protein tropomyosin.
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• For a muscle fiber to contract, myosin-binding sites must be uncovered
• This occurs when calcium ions (Ca2+) bind to a set of regulatory proteins, the troponin complex
• Muscle fiber contracts when the concentration of Ca2+ is high; muscle fiber contraction stops when the concentration of Ca2+ is low
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• The synaptic terminal of the motor neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
• Acetylcholine depolarizes the muscle, causing it to produce an action potential
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Action potentials travel to the interior of the muscle fiber along transverse (T) tubules
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The action potential along T tubules causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release Ca2+
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The Ca2+ binds to the troponin complex on the thin filaments
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This binding exposes myosin-binding sites and allows the cross-bridge cycle to proceed
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Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers• Skeletal muscle fibers can be classified
– As oxidative or glycolytic fibers, by the source of ATP
– As fast-twitch or slow-twitch fibers, by the speed of muscle contraction
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Oxidative and Glycolytic Fibers• Oxidative fibers rely on aerobic respiration to
generate ATP• These fibers have many mitochondria, a rich
blood supply, and much myoglobin• Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen more
tightly than hemoglobin does
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• Glycolytic fibers use glycolysis as their primary source of ATP
• Glycolytic fibers have less myoglobin than oxidative fibers, and tire more easily
• In poultry and fish, light meat is composed of glycolytic fibers, while dark meat is composed of oxidative fibers
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Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Fibers• Slow-twitch fibers contract more slowly, but
sustain longer contractions• All slow twitch fibers are oxidative• Fast-twitch fibers contract more rapidly, but
sustain shorter contractions• Fast-twitch fibers can be either glycolytic or
oxidative
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• Most skeletal muscles contain both slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles in varying ratios