Chapter 5 The Human Body
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Transcript of Chapter 5 The Human Body
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Chapter 5 The Human Body
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The Planes of the Body• _______________________ : Front side (Ventral)
• Posterior: Back side (Dorsal)
• _______________________ : Imaginary line that divides body
• Midclavicular line: Imaginary line at center of clavicle (collar bone)
• _______________________ line: Imaginary line at armpits
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The Planes of the Body
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Directional Terms (1 of 3)
• Right: The patient’s right
• Left: The patient’s left
• _______________________ : Away from the midline
• _______________________ : Toward the midline
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Directional Terms (2 of 3)
• _______________________ : Nearer or toward the head
• _______________________ : Nearer or toward the feet
• _______________________ : Toward the free end
• _______________________ : Toward the trunk
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Directional Terms (3 of 3)
• _______________________ : close to or on the skin
• Deep: further inside the body• Palmar: palm/front of hand• _______________________ : bottom of foot• Apices: tip or topmost portion of a structure• _______________________ : body part that
appears on both sides of midline
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Directional Terms
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Movement Terms
• _______________________ : Extremity (knee or elbow) in flexed position
• _______________________ : Extremity in straight position
• _______________________ : Extremity next to body
• _______________________ : Extremity away from body
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Movement Terms
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Anatomic Positions
• _______________________ : Face down• Supine: Face up• Fowler’s position: body sitting up, knees bent• _______________________ recumbent: on
side• Trendelenberg’s Position: body supine with
head lower than feet• _______________________ Position:
Trendelenberg with legs elevated and the head and torso supine
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The Skeletal System
• Gives _______________________ to the body
• Protects vital organs• Consists of _______________________
bones• Acts as a framework for attachment of
muscles• Designed to permit
_______________________ of the body
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The Skull
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The Neck
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Spinal Column
• _______________________ spinal cord
• Consists of 33 vertebrae
• ____________ Cervical
• ____________ Thoracic
• ____________ Lumbar
• ____________ Sacrum
• ____________ Coccyx
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The Thorax
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The Abdomen (1 of 2)
• The abdomen is the _______________________ major body cavity.
• It contains the major organs of _______________________ and excretion.
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The Abdomen (2 of 2)
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The Pelvis
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The Lower Extremity
• _______________________ : thighbone
-Largest and strongest bone of body
• Patella: kneecap
• Knee Joint
• _______________________ : shin bone (lower leg)
• _______________________ : smaller bone of lower leg
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The Lower Extremity
• _______________________ : ankle bone
• Calcaneus: heel bone
• Foot
– tarsal bones
–metatarsal bones
–_______________________ -toes
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The Lower Extremity
• Hip
• Thigh
• _______________________
• Leg
• Ankle
• _______________________
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The Upper Extremity
• _______________________ : upper arm bone• Elbow• Radius: thumb side• _______________________ : pinkie side• Hand– carpal bones–metacarpal bones–_______________________
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The Upper Extremity
• Shoulder girdle
• _______________________
• Elbow
• Forearm
• _______________________
• Hand
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Joints
• Ball and Socket:
–Allows hinging and _______________________
• _______________________ :
–Allows for only hinging
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Functions of the Musculoskeletal System
• Gives the body _______________________
• Protects internal organs
• Provides for _______________________
• Consists of more than 600 muscles
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Types of Muscle (1 of 2)• _______________________(voluntary)
muscle
–Attached to the bones of the body
• _______________________(involuntary) muscle
–Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body
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Types of Muscle (2 of 2)_______________________ muscle
• _______________________ muscle
• Has own blood supply and _______________________ system
• Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods
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The Respiratory System
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Diaphragm• Has characteristics of both voluntary and
involuntary muscles
• _______________________ -shaped muscle
• Divides thorax from _______________________
• _______________________ during inhalation
• Relaxes during _______________________
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Infant and Child Anatomy
• Structures less _______________________
• Airway _______________________
• Tongue proportionally larger
• Dependent on _______________________ for breathing
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The Circulatory System
• Consists of:
–_______________________
–_______________________
–Blood _______________________
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The Nervous System
• The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and _______________________ actions.
• _______________________ nervous system• Regulates voluntary actions
• _______________________ nervous system• Controls involuntary body functions
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Central Nervous System (1 of 2) (Brain and Spinal Cord)
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Central Nervous System (2 of 2)
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Peripheral Nervous System
• Links the organs of the body to the _______________________ nervous system.
• _______________________ nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system.
• _______________________ nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.
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The Skin (1 of 2)
• Protects the body from the _______________________
• Regulates body _______________________
• Transmits information from environment to the _______________________
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The Skin (2 of 2)
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Endocrine System
• Complex message and control _______________________
• Made up of 7 glands
• Glands produce and release _______________________ .
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Endocrine Glands (1 of 2)
• _______________________ : regulates salt, sugar, and sexual function
• Ovary: regulates sexual function, characteristics, and reproduction in women
• _______________________ : regulates glucose metabolism
• _______________________ : regulates serum calcium
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Endocrine Glands (2 of 2)
• _______________________ : regulates all other endocrine glands
• _______________________ : regulates sexual function, characteristics, and reproduction in men
• _______________________ : regulates metabolism
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Digestive System (1 of 7)
MouthSalivary Glands:• Located under the _______________________ • Produces _______________________ (98% water)_______________________ : oral and nasal
structuresEsophagus:• Collapsible tube about 10” long • Connects mouth to stomach• Muscle _______________________ propel food
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Digestive System (2 of 7)
Stomach:• Located in left _______________________
quadrant (LUQ)• Stores food in large quantities and transfers
to small intestines in regular portionsPancreas:• Aids in digestion of fat, starch, and
_______________________ • Produces about 2 liters of pancreatic juices
per day• Produces _______________________
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Digestive System (3 of 7)
Liver:• Largest _______________________ organ of the
body• Poisonous substances produced by digestion are
rendered harmless• Storage of _______________________ and starch• Produces factors necessary for blood clotting and for
producing plasma• Solid organ very rich in _______________________ • Fragile and easily _______________________
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Digestive System (4 of 7)Bile Ducts:• Connects the liver to the _______________________ • The gall bladder is an outpouching of the bile ducts
and stores bile • Major function of bile is the digestion of
_______________________ Small Intestine:• The major _______________________ organ of the
abdomen• Composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum• Produces enzymes and _______________________
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Digestive System (5 of 7)
Large Intestines:
• Consists of the cecum, _______________________ , and rectum
• The major function of the colon is to absorb the final 5-10% of digested food and water from the intestine to produce _______________________ waste
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Digestive System (6 of 7)
Appendix:
• 3 to 4” long that opens into the cecum in the right _______________________ quadrant (RLQ) of the abdomen
• Easily obstructed, inflamed and infected
• Major cause of _______________________ distress
• No known _______________________
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Digestive System (7 of 7)
Rectum:
• Lowermost end of the _______________________
• Stores _______________________ until it is expelled
• Contains _______________________ to control the escape of waste products
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Urinary System
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