Chapter 1

Chapter 1:

the Human BodyA & P 8/20/13

AnatomyThe study of the Structure and Shapes of the body and their relationships to one another.

Gross Anatomy: The study of large easily observable structures of the body. example: Bones and Liver Microscopic Anatomy: The study of very small structures that require the naked eye to be aided

PhysiologyThe study of how the body parts work or the Function of the body parts.

Neurophysiology- functions of the nervous systemCardiac physiology- functions of the heartStructural OrganizationStarts with the simplest and becomes complexAtomsMoleculesCellsTissuesOrgansOrgan SystemsOrganism

Integumentary SystemThe external covering of the body, or skin. Waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues and organs from harm. Excretes salts and urea to help regulate body temperature and pressureHouses pain receptors to alert us of what is happening on body surface.

Skeletal SystemConsists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints. Supports the body and provides framework for the muscles to produce movement.Also serves as a protective barrier for our most vital organsBrain, heartStores mineralsMuscular SystemSimply provide movement by contracting muscles.

Nervous systemFastest acting control system.BrainSpinal cordNervesAnd sensory receptors

Endocrine systemControls the bodies activities, but slower than the nervous system.Endocrine glands produce chemicals called hormones that use the blood stream to get to specific organs

Cardiovascular systemThe heart and the blood vesselsUse blood as the transporting fluid to carry substances like oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to and from tissues cells where exchanges are made. Lymphatic systemComplementary to that of cardiac system. Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as spleen and tonsils.

Respiratory systemKeep the body consistently supplied with oxygen

Digestive systemA tube running through the body from the mouth to the anus. Break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells

Urinary systemRemove the nitrogen-containing waste from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.

Reproductive systemExists to produce offspring. WORDPRESShttp://missmackley.wordpress.com/Necessary Life functionsMaintaining BoundariesMovementResponsiveness (irritability)DigestionMetabolismExcretionReproductionGrowthMust have to survive NutrientsChemical energyOxygenRequired for chemical reactions to release energy from foods20% of air we breath is oxygenWater60-80% of body weightBody Temperature98.6 Degree FAtmospheric PressureExchange of O and CO2 Cellular Metabolism at high altitudesHomeostasisThe bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing.

Nervous and Endocrine SystemsReceptor: Send informationControl Center: analyzes information and determines responseEffector: Provides the means for control center to respond

Homeostasis ContdNegative Feedback MechanismsCauses stimulus to decline or end

Positive Feedback Mechanisms (rare in the body)Enhances the stimulusBlood Clotting and birth of a babyAnatomical Position

Regional Terms

Regional Terms

Directional Terms

Superior/ InferiorAnterior/PosteriorDorsal/VentralCranial/CaudalMedial/LateralProximal DistalSuperficial/DeepBody Planes and sections

Directional termsProne and Supine

Body CavitiesDorsal body cavityCranial cavitySpinal cavity

Ventral body cavityThoracic cavityDiaphragmAbdominopelvicAbdominal pelvic

Abdominopelvic Cavity4 QuadrantsRight UpperLeft UpperRight LowerLeft Lower

Abdominopelvic RegionsUmbilical RegionEpigastric RegionHypogastric (pubic) RegionRight Iliac (inguinal) RegionLeft Iliac (inguinal) RegionRight Lumbar RegionLeft Lumbar RegionRight Hypochondriac RegionLeft Hypochondriac Region

Anterior View of Ventral Body Cavity OrgansLungsLiverHeartDiaphragmSpleenStomachSmall IntestineLarge intestine (Colon)GallbladderAppendixBladder

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