Chapter 5

States of Consciousness

Brandon Hullinger and Isaac Nygaard

What are the three major categories of psychoactive drugs?

Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens.

Group Question:

Name two biological regulators of humans’ circadian rhythm.

Pineal gland, superchiasmatic nucleus, or melatonin

Omar is sleep deprived from his late-night biology homework; what will he most likely

experience?

Drowsiness, slowed reaction, REM rebound, microsleep, etc…

Disinhibition, memory disruption, and slowed neural processing are symptoms of which

psychoactive drug?

Alcohol

Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Opiates are all part of which category of psychoactive drug?

Depressants

During hypnosis, there is a split between what two aspects of perception?

Sensory input & emotion

Which type of psychoactive drug is used in sleeping medication?

Barbiturates

John is felling very worried about minute things, is annoyed with everyone and hasn't slept well for a week. Which drug's withdrawal symptoms is he going through?

Nicotine

True or False: recovering childhood memories through hypnosis has a 60% failure rate.

False; nearly 100%

Group Question:

Thackary sees colored shapes that transform into a vortex. He feels as though he were

floating. What stage of sleep is he most likely in?

Stage 1 (alpha): hypnogogic stage

What do depressants do to the body's systems?

They slow body functions and calm neural activity.

Jill thinks that the only way she can possibly focus on her work is if she smokes a cigarette every day. Jill has what type of dependence on

nicotine?

Psychological Dependence

Group Question:

Give a psychoanalytic, biological, and learning perspective on the purpose of

dreamsActivation-synthesis, memory

consolidation, and fulfills erotic wishes

True or False: there are a good many people that don’t dream often

False; everyone dreams

Opiates are usually used for what purpose?

Painkillers

Spindles are a characteristic sign of what sleep stage?

Stage 2

Group Question:

Which of these is the brain scan of an alcoholic?

The first one. The second is of a schizophrenic mind and the third is of an Alzheimer's patient.

Light inhibits the production of what chemical in your body?

Melatonin

A typical sleep cycle lasts how long?

90 minutes

Brownies have small traces of the same chemical that is the active ingredient in marijuana. What is this chemical called?

THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)

Group Question:

Which is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug?

Caffeine

What is another common name for REM sleep?

Paradoxical sleep

The reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin is blocked by which psychoactive drug?

Cocaine

What percentage of the night is spent dreaming?

20-25%; around 1/4th

Group Question:

Which of these is the image of someone who has been on meth for 10 years?

The third one. The first is someone who has only been on meth a short time and the second is

someone who is on cocaine.

How long does a person’s sleep debt last?

2 weeks

Dream interpretation recovers this from a person’s dreams.

Latent content

Which of the following has the highest percentage of addiction: marijuana, alcohol, heroin, or nicotine?

Nicotine

MDMA, LSD, and marijuana are all which category of psychoactive drugs?

Hallucinogens

This sleep disorder is characteristic of sudden, overwhelming moments of sleepiness.

Narcolepsy

Group Question:

Name two of the three genetically influenced traits noticeable in boys at age six that can predict how likely he is to smoke, drink, an use other

drugs.

Excitable, impulsive, fearless.

True or False: night terrors occur when a person is overcome with extreme terror during

sleep.

True

Dehydration and depressed mood are adverse effects of which psychoactive drug?

Ecstasy/MDMA

Sam drinks alcohol to prevent himself from having a massive headache. What type of dependence does

he have on alcohol?

Physical Dependence

Last week, Sam could get the effects from nicotine after smoking one cigarette. Today it takes him two. His body has

developed a what for nicotine?

Tolerance

Group Question:

What are three good suggestions to help those suffering from insomnia?

Exercise regularly; avoid stimulants and food; relax; sleep regularly; calm yourself

Which drug seems to have effects that contradict the usual tolerance phenomenon?

Marijuana

Sleep apnea occurs when a person gets a lack of what?

Air or oxygen

Group Question:

Name four of the five stimulants.

Caffeine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Nicotine, Ecstasy

Near-death-experiences have been compared to...

Hallucinations

Group Question:

Identify two brain waves.

Alpha, beta, theta, delta

Sleep walking and talking usually occur in what sleep stage?

Stage 4: deep sleep, slow wave sleep

Poe was a poet, Pollock was a president- which is most likely to be hypnotized?

Poe

Group Question:

After about what age does the casual use of illegal drugs almost cease?

35

Our remembrance of prophetic dreams is tell-tale of what phenomena?

Selection bias

This aspect of perception allows us to direct our awareness towards novel information.

Selective attention

Group Question:

Who is this guy?

Josh Lyman

Name two of the three misconceptions about addiction.a. Addictive drugs quickly corruptb. Therapy is always necessary to overcome addictionc. Addiction can meaningfully be extended beyond chemical

dependence to a wide range of other behaviors

Billy is dreaming of a billy goat skipping across a bridge. According to Freud, the storyline is the

dream’s____________?

Manifest content

Group Question:

Who created LSD?

Albert Hofmann