Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
Transcript of Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
![Page 1: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 1/82
CELL DIVISION
![Page 2: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 2/82
![Page 3: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 3/82
CHROMATID
![Page 4: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 4/82
All the chromosome in the nucleus ofsomatic cell exist in pairs and call as diploid
number of chromosome (2n)
In humans, one set of chromosome consists of23 pairs of chromosome . That means our somatic
cell have 46 chromosome .
![Page 5: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 5/82
From 23 pairs of chromosome, one pairs is thesex chromosome .
Two X chromosome (XX), referred to female ,while XY chromosome referred to males
![Page 6: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 6/82
![Page 7: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 7/82
THE HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
![Page 8: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 8/82
WHY CELL DIVISIONSIMPORTANT
To replaced the dead or damaged cell with new cells.
Increase the number of cell in the body for growing
To maintain chromosomal number of each organisms
![Page 9: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 9/82
THE CELL CYCLE
Interphase M phase Cytokinesis.
(Cytoplasmicdivision)
![Page 10: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 10/82
![Page 11: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 11/82
Interphase is also the stage at which cells growlarger and prepare for cell division
During interphase, the nucleus is big and well difined.
Interphase is divided into three shorter stages orsub-phases:
(a) G1 phase (growth phase 1)
(b) S phase ( DNA synthesis)
(c) G2 phase (growth phase 2)
![Page 12: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 12/82
![Page 13: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 13/82
MITOSIS
Mitosis is process division of nucleus in thesomatic cell.
Mitosis can be subdivided into four phases, namely :
(a) Prophase(b) Metaphase(c) Anaphase
(d) Telophase
The number chromosome are same likethe parents cell
![Page 14: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 14/82
PROPHASE• Nuclear membrane begins to disappear.• Chromatin threads coil up to form chromosomes• Centrioles move to the opposite poles as spindle
fibers form between them.
![Page 15: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 15/82
METAPHASE• Nuclear membrane disappears.•
Spindle fibers surround the chromosomes• Chromosomes move towards the equator and
become attached to the spindle microtubules
by their centromers
![Page 16: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 16/82
ANAPHASE• Centromeres split .• The two chromatids from each chromosomes
move to the opposite poles at the spindles contract.
![Page 17: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 17/82
TELOPHASE• Spindle fibers dissapear• A new plasma membrane forms around each group
of daughter chromosomes• Inside each daughter nucleus, the chromosomes
uncoil and form chromatin.• Formation of cleavage or cell plate for cytokinesis
begins
![Page 18: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 18/82
CYTOKINESIS• The division of cytoplasm of a cell to form new
cells after the dauhgter nuclei have been formed• In animal cells, cytokinesis take place with the
formation of cleavage furrow• In plant cells, cytokinesis take place with the
formation of cell plate
![Page 19: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 19/82
THE FUNCTION OF MITOSIS
• To produce new cells for growth
• To replace millions of cells which die or are
worn out• To develop zygotes in sexual reproduction
![Page 20: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 20/82
REGENERATION
Lizard drop a tail to entice a predator Healing of woundsSome plants capable of total regeneration(the formation of a whole new plant from aleaf, stem or root)
![Page 21: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 21/82
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLEDMITOSIS
For the normal cellgrowth
For the normaldevelopment
For maintain the numberof cell in body
![Page 22: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 22/82
THE EFFECTS OF UNCONTROLLEDMITOSIS
Cancer Tumor• Cancerous cell divide freely and
uncontrollably.• Cancer can be caused by:
- damage to the DNA- mistakes that occur in the genes
that controlled cell division.- the effect of radiation- carcinogen compounds.
• Form by cancerous cellthat is divideduncontrollably
![Page 23: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 23/82
UNCONTROLLED MITOSIS
Will produce cancer cells
NORMAL CELLS
CANCERCELLS
- Divide freely anduncontrollably withoutheeding the cell cyclecontrol system
![Page 24: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 24/82
CAUSES OF CANCER
1. Damage to the DNA2. Mistakes that occur in the genes that control
cell division
3. The effects of ionising radiation such as X-rays, UV-rays4. Certain chemical compounds like tar in
tobacco
5. Carcinogenic compounds such asformaldehyde.
![Page 25: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 25/82
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NORMALCELLS AND CANCEROUS CELLS
1. Normal cells undergo controlled growth butcancerous cells undergo uncontrolled growth.
2. Normal cells have a single organised layer but
cancerous cells have multi-layered anddisorganised cells3. Cells are differentiated and carry out specialised
functions in normal cells but in cancerous cells they
undifferentiated and do not have specialisedfunctions.
4. The nuclei and chromosome number of normal cellare normal but the nuclei and chromosome number of cancerous cells are abnormal.
![Page 26: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 26/82
Test Your IQ
1. Give the definition of mitosis2.State two reasons why mitotic cell division is
important in living organisms.3. Name the stages in M phase4. State the important events that occur at
(i) G1
phase(ii) S phase(iii) G2 phase
![Page 27: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 27/82
THE APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGEON MITOSIS IN CLONING
Cloning Tissue culturetechnique
![Page 28: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 28/82
ANIMAL CLONING
![Page 29: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 29/82
CLONING
Cloning is the process of producing clones ofa cell, tissue or organism, through asexual
reproduction
Animals cloning involves the transfer of the
nucleus from a somatic cell to an ovum orembryonic cell which has the nucleus removed
![Page 30: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 30/82
Many animals have been succesfully cloned eversince the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly
![Page 31: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 31/82
![Page 32: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 32/82
![Page 33: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 33/82
Cloning…….
![Page 34: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 34/82
![Page 35: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 35/82
advantages
Cloning offers the opportunity to rapidlyimprove the genetic makeup of a herdthrough reproduction of elite animalsAs cloning techniques become more
efficient, more clones are living to adult ageand so their reproduction function can bestudied. It appears that there is no differencein the health of cloned animals compared withnon-cloned animals.Cloning allows the reproduction of animalsthat have been genetically modified (eg for the production of medicines in milk).
![Page 36: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 36/82
WHAT ARE THEDISADVANTAGES OFCLONING?
1. Losing genetic diversity2. Wiping out entire population. – at risk from
new pathogens / diseases3. Inbreeding – because everyone has the
same genetic materials, causes morediseases, abnormalities eventually death tothe population.
![Page 37: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 37/82
Bermulanya perkembangan manusia (1)[Mitosis]
Dia menciptakan kamu dari diri yang satu (Adam),kemudian Dia menjadikan daripadanya, isterinya(Hawa) dan Dia mengadakan untuk kamu binatang-
binatang ternak lapan ekor: (Empat) pasangan(jantan dan betina). Dia menciptakan kamu dalamkandungan ibu kamu (berperingkat-peringkat) darisatu kejadian ke satu kejadian) . Dalam tiga suasanayang gelap-gelita. Yang demikian (kekuasaanNya)ialah Allah Tuhan kamu; bagiNyalah kekuasaanyang mutlak; tiada Tuhan melainkan Dia; oleh itubagaimana kamu dapat dipesongkan (darimematuhi perintahNya)?[Az zumar: 6)
![Page 38: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 38/82
TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUE
Tissue culture technique involves the growth ofcell or tissues outside the cell in a suitable culture
medium which contain nutrient and growth hormoneor through in-vitro methods.
New individuals that are produced, are generally
identical to the existing organisms
The cultures medium are incubated at an optimaltemperature of 37 0C and at optimal pH
![Page 39: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 39/82
![Page 40: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 40/82
Advantages of Cloning
1) Many clones are produced in a short time
2)The good qualities of the plants and animals can
be selected and maintained in the clones.3) It increase the quality of products.
4) It ensures the continuity of hereditary traits
from the parent to the clones.
5) It can be carried out any time of the year.
![Page 41: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 41/82
![Page 42: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 42/82
MEIOSIS
Meiosis is process division of nucleus in theReproductive organ.
This process will reduce the number of chromosomein daughter cell to half that of the parent
Each gametes receive only one chromosome fromevery pair of homologous chromosomes.That means in human gametes, contain 23 haploid
chromosome
![Page 43: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 43/82
During the fertilization, sperm and egg will meet,restore the complete number of chromosome and
genetic material, forming a diploid zygote with46 chromosome
![Page 44: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 44/82
In multicellular organisms, meiosis occurs in thetestes ( in males) and ovaries (in female)
In plants, it occurs in anthers (males) and ovaries(female)
![Page 45: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 45/82
![Page 46: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 46/82
![Page 47: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 47/82
![Page 48: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 48/82
Meiosis
Meiosis I Meiosis II-Prophase I-Metaphase I-Anaphase I-Telophase I
-Prophase II-Metaphase II-Anaphase II-Telophase II
![Page 49: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 49/82
![Page 50: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 50/82
Interphase
• The cell replicates its DNA and duplicates itschromosome
• The cell now has twice the amount of geneticmaterial, but the same number of chromosome
as before• The nucleus membrane and nucleolus are still present
In animal cells a pair of centrosomes is also formedin the cytoplasm
![Page 51: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 51/82
![Page 52: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 52/82
Meiosis 1
Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1
![Page 53: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 53/82
![Page 54: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 54/82
• The chromatids of homologous chromosome,cross over along their length and at this point it
called as chiasmata.• At this point, there is a change in genetic materialbetween the non-sister chromatids. This processwill form new combination of genetic material andthis important for genetic variation
•
The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrateand the spindle fibres are formed
![Page 55: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 55/82
![Page 56: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 56/82
M h 1
![Page 57: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 57/82
Metaphase 1
Paired homologous chromosome line up at themetaphase plate.
One chromosome of each pair faces each pole ofthe cell
The chromatids of each chromosome are attachedto the spindle fibres at their centromer
![Page 58: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 58/82
![Page 59: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 59/82
Anaphase 1
• The pair of homologous chromosome separatefrom one another and move to the opposite poles
• Each chromosome moves with its centromereheading towards the pole and the two sister
chromatids trailing behind
![Page 60: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 60/82
T l h 1
![Page 61: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 61/82
Telophase 1
•
The chromosome arrive at the poles.• Each pole now has a haploid daugther nucleusbecause it contain only one set of chromosome
• The spindle fibre disappear• The nucleus membrane reappears to surround
each group of chromosome• The nucleolus then reappears in each nucleus
![Page 62: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 62/82
Cytokinesis occurs. The cleavage form and twohaploid daughter cells form
Between meiosis I and meiosis II, there is little orno interphase and no replication of chromosome
![Page 63: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 63/82
![Page 64: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 64/82
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
![Page 65: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 65/82
![Page 66: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 66/82
Metaphase II
![Page 67: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 67/82
Metaphase II
Chromosome line up at the metaphase plate
Each sister chromatid is attached to the spindle
fibre at the centromere
![Page 68: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 68/82
A h II
![Page 69: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 69/82
Anaphase II
•
The centromers holding the sister chromatidstogether split
• Chromatids separate
• Spindle fibre pull each chromatids to oppositepoles
![Page 70: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 70/82
![Page 71: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 71/82
Telophase II
•
Finally the nucleoli and nuclear membrane re-form.
• The spindle fibres break down
• Cytokinesis follows and four haploid daughter cellare formed. Each haploid cell contains half the
number of chromosome. The haploid cell becomegametes
![Page 72: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 72/82
![Page 73: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 73/82
Meiosis I Meiosis II
![Page 74: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 74/82
Meiosis I Meiosis IISimilarities
• Both process consist 4 stage.• Both process involve nucleus and cytoplasm division
Meiosis I Meiosis II
![Page 75: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 75/82
Meiosis I Meiosis IIDifferences
• Synapsis occur
• Crossing over occur
• No synapsis
• No crossing over• In metaphase I, pairedhomologous chromosomeline up at the metaphase
plate
• In metaphase II,chromosome line up at
the metaphase plate
• In telophase I, twohaploid chromosome
are formed
• In telophase II, fourhaploid chromosome
are formed
Mitosis Meiosis
![Page 76: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 76/82
Mitosis MeiosisSimilarities
• The process of cell division in which DNA replicatesonly once
Mitosis Meiosis
![Page 77: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 77/82
Mitosis MeiosisDifferences
• All somatic cell
• Replace damageand dead cell
• Reproductive organ
• Produce gametes
• Synapsis notoccur
• Synapsis occur
• Crossing overnot occur
• Crossing overoccur
Place occurs
Purpose
Synapsis
Crossingover
Mitosis Meiosis
![Page 78: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 78/82
Mitosis MeiosisDifferences
• Produce cell forgrowth and repair
• Not causegenetic variation
• Produces gamete
• Cause geneticvariation
• One • Two
• Two daughtercell
• Four daughtercell
Role
Genetic
variationNumber of
division
Number ofdaughter
cell
Mitosis Meiosis
![Page 79: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 79/82
Mitosis MeiosisDifferences
• Same as theparent cell
• Diploid
• Different fromthe parent cell
• Haploid
Geneticcontent
Chromosomalnumber of
daughter cell
THE IMPORTANCE OF MEIOTIC
![Page 80: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 80/82
THE IMPORTANCE OF MEIOTICCELL DIVISION
Ensure the maintenance
of diploid numberof chromosome
Provides geneticvariation
Leads to geneticrecombination
Appreciating the Movement of Chromosome
![Page 81: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 81/82
Appreciating the Movement of Chromosomeduring Mitosis and Meiosis
• The meiosis and mitosis ensure the survival ofeach species from one generation to the next.
•
Asexual reproduction through mitosis processproduces offspring that are identical to singleparent
•
Sexual reproduction through meiosis processproduces genetic variation in the offspring
![Page 82: Chapter 5 (Mitosis)](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021115/577cd9c41a28ab9e78a420b8/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-5-mitosis 82/82