Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 1

CHAPTER 5: Literature Cited and References

Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 493 pp.

Agee, J.K. 1994c. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. General

Technical Report, PNW-GTR-320. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 52

pp. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr320.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Agee, J.K. 1996. The influence of forest structure on fire behavior. In: Proceedings of the 17th

Annual Forest

Vegetation Management Conference, Redding, CA. January 16-18, 1996. p. 52-68.

Agee, J.K. 1998. The landscape ecology of western forest fire regimes. Northwest Science, 72(special issue):24-

34. Available online at http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_nws/Journal%20reprints.htm (December 19, 2007).

Agee, J.K. 2002a. Fire as a coarse filter for snags and logs. In: Laudenslayer Jr., W.F., P.J. Shea, B.E. Valentine,

C.P. Weatherspoon, and T.E. Lisle, tech. cords. 1999. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology and

management of dead wood in western forests; Reno, NV; November 2-4, 1999. General Technical Report, PSW-

GTR-181. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. p. 359-368. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/ (October 3, 2006).

Agee, J.K. 2003. Historical range of variability in eastern Cascades forests, Washington, USA. Landscape

Ecology, 18(8):725-740. Available online at http://www.springerlink.com/content/m80l003512780253/fulltext.pdf

(January 12, 2007).

Agee, J.K. 2004. The complex nature of mixed severity fire regimes. In: Taylor, L., J. Zelnik, S. Cadwallader, and

B. Hughes (comps., eds.). Mixed severity fire regimes: ecology and management. Symposium proceedings;

Spokane, WA; November 15-19, 2004. Association for Fire Ecology and Washington State University; WSU

Extension, Pullman, WA. p. 1-10. Available online at

http://www.emmps.wsu.edu/fire/secondary/PROCEEDINGS.html#Symposium (October 16, 2006).

Agee, J.K. and R.L. Edmonds. 1991. Forest protection guidelines for the northern spotted owl. In: Recovery Plan

for the Northern Spotted Owl – Final Draft, April 1992. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. p. 181-

244, 419-480.

Agee, J.K, B. Bahro, M.A. Finney, P.N. Omi, D.B. Sapsis, C.N. Skinner, J.W. Van Wagtendonk, C.P.

Weatherspoon. 2000. The use of shaded fuelbreaks in landscape fire management. Forest Ecology and

Management, 127(1-3):55-66. Available online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (October 12, 2006).

Agee, J.K., C.S. Wright, N. Williamson, and M.H. Huff. 2002. Foliar moisture content of Pacific Northwest

vegetation and its relation to wildland fire behavior. Forest Ecology and Management, 167(1-3):57-66. Available

online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (October 12, 2006).

Almack, J.A., W.L. Gaines, R.H. Naney, P.H. Morrison, J.R. Eby, G.F. Wooten, M.C. Snyder, S.H. Fitkin, and E.R.

Garcia. 1993. North Cascades Grizzly Bear Ecosystem evaluation: final report. Interagency Grizzly Bear

Committee, Denver, CO. 156 pp.

Altman, Robert. 2000a. Conservation strategy for landbirds in the northern Rocky Mountains in Oregon and

Washington. Prepared for Oregon-Washington Partners in Flight, by Bob Altman, American Bird Conservancy.

128 pp. Available online at http://www.orwapif.org/pdf/northern_rockies.pdf (October 3, 2006).

Altman, Robert. 2000b. Conservation strategy for landbirds of the east-slope of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon

and Washington. Prepared for Oregon-Washington Partners in Flight, by Bob Altman, American Bird Conservancy.

121 pp. Available online at http://www.orwapif.org/pdf/east_slope.pdf (October 3, 2006).

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 2

Anderson, R.M. 1943. Summary of the large wolves of Canada, with description of three new Arctic Races.

Journal of Mammalogy, 24(3): 386-393. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/00222372/ap050097/05a00100/0 (July 31, 2007).

Anderson, H.E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. General Technical Report, INT-

GTR-122. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 22 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr122.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Anderson, B., J. Frost, K. McAllister, D. Pineo, and P. Crocker-Davis. 1986. Bald eagles in Washington.

Washington Wildlife, 36(4):13-20.

Andrus, C.W. and H.A. Froehlich. 1983. An evaluation of four implements used to till compacted forest soils in the

Pacific Northwest. Research Bulletin 45. Forest Research Lab, College of Forestry, Oregon State University,

Corvallis, OR. 12 pp.

Anthony, R.G., E.D. Forsman, A.B. Franklin, D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, G.C. White, C.J. Schwarz, J. Nichols,

J.E. Hines, G.S. Olson, S.H. Ackers, L.S. Andrews, B.L. Biswell, P.C. Carlson, L.V. Diller, K.M. Dugger, K.E.

Fehring, T.L. Fleming, R.P. Gerhardt, S.A. Gremel, R.J. Gutierrez, P.J. Happe, D.R. Herter, J.M. Higley, R.B. Horn,

L.L. Irwin, P.J. Loschl, J.A. Reid, S.G. Sovern. 2006. Status and trends in demography of northern spotted owls,

1985-2003. Wildlife Monographs, 163(1):1-48. Available online at http://www.wildlifejournals.org/archive/0084-

0173/163/1/pdf/i0084-0173-163-1-1.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Archibald, W.R., R. Ellis, and A.N. Hamilton. 1987. Responses of grizzly bears to logging truck traffic in the

Kimsquit River valley, British Columbia. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 7:251-257.

Available online at http://www.jstor.org/view/19360614/ap070006/07a00360/0 (July 31, 2007).

Armleder H.M., M.J. Waterhouse, D.G Keisker, and R.J. Dawson. 1994. Winter habitat use by mule deer in the

central interior of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72:1721-1725.

Arno, S.F. 1999. Undergrowth response, shelterwood cutting unit. In: Smith, H.Y., and S.F. Arno, eds. Eighty-

eight years of change in a managed ponderosa pine forest. General Technical Report, RMRS-GTR-23. Ogden, UT:

Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 55 pp. (not online 10/19/06)

Arno, S.F., J.H. Scott, and M.G. Hartwell. 1995a. Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir

stands and its relationship to fire history. Research Paper, INT-RP-481. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research

Station, USDA Forest Service. 25 pp. Available online at

http://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Arno_et_al_1995.pdf (January 11, 2007).

Arno, S.F., M.G. Harrington, C.E. Fiedler, and C.E. Carlson. 1995b. Restoring fire-dependent ponderosa pine

forests in western Montana. Restoration and Management Notes, 13(1):32-36.

Arno, S.F., H.Y. Smith, and M.A. Krebs. 1997. Old growth ponderosa pine and western larch stand structures:

influences of pre-1900 fires and fire exclusion. Research Paper, INT-RP-495. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research

Station, USDA Forest Service. 20 pp. Available online at

http://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Arno_Smith_Krebs_1997.pdf (January ).

Arno, S.F., Parsons, D.J. and Keane, R.E. 2000. Mixed-severity fire regimes in the Northern Rocky Mountains:

consequences of fire exclusion and options for the future. In: Cole, D.N., S.F. McCool, W.T. Borrie, and J.

O’Loughlin, comps. Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference. Volume 5: Wilderness Ecosystems,

Threats, and Management. 1999 May 23-27; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. Ogden, UT: Rocky

Mountain Research Station. p. 225-232. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p015_5.html

(October 19, 2006).

Aycock, S. 2002. COPWRR Strategy Framework: Reducing wildfire risks in Central Oregon by removing and

utilizing forest fuels. A project of the Central Oregon Intergovernmental Council in cooperation with the USDA

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 3

Forest Service Economic Action Program. Redmond, OR. 135 pp. Available online at

http://www.coic.org/copwrr/StrategyFullReport.pdf (October 20, 2006).

Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940, as amended (BAGEPA). U.S. Code. Title 16 – Conservation.

Chapter 5A – Protection and Conservation of Wildlife. Subchapter II – Protection of Bald and Golden Eagles.

Sections 668, 668a-d. (16 U.S.C. 668-668d, 54 Stat. 250)

Benda, L.E. and J.C. Sias. 2003. A quantitative framework for evaluating the mass balance of in-stream organic

debris. Forest Ecology and Management, 172(1):1-16. Available online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco

(October 12, 2006).

Benda L., D. Miller, P. Bigelow, and K. Andrus. 2003. Effects of post-wildfire erosion on channel environments,

Boise River, Idaho. Forest Ecology and Management, 178(1-2):105–119. Available online at

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (October 12, 2006).

Beschta, R.L. and W.S. Platts. 1986. Morphological features of small streams: significance and function. Water

Reserouces Bulletin, 22(3):369-379.

Beschta, R.L, C.A. Frissell, R.E. Gresswell, E.R. Hauer, J.R. Karr, G.W. Minshall, D.A. Perry, and J.J. Rhodes.

1995. Wildfire and salvage logging – recommendations for ecologically sound post-fire salvage logging and other

post-fire treatments on federal lands in the West. Unpublished report, 16 p. Available online at http://www.fire-

ecology.org/science/Beschta_Report.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Bigley, R.E. and J.F. Franklin. 2004. Habitat Trends. In: Courtney, S.P., J. A. Blakesley, R.E. Bigley, M.L. Cody,

J.P. Dumbacher, R.C. Fleischer, A.B. Franklin, J.F. Franklin, R.J. Gutierrez, J.M. Marzluff, and L. Sztukowski.

2004. Scientific evaluation of the status of the northern spotted owl. Sustainable Ecosystems Institute, Portland,

OR. September 2004. Chapter 6. Available online at http://www.sei.org/owl/finalreport/finalreport.htm (October

20, 2006).

Bisson, P.A., B.E. Rieman, C. Luce, P.F. Hessburg, D.C. Lee, J.L. Kershner, G.H. Reeves, and R.E. Gresswell.

2003. Fire and aquatic ecosystems of the western USA: current knowledge and key questions. Forest Ecology and

Management, 178(1-2):213-229. Available online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (October 11, 2006).

Bjorkland, J. 1980. Habitat and vegetative characteristics of a remote backcountry area as related to

reestablishment of a grizzly population in the North Cascades National Park Complex. USDI National Park

Service, North Cascades National Parks, WA. Misc. Research Paper, NCT-10. 38 pp.

Blaisdell, J.P. 1950. Effects of controlled burning on bitterbrush on the Upper Snake River Plains. Research Paper,

INT-RP-20. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service. 3 pp. (not

online 10/19/06)

Bond, M.L., R.J. Gutiérrez, A.B. Franklin, W.S. LaHaye, C.A. May, and M.E. Seamans. 2002. Short term effects

of wildfires on spotted owl survival, site fidelity, mate fidelity, and reproductive success. Wildlife Society Bulletin,

30(4):1022-1028. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/view/00917648/ap070119/07a00060/0 (July 31, 2007).

Boyd, D.K. and D.L. Pletscher. 1999. Characteristics of dispersal in a colonizing wolf population in the central

Rocky Mountains. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63(4):1094-1108. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/0022541x/ap070249/07a00060/0 (July 31, 2007).

Bradley, A.F., N.V. Noste, and W.C. Fischer. 1992. Fire ecology of forests and woodlands in Utah. General

Technical Report, INT-GTR-287. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 128 pp.

(not online 10/19/06)

Brown, J.K. 1995. Fire regimes and their relevance to ecosystem management. In: Proceedings of Society of

American Foresters National Convention; September 18-22, 1994; Anchorage, AK. Society of American Foresters,

Washington, D.C. p. 171-178

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 4

Brown, J.K. and N.V. DeByle. 1989. Effects of prescribed fire on biomass and plant succession in western aspen.

Research Paper, INT-RP-412. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 16 pp. (not

online 10/19/06)

Brown, J.K. and J.K. Smith, editors. 2000. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora. General Technical

Report, RMRS-GTR-42 vol. 2. Ogden, UT: Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 257 pp.

Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr042_2.pdf (February 14, 2007).

Brown, B.T. and L.E. Stevens. 1997. Winter bald eagle distribution is inversely correlated with human activity

along the Colorado River, Arizona. Journal of Raptor Research, 31(1):7-10.

Brown, B.T., G.S. Mills, C. Powels, W.A. Russel, G.D. Therres, and J.J. Pottie. 1999. The influence of weapons-

testing noise on bald eagle behavior. Journal of Raptor Research, 33(3):227-232.

Buchanan, J. B. 1991. Spotted owl nest site characteristics in mixed conifer forests of the eastern Cascade

Mountains, Washington. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 76 pp.

Buchanan, J.B. and L.L. Irwin. 1998. Variation in spotted owl nest site characteristics within the eastern Cascade

Mountains Province in Washington. Northwestern Naturalist, 79(1):33-40. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/10511733/ap060028/06a00060/0 (July 31, 2007).

Buchanan, J.B., L.L. Irwin, and E.L. McCutchen. 1993. Characteristics of spotted owl nest trees in the Wenatchee

National Forest. Journal of Raptor Research, 27(1):1-7. (paper copy)

Buchanan, J.B., L.L. Irwin, and E.L. McCutchen. 1995. Within-stand nest site selection by spotted owls in the

eastern Washington Cascades. Journal of Wildlife Management, 59(2):301-310. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/0022541x/ap070231/07a00140/0 (July 31, 2007).

Buehler, D.A., T.J. Mersmann, J.D. Fraser, and J.K.D. Seegar, 1991. Non-breeding bald eagle communal and

solitary roosting behavior and roost habitat on the northern Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Wildlife Management,

55(2):273-281. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/view/0022541x/ap070215/07a00110/0 (July 31, 2007).

Bugart, B. and D. Bambrick. 1996. Aquatic species and habitat assessment of the Wenatchee, Entiat, Methow and

Okanagan Watersheds for the Mid-Columbia Habitat Conservation Plan.

Bull, E.L. 1983. Longevity of snags and their use by woodpeckers. In: Davis, J.W., G.A. Goodwin, and R.A.

Ockenfels, tech. coords. Snag habitat management: proceedings of the symposium. General Technical Report, RM-

GTR-99. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimentation Station, USDA Forest Service. p.

64-67. (not online 10/19/06, paper copy)

Bull, E.L. and J.E. Jackson. 1995. Pileated Woodpecker (Drycopus pileatus). In: Poole, A. and F. Gill, eds. The

birds of North America, No. 148. The Acadamy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and the American

Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC. 24 pp.

Bush, J.L. 2002. Supervisory Wildlife Biologist. Wenatchee Field Office. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service.

Memorandum. 1 pp.

Byram, G.M. 1954. Atmospheric conditions related to blowup fires. Station Paper #35. Asheville, NC:

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service. 34 pp. NFES # 2239.

Camp, A.E. 1999. Age structure and species composition changes resulting from altered disturbance regimes on

the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range, Washington. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 9(3/4):39-67. pdf

Camp, A.E., C.D. Oliver, P.F. Hessburg, and R.L. Everett. 1997. Predicting late-successional fire refugia pre-

dating European settlement in the Wenatchee Mountains. Forest Ecology and Management, 95(1):63-77. Available

online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (October 20, 2006).

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 5

Carey, A.B., S.P. Horton, and B.L. Biswell. 1992. Northern spotted owls: influence of prey base and landscape

character. Ecological Monographs, 62(2):223-250. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/00129615/di960505/96p0026z/0 (July 27, 2007).

Carleton, T.J. 1982. The composition, diversity and heterogeneity of some jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stands in

northeastern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60(12):2629-2636. Abstract available online at http://pubs.nrc-

cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_tocs_e?cjb_cjb12-82_60 (August 7, 2007). pdf

Carleton, T.J., and P.F. Maycock. 1981. Understory-canopy affinities in boreal forest vegetation. Canadian Journal

of Botany, 59(9):1709-1716. Abstract available online at http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_tocs_e?cjb_cjb9-

81_59 (August 7, 2007). pdf

Carlton, D. 2001. FMA Plus. Fire Management Analyst Plus edition. Fire Program Solutions/Acacia Services,

Estacada, OR.

Carter, S. and C. Holstine. 1994. Grazing. In: R. Bruce, S. Carter, S. Emerson, M. Garris, C. Holstine (ed.), S.T.

Luttrell, and C. McCarthy-Ryan. An historical overview of the Wenatchee National Forest, Washington. Eastern

Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-80, Archaeological and Historical Services, Cheny,

WA.

Chelan County Conservation District. 2005. Leavenworth Area Community Wildfire Protection Plan.

Clary, W.B., and P.F. Ffolliott. 1966. Differences in herbage-timber relationships between thinned and unthinned

ponderosa pine stands. Research Note, RM-RN-74. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experimentation Station, USDA Forest Service. 4 pp. (not online 10/19/06, pdf)

Cochran, P.H., J. M. Geist, D.L. Clemens, R.R. Clausnitxer, and D.C. Powell. 1994. Suggested stocking levels for

forest stands in northeastern Oregon and southwestern Washington. Research Note PNW-RN-513. Portland, OR:

Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 21 pp. (not online 10/19/06)

Cohen, J.D. 1999. Reducing the wildland fire threat to homes: Where and how much? In: Gonzalez-Caban, A.

and P.N. Omi, tech. coords. Proceedings of the Symposium on Fire Economics, Planning, and Policy: Bottom

Lines; San Diego, CA; April 5-9, 1999. General Technical Report, PSW-GTR-173. Albany, CA: Pacific

Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. p. 189-195. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_1999_cohen_j001.pdf (November 7, 2006).

Cohen, J.D. 2002. Risk to homes is worst after flames. The Oregonian newspaper. Article by Michael Milstein,

August 12, 2002. Portland, OR. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/main/pa/newsclips/02_08/0812_risk.html (October 20, 2006).

Cook, J.G., L.L. Irwin, L.D. Bryant, R.A. Riggs, and J.W. Thomas. 1998. Relations of forest cover and condition

of elk: A test of the thermal cover hypothesis in summer and winter. Wildlife Monographs, 141:3-61. Available

online at http://www.jstor.org/view/00840173/ap070141/07a00020/0 (July 31, 2007).

Courtney, S.P., J.A. Blakesley, R.E. Bigley, M.L. Cody, J.P. Dumbacher, R.C. Fleischer, A.B. Franklin, J.F.

Franklin, R.J. Gutierrez, J.M. Marzluff, and L. Sztukowski. 2004. Scientific evaluation of the status of the northern

spotted owl. Sustainable Ecosystems Institute, Portland, OR. September 2004. 508 pp. Available online at

http://www.sei.org/owl/finalreport/finalreport.htm (December 12, 2006).

Covington, W.W. and M.M. Moore. 1994. Post-settlement changes in natural fire regimes and forest structure:

ecological restoration of old-growth ponderosa pine forests. Haworth Press.

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 6

Covington, W.W., P.Z. Fule, M.M. Moore, S.C. Hart, T.E. Kolb, J.N. Mast, S.S. Sackett, and M.R. Wagner. 1997.

Restoring ecosystem health in ponderosa pine forests of the Southwest. Journal of Forestry, 95(4):23-29. Available

online at http://www2.for.nau.edu/research/tek/dnload/REHI-23.pdf and

https://library.eri.nau.edu:8443/handle/2019/299 (November 7, 2006).

Cram, D.S., T.T. Baker, and J.C. Boren. 2006. Wildland fire effects in silviculturally treated vs. untreated stands of

New Mexico and Arizona. Research Paper, RMRS-RP-55. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Research Station,

USDA Forest Service. 28 pp. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp055.pdf (October 5, 2006).

Crane, M.F., J.R. Habeck, and W.C. Fischer. 1983. Early postfire revegetation in a western Montana Douglas-fir

forest. Research Paper, INT-RP-319. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 29 pp.

(not online 10/19/06)

Creel, S., J.E. Fox, A. Hardy, J. Sands, B. Garrot, and R.O. Peterson. 2002. Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid

stress responses in wolves and elk. Conservation Biology, 16(3):809-814. Available online at

http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/cbi/16/3 (October 3, 2006).

Davis, S. 1990. Effectiveness of a winged subsoiler in ameliorating a compacted clayey forest soil. Western

Journal of Applied Forestry, 5(4):138-139. Available online at

http://saf.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/wjaf (July 31, 2007).

Deeming, J.E., R.E. Burgan, and J.D. Cohen. 1977. The National Fire Danger Rating System - 1978. General

Technical Report, INT-GTR-39. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest

Service. 63 pp. (not online 10/19/06)

Delaney, D.K., T.G. Grubb, P. Beier, L.L. Pater, and M.H. Reiser. 1999b. Effects of helicopter noise on Mexican

spotted owls. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63(1):60-76. Available online at:

http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/pb1/vitae/Delaney_etal1999b-Noise-MSO.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Dellasala, D.A., R.G. Anthony, T.A. Spies, and K.A. Engel. 1998. Management of bald eagle communal roosts in

fire-adapted mixed-conifer forests. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62(1):322-333. Available online at

De Vos, A. 1949. Timber wolves (Canis lupus lycaon) killed by cars on Ontario Highways. Journal of

Mammalogy, 30(2):197. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/view/00222372/ap050120/05a00180/0 (July 31,

2007).

Dixon, R.D. 1995. Ecology of white-headed woodpeckers in the central Oregon Cascades. M.S. Thesis. University

of Idaho. Moscow, ID. 148 pp.

Dixon, R.D. and V.A. Saab. 2000. Black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus). In: Poole, A. and F. Gill, eds.

The birds of North America, No. 509. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 20 pp. Available online

(with subscription) at http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/BNA/ (March 14, 2007).

Dunham, J.B., M.K. Young, R.E. Gresswell, and B.E. Rieman. 2003. Effects of fire on fish populations: landscape

perspectives on persistence of native fishes and non-native fish invasions. Forest Ecology and Management 178(1-

2):183-196. Available online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (October 11, 2006).

English, K.K., C. Sliwinski, B. Nass, and J.R. Stevenson. 2001. Assessment of adult steelhead migration through

the Mid-Columbia River using radio-telemetry techniques, 1999-2000. Report prepared by LGL Limited for Public

Utility District No. 2 of Grant County, Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County, and Public Utility District No.

1 of Douglas County. 48 p. = appendices.

English, K.K., C. Sliwinski, B. Nass, and J.R. Stevenson. 2003. Assessment on Adult Steelhead Migration Through

the Mid-Columbia River Using Radio Telemetry Techniques in 2001 and 2002. Chelan County Public Utility

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 7

District (PUD), Douglas County PUD, and Grant County PUD.

Everett, R.L., R. Schellhaas, T. Anderson, J.F. Lehmkuhl, and A.E. Camp. 1996a. Restoration of ecosystem

integrity and land use allocation objectives in altered watersheds. In: McDonnell, J.J, J.B. Stribling, L.R. Neville,

and D.J. Leopold, eds. Watershed restoration management – Physical, Chemical, and Biological Considerations;

Proceedings of the American Water Resources Association; Syracuse, NY; July 14-17, 1996. American Water

Resources Association Herdon, VA. p. 271-280.

Everett, R., D. Schellhaas, D. Spurbeck, P. Ohlson, D. Keenum, and T. Anderson. 1997. Structure of northern

spotted owl nest stands and their historical conditions on the eastern slope of the Pacific Northwest Cascades, USA.

Forest Ecology and Management, 94(1-3):1-14. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/spottedowl.pdf (October 20, 2006).

Everett, R.L., R. Schellhaas, D. Keenum, D. Spurbeck, and P. Ohlson. 2000. Fire history in the ponderosa

pine/Douglas-fir forests on the east slope of the Washington Cascades. Forest Ecology and Management, 129(1-

3):207-225. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/firehistory.pdf (October 20, 2006).

Everett, R., D. Schellhaas, D. Spurbeck, P. Ohlson, and D. Keenum. 2003. Continuity in fire disturbance between

riparian and adjacent sideslope Douglas-fir forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 175(1-3):31-47. Available

online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (December 12, 2006).

Evers, Louisa. 2005. Post-fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests and implications for management.

Unpublished paper on file at Oregon State Office, 333 SW 1st Ave. Portland, OR 97204. 67 pp. (electronic copy)

Ewins, P.J. 1997. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) populations in forested areas of North America: changes, their

causes and management recommendations. Journal of Raptor Research, 31:138-150.

Fahrig, L. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution, and

Systematics, 34:487-515. Available online at http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/toc/ecolsys/34/1 (March 6, 2007).

FEMAT. 1993. Forest Ecosystem Management: an ecological, economic, and social assessment. Report of the

ecosystem management assessment team. Jack Ward Thomas, Team Leader. USDA Forest Service, USDC NOAA

National Marine Fisheries Service, USDI (Bureau of Land management, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park

Service), and the Environmental Protection Agency. Portland, OR. US GPO 1993-793-071. Chapter V, Aquatic

Ecosystem Assessment.

Fettig, C.J, K.D. Klepzig, R.F. Billings, A.S. Munson, T.E. Nebeker, J.F. Negron, and J.T. Nowak. 2007. The

effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous

forests and the western and southern United States. Forest Ecology and Management, 238(1-3):20-53. Available

online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (August 31, 2006).

Finney, M., S. Brittain, and R. Seli. 2006. FlamMap version 3.0. Joint Fire Sciences Program, Rocky Mountain

Research Station, USDI Bureau of Land Management. Systems for Environmental Management. Available online

at http://www.fire.org/ (October 5, 2006).

Fischer, C., C. Rose, and R. Molina. 1996. Ectomycorrhizal types on Pinus ponderosa seedlings planted in

compacted and subsoiled forest sites. In: Barea, J.M. and R. Azcon-Aguilar, eds. Mycorrhizas in integrated

systems from genes to plant development. Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizae; Granada,

Spain; July 11-14, 1994. p. 107-109.

Fitzgerald, S.A., editor. 2002. Fire in Oregon's forests: risks, effects and treatment options: A synthesis of current

issues and scientific literature. A report prepared for the Oregon Forest Resources Institute, Portland, OR by the

Extension Forestry Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 164 pp.

Flanagan, D.C. and S. J. Livingston. 1995. WEPP User Summary. NSERL Report No. 11. W. Lafayette, IN:

National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory. 131 pp.

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 8

Forsman, E.D., S.G. Sovern, D.E. Seaman, K.J. Maurice, M. Taylor, and J.J. Zisa. 1996. Demography of the

northern spotted owl on the Olympic Peninsula and east slope of the Cascade Range, Washington. Studies in Avian

Biology, 17:21-30. (paper copy)

Forsman, E.D., S. Sovern, and M. Taylor. 2002. Wildlife Ecology Team Wildlife Habitat Relationships in

Washington and Oregon FY 2002. Cooperators: Plum Creek Timber Company, Boise Cascade Corporation, U.S.

Timberlands, Washington State Department of Natural Resources.

Frame, P.F., H.D. Cluff, and D.S. Hik. 2007. Response of wolves to experimental disturbance at homesites. The

Journal of Wildlife Management, 71(2):316-320. Available online at

http://www.wildlifejournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-archive&issn=0022-541X (August 9, 2007).

Franklin J.F. and J.K. Agee. 2003. Forging a Science-Based National Forest Fire Policy. Issues in Science and

Technology, 20(1):59-66 (Fall 2003). Available online at http://www.issues.org/issues/20.1/franklin.html (October

5, 2006).

Franklin, J.F. and C.T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. General Technical Report,

GTR-PNW-8. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service. 417

pp. (not online 10/19/06)

Franklin, A.B., K.P. Burnham, G.C. White, R.J. Anthony, E.D. Forsman, C. Schwarz, J.D. Nichols, and J. Hines.

1999. Range-wide status and trends in northern spotted owl populations. Unpublished report. 71 pp.

Frenzel, R.W. 2004. Nest-site occupancy, nesting success, and turnover rates of white-headed woodpeckers in the

Oregon Cascade Mountains in 2004. Audubon Society of Portland, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, USDI

Bureau of Land Management, and USDA Forest Service, Portland, OR. Unpublished Report. 35 pp.

Freyman, S. 1968. Spectral distribution of light in forests of the Douglas-fir zone of southern British Columbia.

Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 48(3):326-328. pdf

Fritts, S.H. 1992. Wolf recovery in the state of Washington. International Wolf, (Winter):19-20.

Fule, P.Z., W.W. Covington, and M.M. Moore. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management

of Southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications, 7(3):895-908. Available online at

http://www2.for.nau.edu/research/pzf/Fule_web/reprints/Fule_EcolApp1997.pdf (November 7, 2006).

Fule’, P.Z., C. McHugh, T.A. Heinlein, and W.W. Covington. 2001. Potential fire behavior is reduced following

forest restoration treatments. In: Vance, R.K., C.B. Edminster, W.W. Covington, and J.A. Blake, compilers. 2001.

Ponderosa pine ecosystems restoration and conservation: steps toward stewardship; Flagstaff, AZ; April 25-27,

2000. Proceedings, RMRS-P-22. Ogden, UT: Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. p. 28-35.

Furniss, M.J., T.D. Roeloffs, and C.S. Yee. 1991. Road construction and maintenance. In: W.R. Meehan, ed.

Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society

Special Publication, 19:297-323.

Gaines, W.L. 2001. Disturbance ecology, land allocations, and wildlife management. In: Proceedings of the

Management of Fire Maintained Ecosystems Workshop. BC Ministry of Forests and the Forestry Continuing

Studies Network. Whistler, BC; May 23-24, 2000. p. 29-34.

Gaines, W.L. 2002. Forest Wildlife Biologist. Forest Headquarters. Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forests.

Wenatchee, WA. Personal communication, December 19, 2002.

Gaines, W.L., G.K. Neale, and R.H. Naney. 1995. Response of coyotes and gray wolves to simulated howling in

North-central Washington. Northwest Science, 69(3):217-222. Available online at

http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_nws/Journal%20reprints.htm (December 19, 2007).

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 9

Gaines, W.L., R.A. Strand, and S.D. Piper. 1997. Effects of the Hatchery Complex fires on northern spotted owls in

the eastern Washington Cascades. In: Greenlee, J.M, editor. Proceedings: First Conference on Fire Effects on Rare

and Endangered Species and Habitats; Coeur d’Alene, ID; November 13-16, 1995. International Association of

Wildland Fire. p. 123-129. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/Gaines.pdf (October 20,

2006).

Gaines, W.L., P. Singleton, and A.L. Gold. 2000a. Conservation of rare carnivores in the North Cascades

Ecosystem, western North America. Natural Areas Journal, 20:366-375.

Gaines, W.L., W.O. Noble, and R.H. Naney. 2000b. Grizzly bear recovery in the North Cascades Ecosystem.

Western Black Bear Workshop, 7:57-62.

Gaines, W.L, P.H. Singleton, and R.C. Ross. 2003. Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on

wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-586.

Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 79 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr586.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Gaines, William L., Maryellen Haggard, John F. Lehmkuhl, Andrea L. Lyons, and Richy J. Harrod. 2007. Short-

Term Response of Land Birds to Ponderosa Pine Restoration. Restoration Ecology Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 670–678.

Gaines, William, Maryellen Haggard, James Begley, John Lehmkuhl, and Andrea Lyons. 2010. Short-Term Effects

of Thinning and Burning Restoration Treatments on Avian Community Composition, Density, and Nest Survival in

the Eastern Cascades Dry Forests, Washington. Forest Science 56(1):88 –99.

Geist, M.J., and H.A. Froehlich. Principles and processes of subsoiling in forest ecosystems. Unpublished

document on file at the Leavenworth Ranger District, Leavenworth, WA. 2 pp.

Gerlach, D., S. Atwater, and J. Schnell, eds. 1994. Deer. The Wildlife Series. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg,

PA. 384 pp.

Gibeau, M.L. and K. Heuer. 1996. Effects of transportation corridors on large carnivores in the Bow River Valley,

Alberta. In: G.L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Ziegler, and J. Berry, eds. Proceedings of the Florida Department of

Transportation/Federal Highway Administration Transportation-related Wildlife Mortality Seminar. Highways and

Movement of Wildlife: Improving Habitat Connections and Wildlife Passageways across Transportation Corridors,

April 30-May 2, 1996. U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. FHWA-PD-96-041,

Washington, DC. p. 67-79.

Goldman, E.A. 1944. The wolves of North American, Part II, Classification of wolves. American Wildlife

Institute, Washington, DC. p. 387-636.

Graham, R.T., A.E. Harvey, T.B. Jain, and J.R. Tonn. 1999. The effects of thinning and similar stand treatments on

fire behavior in western forests. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-463. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest

Research Station, USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. 27 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr_463.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Graham, R.T., S. McCaffrey, T.B. Jain, tech eds. 2004. Science basis for changing forest structure to modify

wildfire behavior and severity. General Technical Report, RMRS-GTR-120. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain

Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 43 pp. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr120.pdf

(October 19, 2006).

Grant, Gordon E.; Lewis, Sarah L.; Swanson, Frederick J.; Cissel, John H.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J. 2008. Effects of

forest practices on peak flows and consequent channel response: a state-of-science report for western Oregon and

Washington. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-760. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Pacific Northwest Research station. 76 p..

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 10

Gratkowski, H.J. 1962. Heat as a Factor in Germination of Seeds of Ceanothus velutinus var. laevigatus T. and G.

Ph.D. dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis

Gresswell, R.E. 1999. Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America. Transactions of the

American Fisheries Society, 128(2):193-221. Available online at http://afs.allenpress.com/archive/1548-

8659/128/2/pdf/i1548-8659-128-2-193.pdf (July 31, 2007).

Griffith, Jr., C. 1996. Distribution of Viola blanda in relation to within-habitat variation in canopy openness, soil

phosphorous, and magnesium. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 123(4):281-285. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/00409618/di007403/00p0463s/0 (July 31, 2007).

Gucinski H., M.J. Furniss, R.R. Ziemer, M.H. Brookes, eds. 2001. Forest roads: A synthesis of scientific

information. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-509. Portland OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA

Forest Service. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr509.pdf (October 11, 2006).

Hall, R. and K. Kelson. 1959. The Mammals of North America. Ronald Press, New York. 356 pp.

Halupka, K. 2001. Environmental baseline update for the Northern Spotted Owl on the Wenatchee National Forest

and the Washington Eastern Cascades Physiographic Province. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Wenatchee

Office. 65 pp.

Hamann, B., H. Johnston, and P. McClelland, et al. 1999. Birds. In: Joslin, G and H. Youmans, cords. Effects of

recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: a review for Montana. Committee on Effects of Recreation on Wildlife.

Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society: p. 3.1-3.4. Available online at

http://www.montanatws.org/chapters/mt/index.cfm?tname=rrmwfull (October 20, 2006).

Harmata, A.R. and B. Oakleaf. 1992. Bald eagles in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: an ecological study with

emphasis on the Snake River, Wyoming. Cheyenne, WY; Wyoming Game and Fish Department.

Harrod, R.J., D.W. Peterson, N.A. Povak, and E.K. Dodson 2009. Thinning and prescribed fire effects on overstory

trees and snag structures in dry coniferous forests of the interior Pacific Northwest. Forest Ecology and

Management 258 (2009) pp. 712-721.

Harrod, R.J., W.L. Gaines, W.E. Hartl, and A.E. Camp. 1998. Estimating historical snag density in dry forests east

of the Cascade Range. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-428. Portland OR: Pacific Northwest Research

Station, USDA Forest Service. 16 pp. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr_428.pdf (October 19,

2006).

Harrod, R.J., B.H. McRae, and W.E. Hartl. 1999. Historical stand reconstruction in ponderosa pine forests to

guide silvicultural prescriptions. Forest Ecology and Management, 114(2-3):433-446. Available online at

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (December 28, 2006).

Hawksworth, F.G. and D. Wiens, eds. 1996. Dwarf mistletoes: biology, pathology, and systematics. Agricultural

Handbook No. 709. Washington D.C.: USDA Forest Service. 410 pp. Available online at

http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/publications/ah_709/ (August 31, 2006).

Heede, B.H. 1972. Influences of a forest on the hydraulic geometery of two mountain streams. Water Resources

Bulletin, 8:523-529.

Herron, J.G. 1995. Bald eagle, (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). US Fish and Wildlife Service Web site Biologue,

available online at http://training.fws.gov/library/Pubs/baldeagle.pdf (October 3, 2006).

Hessburg, P.F. and J.K. Agee. 2003. An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800-

2000. Forest Ecology and Management, 178(1-2):23.59. Available online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco

(October 11, 2006).

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 11

Hessburg, P.F., B.G. Smith, S.D. Kreiter, C.A. Miller, R.B. Salter, C.H. McNicoll, and W.J. Hann. 1999b.

Historical and current forest and range landscapes in the Interior Columbia River Basin and portions of the

Klamath and Great Basins. Part I: Linking vegetation patterns and landscape vulnerability to potential insect and

pathogen disturbances. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-458. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research

Station, USDA Forest Service. 357 pp. (Quigley, T.M. ed., Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management

Project: scientific assessment). Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr_458.htm (February 22,

2007).

Hessburg, P.F., J.K. Agee, and J.F. Franklin. 2005. Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland Northwest USA:

Contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras. Forest Ecology and Management, 211(1-

2):117-139. Available online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (August 31, 2006).

Hillman, T. W. and M. D. Miller. 2004. Abundance and total numbers of Chinook salmon and trout in the Chiwawa

River basin, Washington, 2004. BioAnalysts, Inc. Report to Chelan County Public Utility District, Wenatchee, WA.

Hindes, R. 1994. Wenatchee River Watershed Ranking Project. Chelan County Conservation District. Wenatchee,

WA.

Host, L.A. 1988. Understory production response to tree stocking reduction in a central Washington mixed-conifer

forest. M.S. Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.

Hummel and Agee. 2003 "Western spruce budworm defoliation effects on forest structure and potential fire

behavior." Northwest Science. 77(2): 159-169.

http://hdl.handle.net/2376/807 (April 22, 2010)

Hutto, R.L. 1995. The composition of bird communities following stand-replacement fires in northern Rocky

Mountain (U.S.A.) conifer forests. Conservation Biology, 9(5):1041-1058. Available online at

http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/cbi/9/5 (October 3, 2006).

IGBC (Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee). 1998. Grizzly bear/motorized access management. Interagency

Grizzly Bear Committee Taskforce Report. 11 pp.

Irwin, L.L., J.G. Cook, R.A. Riggs and J.M. Skovlin. 1994. Effects of long-term grazing by big game and livestock

in the Blue Mountains forest ecosystems. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-325. Portland, OR: Pacific

Northwest Research Station USDA Forest Service. 49 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr325.pdf (January 19, 2005).

Isaacs, F.B., R. Goggans, R.G. Anthony, and T. Bryan. 1993. Habits of bald eagles wintering along the Crooked

River, Oregon. Northwest Science, 67(2):55-62. Available online at

http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_nws/Journal%20reprints.htm (December 19, 2007).

Jensen, W.F., T.K. Fuller, and W.L. Robinson. 1986. Wolf, Canis lupus, distribution on the Ontario-Michigan

border near Sault Ste. Marie. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 100(3):363-366.

Johnson, P.C. 1972. Bark Beetle Risk in Mature Ponderosa Pine Forests in Western Montana. USDA Forest

Service Research Paper INT-119. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT.

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119050277/HTMLSTART (April 22, 2010)

Johnson Jr., C.G., R.R. Clausnitzer, P.J. Mehringer, and C.D. Oliver. 1994. Biotic and abiotic processes of eastside

ecosystems: The effects of management on plant and community ecology, and on stand and landscape vegetation

dynamics. From Everett, R.L., assessment team leader; Hessburg, P.F., science team leader and tech. ed.; Eastside

Forest Ecosystem Health Assessment. Volume III: Assessment. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-322.

Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 66 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr322.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 12

Kalabokidis, K.D. and P.N. Omi. 1998. Reduction of fire hazard through thinning/residue disposal in the urban

interface. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8(1):29-35. Available online at

http://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Kalabokidis_Omi_1998.pdf (January 11,

2007).

Kasworm, W.F. and T.L. Manley. 1990. Road and trail influences on grizzly bears and black bears in northwest

Montana. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8:79-84. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/19360614/ap070007/07a00120/0 (July 31, 2007).

Keen, F.P. 1929. How soon will yellow pine snags fall? Journal of Forestry, 27(6):735-737. Available online at

http://saf.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/jof (July 31, 2007).

Keen, F.P. 1943. Ponderosa pine tree classes redefined. Journal of Forestry, 41(4):249-253. Available online at

http://saf.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/jof (July 31, 2007).

Kotliar, N.B., S.J. Heil, R.L Hutto, V.A. Saab, C.P. Melcher, and M.E. McFadzen. 2002. Effects of fire and post-

fire salvage logging on avian communities in conifer-dominated forests of the western United States. Studies in

Avian Biology, 25(1):49-64. Available online at http://avianscience.dbs.umt.edu/research_pub/pdf/2002SAB-

fire.pdf (January 11, 2007).

Laufer, J.R. and P.T. Jenkins. 1989. Historical and present status of the gray wolf in the Cascades Mountains of

Washington. Northwest Environmental Journal, 5:313-327.

Lehmkuhl, J.F., P.F. Hessburg, R.L. Everett, M.H. Huff, and R.D. Ottmar. 1994. Historical and current forest

landscapes of eastern Oregon and Washington. Part I: vegetation pattern and insect and disease hazards. General

Technical Report, PNW-GTR-328. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 88

pp. (Everett, R.L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, P.F., science team leader

and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment). Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/gtr328/ (October

19, 2006).

Lehmkuhl, J.F., K.D. Kistler, J.S. Begley, and J. Boulanger. 2006a. Demography of northern flying squirrels

informs ecosystem management of western interior forests. Ecological Applications, 16(2):584-600. Available

online at http://www.esajournals.org/pdfserv/i1051-0761-016-02-0584.pdf (March 7, 2007).

Lehmkuhl, J.F., K.D. Kestler, J.S. Begley. 2006b. Bushy-tailed woodrat abundance in dry forests in Eastern

Washington. Journal of Mammalogy, 87(2):371-379. Available online at http://www.bioone.org/archive/1545-

1542/87/2/pdf/i1545-1542-87-2-371.pdf (March 7, 2007).

Lenz, M. 1993. A validation study on the Lake Chelan winter range, Washington. M.S. Thesis, University of

Washington, Seattle, Washington. 63 pp.

Lenz, M. 2003. Wildlife Biologist. Chelan Ranger District. Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests. Chelan,

WA. Personal communication.

Lieffers, V.J. and K.J. Stadt. 1994. Growth of understory Picea glauca, Calamogrostis canadensis and Epilobium

angustifolium to overstory light transmission. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24(6):1193-1198. Available

online at http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_tocs_e?cjfr_cjfr6-94_24 (January 12, 2007).

Lillybridge, T.R., B.L. Kovalchik, C.K. Williams, and B.G. Smith. 1995. Field guide for forested plant

associations of the Wenatchee National Forest. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-359. Portland, OR: Pacific

Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. In cooperation with Pacific Northwest Region, Wenatchee

National Forest. 337 pp. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr359.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Liqouri, M., Mardin, D., Benda, L., Coats, R., and Ganz, D. 2008. Scientific Literature Review of Forest

Management Effects on Riparian Functions for Anadromous Salmonids. Sound Watershed Consulting.

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 13

Livezey, K.E. 2007. Barred owl habitat and prey: a review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Raptor

Research 41(3):177-201.

Livezey, K.E and T.L. Fleming. 2007. Effects of barred owls on spotted owls: the need for more than incidental

detections and correlational analysis. Journal of Raptor Research 41(4):319-325.

MacDonald, K., S. Noble, and J. Haskins. 1996. An assessment of the status of aquatic resources within subbasins

on the Wenatchee National Forest. unpublished report. Wenatchee National Forest. Wenatchee, WA.

Mace, R.D. and J.S. Waller. 1996. Grizzly bear distribution and human conflicts in Jewel Basin Hiking Area, Swan

Mountains, Montana. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24(3):461-467. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/00917648/ap070095/07a00130/0 (July 31, 2007).

Mace, R.D. and J.S. Waller. 1998. Demography and trend of grizzly bears in the Swan Mountains, Montana.

Conservation Biology, 12(5):1005-1016. Available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/cbi/12/5

(October 3, 2006).

Mace, R.D., J.S. Waller, T.L. Manley, L.J. Lyon, and H. Zuuring. 1996. Relationships among grizzly bears, roads

and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33(6):1395-1404. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/00218901/di996080/99p01482/0 (July 31, 2007).

Mace, R.D., J.S. Waller, T.L. Manley, K. Ake, and W.T. Wittinger. 1999. Landscape evaluation of grizzly bear

habitat in western Montana. Conservation Biology, 13(2):367-377. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/08888892/di014634/01p0061p/0 (July 31, 2007).

Marcot, B.G. and R. Holthausen. 1987. Analyzing population viability of the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest.

Transactions of the 52nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 52:333-337.

Marshall, D.B. 1992. Lewis’ woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis). In: Sensitive vertebrates of Oregon, First ed.

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.

Marshall, D.B. 1997. Status of the white-headed woodpecker in Oregon and Washington. Unpublished report

submitted to the Audubon Society of Portland, Oregon. 20 pp.

Mattson, D.J., R.R. Knight, and B.M. Blanchard. 1987. The effects of developments and primary roads on grizzly

bear habitat use in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. International Conference on Bear Research and

Management, 7:259-273. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/view/19360614/ap070006/07a00370/0 (July 31,

2007).

McConnell B.R. and J.G. Smith. 1970. Response of understory vegetation to pondersoa pine thinning in eastern

Washington. Journal of Range Management, 23(3):208-212. Available online at http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/jrm/

(February 20, 2007).

McLaughlin, S.P. 1978. Overstory attributes, light, throughfall and the interpretation of overstory-understory

relationships. Forest Science, 24(4):550-553. Available online at

http://saf.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs (July 31, 2007).

McLellan, B.N. and D.M. Shackleton. 1988. Grizzly bears and resource-extraction industries: effects of roads on

behaviour, habitat use and demography. Journal of Applied Ecology, 25(2):451-460. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/00218901/di996049/99p0282e/0 (July 31, 2007).

McLellan, B.N. and D.M. Shackleton. 1989. Immediate reactions of grizzly bears to human activities. Wildlife

Society Bulletin, 17(3):269-274. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/view/00917648/ap070067/07a00130/0

(July 31, 2007).

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 14

Mech, L.D., S.H. Fritts, G.L. Radde, and W.J. Paul. 1988. Wolf distribution and road density in Minnesota.

Wildlife Society Bulletin, 16(1): 85-87. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/00917648/ap070061/07a00180/0 (July 31, 2007).

Mech, L.D., T.J. Meier, and J.W. Burch. 1991. Denali Park wolf studies: implications for Yellowstone.

Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 56:86-90.

Meehan, W. R. 1991, Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their Habitats. W.

R. Meehan Editor. American Fisheries Society. Special Publication 19.

Mellen, K., B.G. Marcot, J.L. Ohmann, K.Waddell, S.A. Livingston, E.A. Willhite, B.B. Hostetler, C. Ogden, and T.

Dreisbach. 2006. DecAID, the decayed wood advisor for managing snags, partially dead trees, and down wood for

biodiversity in forests of Washington and Oregon. Version 2.0. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region

and Pacific Northwest Research Station; USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon State Office; Portland, Oregon.

Available online at http://wwwnotes.fs.fed.us:81/pnw/DecAID/DecAID.nsf (August 31, 2006).

Meyer, G.A. and J.L Pierce. 2003. Climatic controls on fire induced sediment pulses in Yellowstone and central

Idaho: a long-term perspective. Forest Ecology and Management, 178(1-2):89-104. Available online at

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (October 11, 2006).

Meyers, W. 2002. Research Wildlife Biologist. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Winthrop, WA.

Personal communication.

Mladenoff, D.J., T.A. Sickley, R.G.Haight, and A.P. Wydeven. 1995. A regional landscape analysis and prediction

of favorable gray wolf habitat in the northern Great Lakes region. Conservation Biology, 9(2):279-294. Available

online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/cbi/9/2 (October 3, 2006).

Moir, W.H. 1966. Influence of ponderosa pine on herbaceous vegetation. Ecology, 47(6):1045-1048. Available

online at http://www.jstor.org/view/00129658/di960191/96p0279q/0 (July 31, 2007).

Moll, J., Copstead, R. and Johansen, D.K. 1997. Traveled way surface shape. Water/Road Interaction Technology

Series. San Dimas, CA: San Dimas Technology and Development Center, USDA Forest Service. 10 pp.

Moore, W.R. 2003. Mule deer winter range use and potential habitat enhancements in Chelan County,

Mosey, T and L. Murphy. 2000. Spring and summer Chinook spawning ground surveys on the Wenatchee

River Basin, Chelan County PUD, Wenatchee, WA.

Mowrey, R.A., and J.C. Zasada. 1984. Den tree use and movements of northern flying squirrels in interior Alaska

and implications for forest management. In: W.R. Meehan, T.R. Merrell, and T.A. Hanley, eds. Proceedings of the

symposium on fish and wildlife relationships in old-growth forests; Juneau, AK; April 12-15, 1982. . American

Institute of Fishery Research Biologists; Northwest Section, The Wildlife Society; Alaska Council on Science and

Technology. p. 351-356

Mueller, M. 2008. Fire Ecologist. Canyons Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Fire and Fuels Specialist Report.

Okanogan & Wenatchee National Forest, Wenatchee River Ranger District.

Mullen, J.W., K.R. Williams, G. Rhodus, T.W. Hillman, and J.D. McIntyre. 1992. Production and habitat of

salmonids in Mid-Colmbia River tributary streams. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Monograph 1.

Murphy, H.A. 2001. Wildlife Biologist. Lake Wenatchee and Leavenworth Ranger Districts. Okanogan-

Wenatchee National Forests. Leavenworth, WA. Personal communication.

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 15

Mutch, R.W., S.F. Arno, J.K. Brown, C.E. Carlson, R.D. Ottmar, and J.L. Peterson. 1993. Forest health in the Blue

Mountains: a management strategy for fire-adapted ecosystems. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-310.

Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 14 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr310.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Naiman, R.J., T.J. Beechie, L.E. Benda, D.R. Berg, P.A. Bisson, L.H. MacDonald, M.D. O'Conner, P.L. Olson, and

E.A. Steel. 1992. Fundamental elements of ecologically healthy watersheds in the Pacific Northwest coastal

ecoregion. In: Naiman, R.J., ed. Watershed management: balancing sustainability and environmental change.

Springer-Verlag. New York, NY. p. 127-188.

National Academy of Public Administration. 2002. Wildfire Suppression: strategies for containing costs. A Report

by a Panel of the National Academy of Public Administration for the U.S. Congress and the Departments of

Agriculture and Interior. Washington, D.C. September 2002. 77 pp. Available online at

http://www.napawash.org/Pubs/FireSuppression_September_2002.pdf (October 20, 2006).

National Marine Fisheries Service. 1997. Endangered and threatened species, listing of several evolutionarily

significant units (ESU’s) of west coast steelhead. Final rule. Federal Register 62(159): 43937-43965.

Naumburg, E. and L.E. DeWald. 1999. Relationships between Pinus ponderosa forest structure, light

characteristics, and understory graminoid species presence and abundance. Forest Ecology and Management,

124(2-3):205-215. Available online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (January 19, 2005).

(NOAA Fisheries (National Marine Fisheries Service). 1996. Making Endangered Species Act Determinations of

Effect for Individual or Grouped Actions at the Watershed Scale. NMFS Environmental and Technical Services

Division, Habitat Conservation Branch. Available online at http://www.aocweb.org/em/Portals/2/matrix_1996.pdf

(March 28, 2007).

North, M.P., J.F. Franklin, A.B. Carey, E.D. Forsman, and T.E. Hamer. 1999. Forest stand structure of the

northern spotted owl's foraging habitat. Forest Science, 45(4):520-527. Available online at

http://saf.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs (July 31, 2007).

Noss, R.F. (ed.), J.F. Franklin, W.L. Baker, T. Schoennagel, and P.B. Moyle. 2006. Ecology and management of

fire-prone forests of the Western United States. Society for Conservation Biology Scientific Panel on Fire in

Western U.S. Forests. Society for Conservation Biology, North American Section, Arlington, VA. Available online

at http://www.conbio.org/sections/namerica/FireWhitepaper.pdf (October 11, 2006).

Nowak, R.M. 1979. North American quaternary Canis. Monograph No. 6, Museum of Natural History, University

of Kansas. 154 pp.

Ohlson, P. and R. Schellhaas. 2002. Historical and current stand structure in Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine

forests. Wenatchee WA: Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Lab, Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests, USDA

Forest Service. Unpublished report on file at the Leavenworth Ranger District, Leavenworth, WA.

O’Laughlin, J.O. 2005. Policies issues relevant to risk assessments, balancing risks, and the National Fire Plan:

needs and opportunities. Forest Ecology and Management, 122(1-2):15-27. Available online at

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (October 11, 2006).

Oliver, C.D., Irwin, L.L. and W.H. Knapp. 1994. Eastside forest management practices: historical overview,

extent of their applications, and their effects on sustainability of ecosystems. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-

324. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Station, USDA Forest Service. 73 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/gtr324/ (October 19, 2006).

Olson, B.E. 1999a. Grazing and weeds. In: R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, eds. Biology and management of

noxious rangeland weeds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR. p. 85-96.

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 16

Omi, P.N. and E.J. Martinson. 2002. Effects of fuels treatment on wildfire severity. Final Report, Submitted to the

Joint Fire Science Program Governing Board. Western Fire Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins, CO. 36 pp.

Owens, T.E. 1982. Postburn regrowth of shrubs related to canopy mortality. Northwest Science, 56(1):34-40.

Available online at http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_nws/Journal%20reprints.htm (December 19, 2007).

Paquet, P.C. and C. Callahan. 1996. Effects of linear developments on winter movements of gray wolves in the Bow

River Valley of Banff National Park, Alberta. In: G.L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Ziegler, and J. Berry, eds. Proceedings

of the Florida Department of Transportation/Federal Highway Administration Transportation-related Wildlife

Mortality Seminar. Highways and Movement of Wildlife: Improving Habitat Connections and Wildlife

Passageways across Transportation Corridors, April 30-May 2, 1996. U.S. Department of Transportation, Orlando,

FL. FL-ER-58-96. p. 46-66.

Pisano, R. 1979. Does the Cascade wolf survive? Oryx, 15(2):185-190.

Pollet, J. and P.N. Omi. 2002. Effects of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine

forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11(1):1-10.

Quigley, T.M. and S.J. Arbelbide, tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior

Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 3. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-

405. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest. p. 1058-1713. (not online, 10/19/06)

Quigley, T.M., R.W. Haines, and R.T. Graham, eds. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem

management in the Interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. General Technical

Report, PNW-GTR-382. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. (not online,

10/19/06)

Radek, K. 1997. Notes from Lil’Bonnepart sub-soiling demonstration. Okanogan National Forest. Unpublished,

on file at the Leavenworth Ranger District, Leavenworth, WA. Wenatchee National Forest.

Raphael, M.G. and M.L. Morrison. 1987. Decay and dynamics of snags in the Sierra Nevada, California. Forest

Science, 33(3):774-783. Available online at

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs/1987/00000033/00000003/art00017 (January 11, 2007).

Raphael, M.G. and M. White. 1984. Use of snags by cavity-nesting birds in the Sierra Nevada. Wildlife

Monographs, 86:3-66. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/view/00840173/ap070086/07a00020/0 (July 31,

2007).

Rees, J. 1989. Bald eagle species management guide for the Wenatchee National Forest. USDA Forest Service,

Wenatchee National Forest, Wenatchee, WA. 54 pp. plus appendices.

Reeves G.H., L.E. Benda, K.M. Burnett, P.A. Bisson, and J.R. Sedell. 1995. A disturbance-based ecosystem

approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous

salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 17:334–349. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/reeves-disturbance-based-ecosystem.pdf (October 11, 2006).

Reynolds, R.T. 1983. Management of western coniferous forest habitat for nesting accipiter hawks. General

Technical Report, RM-GTR-102. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA

Forest Service. 7 pp. (not online, October 19, 2006)

Reynolds, R.T., R.T. Graham, and R.M. Hildegard. 1992. Management recommendations for the northern goshawk

in the Southwestern United States. General Technical Report, RM- GTR-217. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service. 90 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_rm/rm_gtr217.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 17

Ricard, J.P. and C. Messier. 1996. Abundance, growth, and allometry of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) along a

natural light gradient in a northern hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 81(1-3):153-160. Available

online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (January 19, 2005).

Richards, Jo Ellen. 1989. Spotted owl food habits and prey availability on the east slope of the Washington

Cascades. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University. 44 pp.

Riegel, G.M., R.F. Miller, and W.C. Krueger. 1995. The effects of aboveground and belowground competition on

understory species composition in a Pinus ponderosa forest. Forest Science, 41(4):864-889. Available online at

http://saf.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs (July 31, 2007)

Rieman, B. and J. Clayton. 1997. Wildfire and native fish: issues of forest health and conservation of sensitive

species. Fisheries, 22(11):6-15. Available online at http://afs.allenpress.com/archive/1548-8446/22/11/pdf/i1548-

8446-22-11-6.pdf (July 31, 2007).

Rieman, B.E., Lee, D.C., Chandler, G., Myers, D. 1997. Does wildfire threaten extinction for salmonids?

Responses of redband trout and bull trout following recent large fires on the Boise National Forest. In: Greenlee,

J.M, editor. Proceedings: First Conference on Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species and Habitats; Coeur

d’Alene, ID; November 13-16, 1995. International Association of Wildland Fire. p. 47-57.

Rieman, B., C.H. Luce, J.B. Dunham, and A.L. Rosenberger. 2005. Implications of changing fire regimes for

aquatic ecosystems. In: Taylor, L., J. Zelnik, S. Cadwallader, and B. Hughes (comps., eds). Mixed severity fire

regimes: ecology and management. Symposium proceedings; Spokane, WA; November 15-19, 2004. Association

for Fire Ecology and Washington State University; WSU Extension, Pullman, WA. p. 187-191. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2005_rieman_b001.pdf (February 20, 2007).

Romain-Bondi, K.A., R.B. Wielgus, L. Waits, W.F. Kasworm, M. Austin, and W. Wakkinen. 2004. Density and

population size estimates for North Cascade grizzly bears using DNA hair-sampling techniques. Biological

Conservation, 117(4):417-428. Available online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon (October 20, 2006).

Rose, C.L., B.G. Marcot, T.K. Mellen, J.L. Ohmann, K.L. Waddell, D.L. Lindley, and B. Schreiber. 2001.

Decaying wood in Pacific Northwest forests: concepts and tools for habitat management. In: D.H. Johnson and T.

A. O'Neil, eds. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis

OR. p. 580-623. Available online at http://www.nwhi.org/inc/data/GISdata/docs/chapter24.pdf (January 10, 2007).

Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, Co.

Rothermel, R.C. 1983. How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires. General Technical Report,

INT-GTR-143. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 161 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr143.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Rothermel, R.C. 1991. Predicting behavior and size of crown fires in the northern Rocky Mountains. Research

Paper, INT-RP-438. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 46 pp. Available online

at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_rp438.html (August 11, 2007).

Saab, V.A. and J.G. Dudley. 1998. Responses of cavity-nesting birds to stand-replacement fire and salvage logging

in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of southwestern Idaho. Research Paper, RMRS-RP-11. Ogden, UT: Rocky

Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 17 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp011.pdf (October 2, 2006).

Saab, V.A. and T.D. Rich. 1997. Large scale conservation assessment for neotropical migratory land birds in the

interior Columbia River basin. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-399. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest

Research Station, USDA Forest Service. Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific

Assessment, T.M. Quigley, ed. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr399.pdf (October 19,

2006).

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 18

Saab, V., R. Brannon, J. Dudley, L. Donohoo, D. Vanderzanden, V. Johnson, and H. Lachowski. 2002. Selection of

fire-created snags at two spatial scales by cavity-nesting birds. In: Laudenslayer Jr., W.F., P.J. Shea, B.E.

Valentine, C.P. Weatherspoon, and T.E. Lisle, tech coords. 2002. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology

and management of dead wood in western forests; Reno, NV; November 2-4, 1999. General Technical Report,

PSW-GTR-181. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. p. 835-848. Available

online at http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/ (September 28, 2006).

Sallabanks, R. 1995. Effects of wildfire on breeding bird communities in coniferous forests of northeastern Oregon.

Unpublished annual report to the Blue Mountains Natural Resources Institute by the Sustainable Ecosystem

Institute. 44 pp.

Sando, R.W. and C. H. Wick. 1972. A method for evaluating crown fuels in forest stands. Research Paper, NC-84.

St. Paul, MN: North Central Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 10 pp.

Schellhaas, R., Spurbeck, D., Ohlson, P., Keenum, D. and Conway, A. 2003. Report to the Okanogan and

Wenatchee National Forests on the results of Frosty Creek planning area fire history research. Wenatchee, WA:

Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Lab, PNW Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 96 pp. Order reprint from

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/wenlab/publications/index.shtml (February 20, 2007).

Schmid, J.M., S.A. Mata, and W.F. McCambridge. 1985. Natural falling of beetle-killed ponderosa pine. Research

Note, RM-RN-454. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest

Service. 3 pp. (not online 10/19/06, paper copy)

Schmidt, K.M., J.P. Menakis, C.C. Hardy, W.J. Hann, and D.L. Bunnell. 2002. Development of coarse-scale

spatial data for wildland fire and fuel management. General Technical Report, RMRS-GTR-87. Ogden, UT:

Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 50 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr87.pdf (January 6, 2005).

Schroeder, M.J. and C.C. Buck. 1970. Fire weather: a guide for application of meteorological information to

forest fire control operations. Agricultural Handbook 360, USDA Forest Service. PMS 425-1, NFES 1174. 229 pp.

Scott, J.H. 1998b. Fuel reduction in residential and scenic forests: a comparison of three treatments in a western

Montana ponderosa pine stand. Research Paper, RMRS-RP-5. Ogden, UT: Rocky Mountain Research Station,

USDA Forest Service. 19 pp. (not online, October 19, 2006)

Scott, J.H. 1999. NEXUS: a system for assessing crown fire hazard. USDA Forest Service, Fire Management

Notes, 59(2):20-24. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/volumes_authors.html (July 31, 2007)

Scott, J.H. and E.D. Reinhardt. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire

behavior. Research Paper, RMRS-RP-29. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest

Service. 59 pp. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp29.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Sharp, B.E. 1996. Avian population trends in the Pacific Northwest. Bird Populations, 3:26-45.

Skagen, S.K., R.L. Knight, and G.H. Orians. 1991. Human disturbance of an avian scavenging guild. Ecological

Applications, 1(2): 215-225. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/view/10510761/di960372/96p0030f/0 (July

31, 2007).

Solomon, R.M., P.F. Ffolliott, and J.R. Thompson. 1976. Correlation between tranmissivity and basal area in

Arizona ponderosa pine forests. Research Note, RM-RN-318. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and

Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service. (not online 8/2/07, pdf)

Stalmaster, M.V. 1987. The bald eagle. Universe Books, New York, NY. 227 pp.

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 19

Stalmaster, M.V. and J.L. Kaiser. 1997. Flushing responses of wintering bald eagles to military activity. Journal of

Wildlife Management, 61(4):1307-1313. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/0022541x/ap070241/07a00370/0 (July 31, 2007).

Stalmaster, M.V. and J.R. Newman. 1978. Behavioral responses of wintering bald eagles to human activity.

Journal of Wildlife Management, 42(2):506-513. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/0022541x/ap070164/07a00070/0 (July 31, 2007).

Steidl, R.J. and R.G. Anthony. 2000. Experimental effects of human activity on breeding bald eagles. Ecological

Applications, 10(1):258-268. Available online at http://www.esajournals.org/archive/1051-0761/10/1/pdf/i1051-

0761-10-1-258.pdf (July 31, 2007).

Sullivan, P.T. 1983. A preliminary study of historic and recent reports of grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, in the North

Cascades area of Washington. WA Department of Game, Olympia. 32 pp.

Summerfelt, P. 2003. The wildland/urban interface: What’s really at risk? Fire Management Today, 63(1):4-7.

Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/volumes_authors.html (July 31, 2007).

Swarthout, E.C.H. and R.J. Steidl. 2001. Flush responses of Mexican spotted owls to recreationists. Journal of

Wildlife Management, 65(2):312-317. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/0022541x/ap070255/07a00160/0 (July 31, 2007).

Thiel, R.P. 1985. Relationship between road density and wolf habitat suitability in Wisconsin. American Midland

Naturalist, 113(2):404-407. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/view/00030031/di003511/00p0530a/0 (July

31, 2007).

Thomas J.W., ed. 1979. Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests – The Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington.

USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook Number 553. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 512 pp.

Thomas J.W., D.A. Leckenby, M. Henjum, R.J. Pedersen, and L.D. Bryant. 1988. Habitat-Effectiveness Index for

Elk on Blue Mountain Winter Ranges. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-218. Portland, OR: Pacific

Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 28 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr218.pdf (October 19, 2006).

Thomas, J.W., E.D. Forsman, J.B. Lint, E.C. Meslow, B.R. Noon, and J. Verner. 1990. A conservation strategy for

the northern spotted owl: a report of the Interagency Scientific Committee to address the conservation of the

northern spotted owl. USDA, Forest Service; USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, and

National Park Service. Portland, OR. 427 pp.

Thurber, J.M., R.O. Peterson, T.D. Drummer, and S.A. Thomasma. 1994. Gray wolf response to refuge boundaries

and roads in Alaska. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 22(1):61-68. Available online at

http://www.jstor.org/view/00917648/ap070085/07a00110/0 (July 31, 2007).

Thurow, R., B. Rieman, D. Lee, P. Howell, R. Perkinson. 2007. Distribution and Status of Redband Trout in the

Interior Columbia River Basin and Portions of the Klamath River and Great Basins. Redband Trout:: Resilience and

Titus, K. 1997. Chumstick Creek Stream Survey Report. USFWS, Mid-Columbia Fisheries Resource Office,

Leavenworth, WA.

Trombulak, S.T. and C.A. Frissell. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic

communities. Conservation Biology, 14(1):18-30. Available online at http://www.blackwell-

synergy.com/toc/cbi/14/1 (October 11, 2006).

Upper Columbia Spring Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Recovery Plan 2007. http://www.ucsrb.com/plan.asp

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 20

USDA Forest Service. 1974a. The Visual Management System. National Forest Landscape Management

Handbooks (NFLM), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

NFLM, Volume 2, Handbook 462

NFLM, Volume 2, Chapter 4, Roads, Handbook 483

NFLM, Volume 2, Chapter 5, Timber, Handbook 559

NFLM, Volume 2, Chapter 5, Fire, Handbook 608

USDA Forest Service. 1982. Landscape Character Types of the National Forests in Oregon and Washington. Jim

Pollock, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

USDA Forest Service. 1988a. Final environmental impact statement for the management of competing and

unwanted vegetation. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR. 100+ pp.

USDA Forest Service. 1989a. Managing competing and unwanted vegetation, mediated agreement to the record of

decision for the environmental impact statement for managing competing and unwanted vegetation. Appendix K

Related Legal History for FEIS for the Pacific Northwest Region Invasive Plant Program Preventing and Managing

Invasive Plants. Available online at: http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/invasiveplant-eis/ (August 31, 2006).

USDA Forest Service. 1990a. Wenatchee National Forest land and resource management plan. USDA Forest

Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Wenatchee, WA. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/oka/projects/index.shtml (December 28, 2006).

USDA Forest Service. 1991a. Track Plate Survey – Site Summary Form. Mill Creek (Mountain Home Road).

USDA Forest Service, Wenatchee National Forest, Leavenworth Ranger District. August-September 1991.

USDA Forest Service. 1991b. Protocol for surveying for spotted owls in proposed management activity areas and

habitat conservation areas. Portland, OR: Region 6, USDA Forest Service. March 12, 1991 (Revised February

1993).

USDA Forest Service. 1995a. Landscape Aesthetics, A Handbook for Scenery Management. USDA Forest

Service, Scenery Management System. Agriculture Handbook Number 701. C-1, Visual Absorption Capacity.

Washington, D.C. December 1995.

USDA Forest Service. 1995c. Williams Environmental Assessment. Wenatchee River Ranger District , Okanogan-

Wenatchee National Forest. Leavenworth, WA.

USDA Forest Service. 1996b. Wenatchee National Forest ground based harvest policy. Wenatchee National

Forest, Wenatchee, WA.

USDA Forest Service. 1997a. Assessments for late successional reserves and managed late successional areas.

Eastern Washington Cascades Province. USDA Forest Service, Wenatchee National Forest, Wenatchee, WA.

February 1997. 427 pp. plus maps.

USDA Forest Service. 1997b. Forest-wide assessment for late-successional reserves and managed late-

successional areas. USDA Forest Service, Wenatchee National Forest, Wenatchee, WA. February 1997. 391 pp.

plus maps.

USDA Forest Service. 1997c. Grizzly Bear Recovery – North Cascades Ecosystem. Letter from the Wenatchee,

Okanogan, and Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Supervisors to the R-6 Regional Forester. August 12, 1997.

USDA Forest Service. 1997d. Leavenworth Soils Monitoring. Timber Salvage Sale Monitoring, 1997.

Unpublished data on file at the Leavenworth Ranger District, Leavenworth, WA.

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 21

USDA Forest Service 1997e. Regional Ecosystem Office Review of the Forest-wide Wenatchee National Forest

Late-Successional Reserve and Managed Late-Successional Area Assessments. Memo. October 8, 1997. Portland,

OR. 4 pp. Available online at: http://www.reo.gov/library/lsr/letters/1008lsr.htm (May 3, 2006).

USDA Forest Service. 1998a. Forest-wide noxious weed environmental assessment. Wenatchee National Forest.

October 1998.

USDA Forest Service. 1999d. Chumstick Watershed Assessment. Wenatchee National Forest, Leavenworth

Ranger District.

USDA Forest Service. 2000a. Strategy for management of dry forest vegetation – Okanogan and Wenatchee

National Forests. April 2000. 45 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/wenatchee/district/dry_site_strategy.pdf (August 31, 2006).

USDA Forest Service. 2000c. Landbird Strategic Plan. January 2000. 24 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/biology/resources/pubs/wildlife/landbird.pdf (September 27, 2006).

USDA Forest Service. 2001. Interim Guidelines for the Identification of non-High Priority Sites of Cypripedium

montanum on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests. Leavenworth Ranger District, Okanogan and

Wenatchee National Forests. 5 pp.

USDA Forest Service. 2002b. Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests Fire Management Plan. On file at

Okanogan and Wenatchee NF’s Forest Supervisor’s Office, Wenatchee, WA.

USDA Forest Service. 2003c. Subsoiler effectiveness monitoring on Flat Fish unit 1. Unpublished report on file at

the Leavenworth Ranger District, Leavenworth, WA. 9 pp.

USDA Forest Service. 2004a. Forest Health Assessment for the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests.

USDA Forest Service, Wenatchee National Forest, Wenatchee, WA. August 2004. 105 pp. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/wenatchee/planning/planmain.htm (November 17, 2006).

USDA Forest Service. 2004e. Blag Forest Restoration Environmental Assessment. Okanogan & Wenatchee

National Forests, Lake Wenatchee and Leavenworth Ranger Districts.

USDA Forest Service. 2005a. Final Environment Impact Statement (FEIS) for the Pacific Northwest Region

Invasive Plant Program Preventing and Managing Invasive Plants. Portland, OR. Available online at

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/invasiveplant-eis/FEIS.htm (August 30, 2006).

USDA Forest Service. 2005b. Record of decision for the final environmental impact statement for the Pacific

Northwest Region invasive plant program preventing and managing invasive plants. R6-NR-FHP-PR-02-05.

Portland, OR. Available online at: http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/invasiveplant-eis/FEIS.htm (August 30, 2006).

USDA Forest Service. 2005. Derby Non-Commercial Thin Categorical Exclusion. Wenatchee River Ranger District.

Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Leavenworth, WA.

USDA Forest Service. 2007f. Natapoc Ridge Forest Restoration Project Final Environmental Impact Statement.

USDA Forest Service, Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests, Wenatchee River Ranger District. June 2007.

USDA Forest Service. 2008. Forest Plan implementation and monitoring for Fiscal Year 2008 for the Okanogan

National Forest. Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests, Wenatchee, WA.

USDA Forest Service 2008. Programmatic Biological Assessment for Selected Forest Management Activities on the

Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests. May 1, 2008. 139 pp.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 2008. Regional Forester’s Special Status Species list – Sensitive

Vascular Plants. Available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/agency-policy/

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 22

USDA Forest Service. 2010a. Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Restoration Strategy: a process for guiding

restoration projects within the context of ecosystem management, Draft (2010). Draft March 9, 2010. 94pp. On file

at Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Supervisors Office, Wenatchee, Washington.

USDA Forest Service. 2010b. Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Policy for Large and Old Tree Structures in

Dry and Mesic Forest Projects. On file at Wenatchee River Ranger District, Leavenworth, Washington. 14pp.

USDA Forest Service. 2010c. Travel Analysis Report: Chumstick Watershed. Unpublished report on file at the

Wenatchee River Ranger District, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Leavenworth, WA. 2010. 49 pp.

USDA Forest Service. 2010d. Canyons Hazardous Fuels Project Environmental Assessment. Wenatchee River

Ranger District, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Leavenworth, Washington. 188 pp. plus appendices.

USDA Forest Service. 2010e. Wildlife Biological Assessment, Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project.

Wenatchee River Ranger District, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Leavenworth, Washington. 112 pp.

USDA and USDI. 1994a. Record of Decision for amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management

planning documents within the range of the northern spotted owl; Standards and Guidelines for management of

habitat of late-successional and old-growth related species within the range of the northern spotted owl (Northwest

Forest Plan). USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. Portland, OR. April 1994. Available

online at http://www.reo.gov/general/aboutnwfp.htm (July 31, 2007).

USDA and USDI. 1994b. Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement on management of habitat for late-

successional and old-growth related species within the range of the northern spotted owl (Northwest Forest Plan).

USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. Portland, OR. February 1994.

USDA and USDI. 1998c. Management recommendations for Vascular Plants December 1998. FS 1920/2600.

BLM Instruction Memo No. OR-99-27. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. Portland,

OR. Cypripedium montanum. 10 pp.

USDA and USDI. 2000a. Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project – Interior Columbia Basin

Final Environmental Impact Statement. Volume 1 (ICBEMP). USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land

Management. Walla Walla, WA, and Boise ID. December 2000.

USDA and USDI. 2000b. Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project – Interior Columbia Basin

Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Decision. Volume 2 (ICBEMP). USDA Forest Service and

USDI Bureau of Land Management. Walla Walla, WA, and Boise ID. December 2000.

USDA and USDI. 2000c. Canada lynx conservation agreement. USDA Forest Service and USDI Fish and

Wildlife Service, February 7, 2000. (USFS Agreement #00-MOU-11015600-013). 12 pp. Available online at

http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/lynx/FSlynxCA060105.pdf (July 31, 2007).

USDA and USDI. 2000d. National Fire Plan. Managing the impact of wildfires on communities and the

environment. A report to the President in response to the wildfires of 2000. September 8, 2000. 35 pp. Available

online at http://www.fireplan.gov/reports/8-20-en.pdf (March 14, 2005).

USDA and USDI. 2001. Record of Decision and Standards and Guidelines for amendments to the survey and

manage, protection buffer, and other mitigation measures standards and guidelines. Lead Agencies: USDA Forest

Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management; Cooperating Agency: USDI Fish & Wildlife Service. Portland,

OR. January 2001. 145 pp. Available online at http://www.or.blm.gov/styles/pdf/ROD-SandG.pdf (August 31,

2006).

USDA and USDI. 2004b. Record of Decision to remove or modify the survey and manage mitigation measure

Standard and Guidelines in Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management planning documents within the range

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 23

of the northern spotted owl. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. Portland, OR. March

2004. Available online at http://www.or.blm.gov/styles/pdf/SM_ROD-2004FSEIS.pdf (August 29, 2006)

USDA and USDI. 2005a. Conservation assessment for Cypripedium fasciculatum Kellogg ex S. Watson.

Originally issued as Management Recommendations, December 1998. J. Seevers and F. Lang. Reconfigured -

January 2005. N. Vance. USDA Forest Service Region 6 and USDI Bureau of Land Management, Oregon and

Washington. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/20050127-vasc-

cypripedium-fasciculatum.doc (December 1, 2008).

USDA and USDI. 2005b. Canada lynx conservation agreement. USDA Forest Service and USDI Fish and

Wildlife Service, May 31, 2005. (USFS Agreement #00-MOU-11015600-013). 9 pp.

USDA and USDI. 2006b. Protecting people and natural resources, a cohesive fuels treatment strategy. USDA

Forest Service and USDI (Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, Fish and

Wildlife Service. February 2006. 60 pp. Available online at

http://www.fireplan.gov/documents/cohesive_fuels_strategy03-03-06.pdf (October 10, 2006).

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1967. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife; Determination of Endangered Status

for Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) in the conterminous States, except MN and where listed as an experimental population;

Final Rule. Federal Register 32:4001. March 11, 1967.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1975. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife; Amendment Listing the Grizzly Bear

(Ursus arctos horribilus) of the 48 Conterminous States as a Threatened Species; Final Rule. Federal Register

40(145):31734-31736. July 28, 1975.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1978. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Certain

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Populations as Endangered or Threatened; Final Rule. Federal Register

43(31):6230-6233. February 14, 1978.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Pacific bald eagle recovery plan. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service,

Portland, OR. 163 pp.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of

Threatened Status for the Northern Spotted Owl; Final Rule. Federal Register 55(123):26114-26194. June 26, 1990

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992a. Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl – Final Draft. USDI Fish

and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C. April 1992. 662 pp. plus maps.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992b. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Critical

Habitat for the Northern Spotted Owl; Final Rule. Federal Register 57(10):1796-1838. Wednesday, January 15,

1992.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan. Missoula, MT. 181 pp.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Endangered and Threatened Species; Final Rule to Reclassify the Bald

Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) from Endangered to Threatened in All of the Lower 48 States; Final Rule.

Federal Register 60(133):35999-36010. July 12, 1995.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1997b. Grizzly bear recovery plan, supplement: North Cascades Ecosystem

recovery plan chapter. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, University of Montana,

Missoula, MT. July 8, 1997. 24 pp.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998b. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Findings on Petitions to

Change the Status of Grizzly Bear Populations in the North Cascades Area of Washington and the Cabinet-Yaak

Area of Montana and Idaho from Threatened to Endangered; Notice of 12-month petition finding. Federal Register

63(107):30453-30455. June 4, 1998.

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 24

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999a. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Rule To

Remove the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the Lower 48 States From the List of Endangered and

Threatened Wildlife; Proposed Rule. Federal Register 64(128):36453-36464. Tuesday, July 6, 1999

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2000. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of

Threatened Status for the Contiguous U.S. Distinct Population Segment of the Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) and

Related Rule; Final Rule. Federal Register 65(58):16051-16086. March 24, 2000.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Birds of conservation concern 2002. Division of Migratory Bird

Management, Arlington, Virginia. 99 pp. Available online at http://migratorybirds.fws.gov/reports/bcc2002.pdf

(October 20, 2006).

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003b. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; final rule to reclassify and

remove the gray wolf from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife in portions of the conterminous United

States; establishment of two special regulations for threatened gray wolves; Final and Proposed Rules. Federal

Register 68(62):15803-15875. April 1, 2003

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004a. Northern Spotted Owl Five Year Review: Summary and Evaluation.

Portland, OR. November 15, 2004. 72 pp. Available online at

http://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/pdf/NSO_5-yr_Summary.pdf (June 23, 2006).

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005a. Managing northern spotted owl habitat in dry forest ecosystems workshop

synthesis report. Report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Bend Field Office. December 2005.

Available online at

http://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/Oregon%20ES%20Field%20Offices/Bend/ForestWorkshop/NSOWorkshopPage.ht

m (August 31, 2006)

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005b. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; proposed designation of

critical habitat for the contigous United States Distinct Population Segment of the Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis);

Proposed Rule. Federal Register 70(216): 68293-68328. November 9, 2005.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005c. Biological opinion, concurrence, and conference report on the effects to

23 species and 4 critical habitats from the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Invasive Plant Program

(USFWS Reference number 1-7-05-7-0653). Prepared by the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office of the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. September 6, 2005. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/invasiveplant-

eis/FEIS.htm (October 11, 2006).

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service . 2007. Biological Opinion and Letter of Concurrence for the Programmatic

Aquatic Habitat Restoration Activities in Oregon and Washington that Affect ESA-listed Fish, Wildlife, and Plant

Species and their Critical Habitats. USFWS Portland, Oregon. 258 pp.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. Letter of Concurrence for Programmatic Biological Assessment for

Selected Forest Management Activities on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests. FWS Reference: 13260-

2008-I-0076. May 13, 2008. 8 p.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008b. Final Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - Strix occidentalis

caurina. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland, Oregon. Xii + 142 pp. Available online at

http://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/pdf/NSORecoveryPlanning.htm (June 28, 2008).

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008c. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Designation of

Critical Habitat for the Northern Spotted Owl; Final Rule. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Federal Register

73(151):47325-47522. August 13, 2008. Available online at

http://www.fws.gov/arcata/es/birds/NSO/documents/2008Aug13_NSO_Critical_Habitat_73FR47326.pdf

(November 20, 2009).

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 25

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010a. Letter of Concurrence for the Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction

Project. Central Washington Field Office, Wenatchee, WA. June 14, 2010. USFWS Reference: 13410-2010-I-

0061. 7 pp

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010b. Biological Opinion for the Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction

Project. Central Washington Field Office, Wenatchee, WA. June 14, 2010. USFWS Reference: 13260-2010-F-062.

99 pp

Van Deusen, P.C., L.L. Irwin, and T.L. Fleming. 1998. Survival estimates for the northern spotted owl. Canadian

Journal of Forest Research, 28(11):1681-1685. Available online at http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-

bin/rp/rp2_tocs_e?cjfr_cjfr11-98_28 (January 12, 2007).

Van Wagner, C.E. 1977. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,

7(1):23-34. Available online at http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_tocs_e?cjfr_cjfr1-77_7 (January 12, 2007).

Wasser , S.K., K. Bevis, G. King, and E. Hanson. 1997. Noninvasive physiological measures of disturbance in the

northern spotted owl. Conservation Biology, 11(4):1019-1022. Available online at http://www.blackwell-

synergy.com/toc/cbi/11/4 (October 3, 2006).

Watson, J.W. 1993. Responses of nesting bald eagles to helicopter surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 21(2):171-

178. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/view/00917648/ap070082/07a00120/0 (July 31, 2007).

Watson J.W. and E.A. Rodrick. 2000. Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife’s Priority Habitat and Species

Management Recommendations, Volume IV: Birds. Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). p. 9-1 to 9-15.

Available online at http://wdfw.wa.gov/hab/phs/vol4/phs_vol4_birds.pdf (January 8, 2007).

WDFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 1995. Bighorn Sheep Herd Plans. Wildlife Management

Program, Olympia, WA.

WDFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 2003. Final game management plan: July 2003-June

2009. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA. Available at

http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/management/final_gmp_01jan03.pdf (October 3, 2006).

WDFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 2005a. Washington Elk Herd Plan: Colockum Herd.

Prepared by Jeff Bernotowicz, 600 Capitol Way, Olympia, WA. December 2005. 54 pages. Available online at

http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/elk/draft_colockum_elk_herd_plan_12-22-05.pdf (October 3, 2006).

WDFW PHS (Washington Priority Habitats and Species Database Records). 2007. Information regarding species

occurrences within the watershed surrounding this project. Database maintained at WDFW Headquarters, Olympia,

WA. Available online at http://wdfw.wa.gov/hab/phspage.htm (March 22, 2007).

WDNR (Washington Department of Natural Resources). 1997. Final habitat conservation plan. Washington

Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. September 1997.

WDOE (Washington Department of Ecology). 2006. Water quality standards for surface waters of the State of

Washington, Chapter 173-201A WAC. Amended November 20, 2006. Washington State Department of Ecology.

Publication Number 06-10-091. Available online at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0610091.pdf (April 9, 2007).

Wisdom, M.J., R.S. Holthausen, B.C. Wales, C.D. Hargis, V.A. Saab, D.C. Lee, W.J. Hann, T.D. Rich, M.M.

Rowland, W.J. Murphy, and M.R. Eames. 2000. Source habitats for terrestrial vertebrates of focus in the Interior

Columbia Basin: Broad-scale trends and management implications. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-485.

Portland, Oregon: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 3 Volumes. Available online at

http://www.icbemp.gov/sourcehabitat/docs/ (October 19, 2006).

WRIA 45 Planning Unit 2006. Final Wenatchee Watershed Management Plan Volume 1. Chelan County Natural

Resources Department, Wenatchee WA. 98826.

Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Wenatchee River Ranger District Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Page 5- 26

Wright, C.S. and Agee, J.K. 2004. Fire and vegetation history in the Eastern Cascade Mountains, Washington.

Ecological Applications, 14(2):443-459. Available online at http://www.esajournals.org/pdfserv/i1051-0761-014-

02-0443.pdf (March 7, 2007).

Wright, H.A. and A.W. Bailey. 1980. Fire ecology and prescribed fire in the Great Plains – a research review.

General Technical Report, INT-GTR-77. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 61

pp. (not online, 10/19/06))

WSCC (Washington State Conservation Committee). 2001. WRIA 45; Salmon, Steelhead and Bull Trout Habitat

Limiting Factors for the Wenatchee Subbasin (Water Resource Inventory Area 45) and Portions of WRIA 40 within

Chelan County (Squilchuck, Stemilt and Colockum drainages) [electronic resource]: final report. Olympia, WA.

Young, S.P. and E.A. Goldman. 1944. The wolves of North America. Washington D.C.: American Wildlife

Institute. 636 pp.

Youngblood, A., T. Max, and K. Coe. 2004. Stand structure in eastside old-growth ponderosa pine forests of

Oregon and northern California. Forest Ecology and Management 199(2-3):191-217. Available online at

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco (January 9, 2007).

Zabel C.J., K.S. McKelvey, and J.P. Ward, Jr. 1995. Influence of primary prey on homerange size and habitat-use

patterns of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73(3):433-439.