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Chapter 5Chapter 5
Climate and Terrestrial Climate and Terrestrial BiodiversityBiodiversity
Chapter Overview QuestionsChapter Overview Questions
What factors the earth’s climate?What factors the earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the How does climate determine where the
earth’s major biome’s are found?earth’s major biome’s are found? What are the major types of desert biomes?What are the major types of desert biomes? What are the major types of grassland What are the major types of grassland
biomes?biomes?
Chapter Overview Questions (cont’d)Chapter Overview Questions (cont’d)
What are the major types of forest and What are the major types of forest and mountain biomes?mountain biomes?
How have human activities affected the How have human activities affected the world’s desert, grassland, forest, and world’s desert, grassland, forest, and mountain biomes?mountain biomes?
Updates OnlineUpdates Online
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles. www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
InfoTrac: Of Chicks and Frogs. Steven Pinker. InfoTrac: Of Chicks and Frogs. Steven Pinker. ForbesForbes, , August 14, 2006 v178 i3 p40. August 14, 2006 v178 i3 p40.
InfoTrac: Nice Rats, Nasty Rats: Maybe It's All In the Genes. InfoTrac: Nice Rats, Nasty Rats: Maybe It's All In the Genes. Nicholas Wade. Nicholas Wade. The New York TimesThe New York Times, July 25, 2006 pF1(L)., July 25, 2006 pF1(L).
InfoTrac: Ancient shrub unlocks a clue to Darwin's InfoTrac: Ancient shrub unlocks a clue to Darwin's 'abominable mystery.’ 'abominable mystery.’ The Christian Science MonitorThe Christian Science Monitor, May , May 18, 2006 p02.18, 2006 p02.
The Jane Goodall InstituteThe Jane Goodall Institute Natural History Museum: Ancient BirdsNatural History Museum: Ancient Birds
Core Case StudyCore Case StudyBlowing in the Wind: Blowing in the Wind:
A Story of ConnectionsA Story of Connections
Wind connects Wind connects most life on earth.most life on earth. Keeps tropics from Keeps tropics from
being unbearably being unbearably hot.hot.
Prevents rest of Prevents rest of world from world from freezing.freezing.
Figure 5-1Figure 5-1
CLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTIONCLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Weather is a local area’s short-term physical Weather is a local area’s short-term physical conditions such as temperature and conditions such as temperature and precipitation.precipitation.
Climate is a region’s average weather Climate is a region’s average weather conditions over a long time.conditions over a long time. Latitude and elevation help determine climate.Latitude and elevation help determine climate.
Earth’s Current Climate ZonesEarth’s Current Climate Zones
Figure 5-2Figure 5-2
Solar Energy and Global Air Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Distributing HeatCirculation: Distributing Heat
Global air Global air circulation is circulation is affected by the affected by the uneven heating of uneven heating of the earth’s surface the earth’s surface by solar energy, by solar energy, seasonal changes seasonal changes in temperature and in temperature and precipitation.precipitation.
Figure 5-3Figure 5-3
Fig. 5-3, p. 102
Spring(sun aims directly
at equator)
Fall(sun aims directly at equator)
Summer(northern hemisphere
tilts toward sun)
Solarradiation
23.5 °
Winter(northern hemispheretilts away from sun)
Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect
Global air Global air circulation is circulation is affected by the affected by the rotation of the rotation of the earth on its axis.earth on its axis.
Figure 5-4Figure 5-4
Fig. 5-4, p. 102
Cold deserts
Equator
Cold deserts
Forests
Forests
Hot desertsSoutheast trades
Westerlies
ForestsWesterlies
Hot desertsNortheast trades
Convection CurrentsConvection Currents
Global air Global air circulation is circulation is affected by the affected by the properties of air properties of air water, and land.water, and land.
Figure 5-5Figure 5-5
Fig. 5-5, p. 103
Warm,dry air
Flows toward low pressure,picks up moisture and heat
Moist surface warmed by sun
HIGHPRESSURE
LOW PRESSURE
Falls, is compressed, warms
Rises, expands, cools
HIGH PRESSUREHeat released
radiates to space
LOWPRESSURE
Condensationand
precipitationCool, dry
air
Hot, wet air
Convection CellsConvection Cells
Heat and moisture Heat and moisture are distributed over are distributed over the earth’s surface by the earth’s surface by vertical currents, vertical currents, which form six giant which form six giant convection cells at convection cells at different latitudes.different latitudes.
Figure 5-6Figure 5-6
Fig. 5-6, p. 103
Cell 3 North
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 2 North
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 1 North
Moist air rises,cools, and releasesMoisture as rain
Cell 1 South
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 2 South
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 3 South
Cold,dry airfalls
Polar cap
Temperate deciduousforest and grassland
Desert
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropicalrain forest
Equator
Tropical deciduous forest
Cold,dry airfalls
Polar capArctic tundra
Evergreenconiferous forest
Temperate deciduousforest and grassland
Desert
60°
30°
0°
30°
60°
Ocean Currents: Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and NutrientsDistributing Heat and Nutrients
Ocean currents influence climate by Ocean currents influence climate by distributing heat from place to place and distributing heat from place to place and mixing and distributing nutrients.mixing and distributing nutrients.
Figure 5-7Figure 5-7
Fig. 5-7, p. 104
(c) As concentrations of greenhouse gases rise, their molecules absorb and emit more infrared radiation, which adds more heat to the lower atmosphere.
(b) The earth's surface absorbsmuch of the incoming solar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, which rises into the lower atmosphere. Some of this IR radiation escapes into space as heat, and some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases and emitted as even longer-wavelength IR radiation, which warms the lower atmosphere.
(a) Rays of sunlight penetrate the lower atmosphere andwarm the earth's surface.
Ocean Currents: Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and NutrientsDistributing Heat and Nutrients
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Video: Global WarmingVideo: Global Warming
This video clip is available in CNN Today This video clip is available in CNN Today Videos for Environmental Science, 2004, Videos for Environmental Science, 2004, Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local sales representative to order this volume, sales representative to order this volume, while supplies last.while supplies last.
Topography and Local Climate:Topography and Local Climate:Land MattersLand Matters
Interactions between land and oceans and Interactions between land and oceans and disruptions of airflows by mountains and disruptions of airflows by mountains and cities affect local climates.cities affect local climates.
Figure 5-8Figure 5-8
Fig. 5-8, p. 105
Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean.
Dry habitats
Moist habitats
On the leeward side ofthe mountain range, air descends, warms, and Releases little moisture.
On the windward side of a mountain range,air rises, cools, and releases moisture.
BIOMES: BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LANDCLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
Different climates lead to different Different climates lead to different communities of organisms, especially communities of organisms, especially vegetation.vegetation. Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized
by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals.by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals. Each biome contains many ecosystems whose Each biome contains many ecosystems whose
communities have adapted to differences in communities have adapted to differences in climate, soil, and other environmental factors.climate, soil, and other environmental factors.
BIOMES: BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LANDCLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
Figure 5-9Figure 5-9
Fig. 5-9, p. 106
Polar ice
Equator
Tropic ofCapricorn
Tropic ofCancer
High mountains
Polar grassland (arctic tundra)Temperate grasslandTropical grassland (savanna)ChaparralConiferous forestTemperate deciduous forestTropical forestDesert
BIOMES: BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LANDCLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
Biome type is determined by precipitation, Biome type is determined by precipitation, temperature and soil typetemperature and soil type
Figure 5-10Figure 5-10
Fig. 5-10, p. 107
Polar
Rain forestTropical
seasonalforest
Scrubland
Savanna Desert
TropicalGrassland
Chaparral
DeciduousForest
Coniferous forest
Desert
Temperate
SubpolarTundra
Wet
Cold
Dry
Ho
t
BIOMES: BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LANDCLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
Parallel changes occur in vegetation type Parallel changes occur in vegetation type occur when we travel from the equator to the occur when we travel from the equator to the poles or from lowlands to mountaintops.poles or from lowlands to mountaintops.
Figure 5-11Figure 5-11
Fig. 5-11, p. 108
Mountainice and snow
Elevation
Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)
ConiferousForest
DeciduousForest
TropicalForest
TropicalForest
DeciduousForest
ConiferousForest
Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)
Polar ice and snow
Latitude
DESERT BIOMESDESERT BIOMES
Deserts are areas where evaporation Deserts are areas where evaporation exceeds precipitation.exceeds precipitation.
Deserts have little precipitation and little Deserts have little precipitation and little vegetation.vegetation. Found in tropical, temperate and polar regions.Found in tropical, temperate and polar regions.
Desert plants have adaptations that help Desert plants have adaptations that help them stay cool and get enough water.them stay cool and get enough water.
Video: DesertificationVideo: Desertification
This video clip is available in CNN Today This video clip is available in CNN Today Videos for Environmental Science, 2004, Videos for Environmental Science, 2004, Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local sales representative to order this volume, sales representative to order this volume, while supplies last.while supplies last.
DESERT BIOMESDESERT BIOMES
Variations in Variations in annual annual temperature (red) temperature (red) and precipitation and precipitation (blue) in tropical, (blue) in tropical, temperate and temperate and cold deserts.cold deserts.
Figure 5-12Figure 5-12
Fig. 5-12a, p. 109
Tropical Desert
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-12b, p. 109
Temperate Desert
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-12c, p. 109
Polar Desert
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
DESERT BIOMESDESERT BIOMES
The flora and The flora and fauna in desert fauna in desert ecosystems ecosystems adapt to their adapt to their environment environment through their through their behavior and behavior and physiology.physiology.
Figure 5-13Figure 5-13
Fig. 5-13, p. 110
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto
secondaryconsumer
Secondary to
higher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Kangaroo rat
Diamondback rattlesnake Fungi
Bacteria
DarklingBeetle
Roadrunner
Pricklypearcactus
Agave
Gambel'sQuail
Collaredlizard
Jackrabbit
Yucca
Red-tailed hawk
GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMESBIOMES
Variations in Variations in annual annual temperature temperature (red) and (red) and precipitation precipitation (blue).(blue).
Figure 5-14Figure 5-14
Fig. 5-14a, p. 112
Tropical grassland (savanna)
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-14b, p. 112
Temperate grassland
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-14c, p. 112
Polar grassland (arctic tundra)
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMESBIOMES
Grasslands (prairies) occur in areas too moist Grasslands (prairies) occur in areas too moist for desert and too dry for forests.for desert and too dry for forests.
Savannas are tropical grasslands with Savannas are tropical grasslands with scattered tree and herds of hoofed animals.scattered tree and herds of hoofed animals.
Temperate GrasslandsTemperate Grasslands
The cold winters and The cold winters and hot dry summers hot dry summers have deep and fertile have deep and fertile soil that make them soil that make them ideal for growing ideal for growing crops and grazing crops and grazing cattle.cattle.
Figure 5-15Figure 5-15
Temperate GrasslandsTemperate Grasslands
Temperate tall-Temperate tall-grass prairie grass prairie ecosystem in North ecosystem in North America.America.
Figure 5-16Figure 5-16
Fig. 5-15, p. 113
Golden eagle
Pronghorn antelope
Grasshopper
PrairieConeflower
Fungi
Bacteria
Prairiedog
Blue stemgrass
Grasshoppersparrow
Coyote
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto
secondaryconsumer
Secondary to
higher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Polar GrasslandsPolar Grasslands
Polar grasslands Polar grasslands are covered with ice are covered with ice and snow except and snow except during a brief during a brief summer.summer.
Figure 5-17Figure 5-17
Fig. 5-17, p. 114
Moss campion
MountainCranberry
Lemming
DwarfWillow
Willow ptarmigan
Horned lark Arcticfox
Snowy owlMosquito
Grizzly bear
Long-tailed jaeger
Caribou
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto
secondaryconsumer
Secondary to
higher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
ChaparralChaparral
Chaparral has a Chaparral has a moderate moderate climate but its climate but its dense thickets of dense thickets of spiny shrubs are spiny shrubs are subject to subject to periodic fires.periodic fires.
Figure 5-18Figure 5-18
FOREST BIOMESFOREST BIOMES
Variations in annual Variations in annual temperature (red) temperature (red) and precipitation and precipitation (blue) in tropical, (blue) in tropical, temperate, and temperate, and polar forests.polar forests.
Figure 5-19Figure 5-19
Fig. 5-19a, p. 116
Tropical rain forest
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-19b, p. 116
Temperate deciduous forest
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-19c, p. 116
Polar evergreen coniferous forest(boreal forest, taiga)
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
FOREST BIOMESFOREST BIOMES
Forests have enough precipitation to support Forests have enough precipitation to support stands of trees and are found in tropical, stands of trees and are found in tropical, temperate, and polar regions.temperate, and polar regions.
Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest
Tropical rain forests Tropical rain forests have heavy rainfall have heavy rainfall and a rich diversity and a rich diversity of species.of species. Found near the Found near the
equator.equator. Have year-round Have year-round
uniformity warm uniformity warm temperatures and temperatures and high humidity.high humidity.
Figure 5-20Figure 5-20
Fig. 5-20, p. 117
Blue andgold macaw
Climbingmonstera palm
Slaty-tailedtrogon
Harpyeagle
BromeliadBacteria
Fungi
Ants
Tree frog
Green tree snake
Katydid
Squirrelmonkeys
Ocelot
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto
secondaryconsumer
Secondary to
higher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest
Filling such niches enables species to avoid Filling such niches enables species to avoid or minimize competition and coexistor minimize competition and coexist
Figure 5-21Figure 5-21
Fig. 5-21, p. 118
GroundlayerBlack-crowned
antipitta
Brazilian tapir
Woolly opossum
Tocotoucan
Shrublayer
Understory
Canopy
Emergent layer
Hei
gh
t (m
eter
s)
Harpy eagle
Temperate Deciduous ForestTemperate Deciduous Forest
Most of the trees Most of the trees survive winter by survive winter by dropping their dropping their leaves, which leaves, which decay and decay and produce a nutrient-produce a nutrient-rich soil.rich soil.
Figure 5-22Figure 5-22
Fig. 5-22, p. 120
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto
secondaryconsumer
Secondary to
higher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Wood frog
RacerMay beetle
Bacteria
FungiLong-tailedweasel
Shagbark hickory
MountainWinterberry
Metallic wood-boringbeetle andLarvae
White-taileddeer
White-footedmouse
GraySquirrel
HairyWoodpecker
White oak
Broad-wingedhawk
Evergreen Coniferous ForestsEvergreen Coniferous Forests
Consist mostly of Consist mostly of cone-bearing cone-bearing evergreen trees that evergreen trees that keep their needles keep their needles year-round to help year-round to help the trees survive the trees survive long and cold long and cold winters.winters.
Figure 5-23Figure 5-23
Fig. 5-23, p. 121
Bunchberry Bacteria
Starflower
Fungi
Snowshoehare
Pine sawyerbeetleand larvae
Bebbwillow
Wolf
WhiteSpruce
Moose
Marten
Greathornedowl
Blue jay
Balsam fir
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondary
consumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Temperate Rain ForestsTemperate Rain Forests
Coastal areas support huge cone-bearing Coastal areas support huge cone-bearing evergreen trees such as redwoods and evergreen trees such as redwoods and Douglas fir in a cool moist environment.Douglas fir in a cool moist environment.
Figure 5-24Figure 5-24
MOUNTAIN BIOMESMOUNTAIN BIOMES
High-elevation High-elevation islands of islands of biodiversity biodiversity
Often have snow-Often have snow-covered peaks that covered peaks that reflect solar reflect solar radiation and radiation and gradually release gradually release water to lower-water to lower-elevation streams elevation streams and ecosystems.and ecosystems.
Figure 5-25Figure 5-25
HUMAN IMPACTS ON HUMAN IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMESTERRESTRIAL BIOMES
Human activities have damaged or disturbed Human activities have damaged or disturbed more than half of the world’s terrestrial more than half of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems.ecosystems.
Humans have had a number of specific Humans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world’s deserts, harmful effects on the world’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.grasslands, forests, and mountains.
Fig. 5-26, p. 123
Natural Capital Degradation
Desert
Large desert cities
Soil destruction by off-road vehicles
Soil salinization from irrigation
Depletion of groundwater
Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction
Fig. 5-27, p. 123
Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra
Overgrazing by livestock
Release of CO2 to atmosphere from grassland burning
Conversion to cropland
Grasslands
Natural Capital Degradation
Fig. 5-28, p. 124
Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development
Conversion of diverse forests to tree plantations
Damage from off-road vehicles
Natural Capital Degradation
Forests
Pollution of forest streams
Fig. 5-29, p. 124
Natural Capital Degradation
Mountains
Agriculture
Timber extraction
Mineral extraction
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Increasing tourism
Urban air pollution
Increased ultraviolet radiationfrom ozone depletion
Soil damage from off-roadvehicles