Chapter 5

Bell RingerExplore the Time Line: Page 1271. About when may the Old Kingdom of Egypt and Harappan civilization

of India have overlapped? 2. What was happening in about the same time that the Aryans began

migrating into India? 3. How many years elapsed from the time Hinduism began to develop in

India and Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire?

• From about 2300 to 2200 BC• The Shang Dynasty was established• About 1641 years

Making Inferences

• What is the difference between a good guess and a weak guess? • A good guess is an educated guess. Take what you learn and add it

with what you already know – and draw a conclusion –> INFER • (Page 129)

Geography and Early India Chapter 5 Section 1

• Like Mesopotamia and Egypt, India was home to one of the world’s first civilizations• The one in India also grew in a river valley.

India: • Huge• Subcontinent• Mountains separate India from the rest of Asia• Northern India - > Himalayas -> highest in the world• Western India -> Hindu Kush Mts. • Thar Desert• Many rivers flow from the Himalayas• Indus river is now located in present day Pakistan• It flooded, thus helping the soil

Climate of India• Climate of India: • Hot and Humid• Influenced by Monsoons -> wind patterns • Wet monsoons from the Arabian Ocean in the summer ->flooding• Dry monsoons from the Himalayas in the winter -> warm wintersCheck: How do you think monsoons affectedSettlement in India?

Harappan Civilization• Harappan: • Agriculture & Irrigation-> growth of farming• As surpluses grew-> towns & cities-> division of labor• Named after Harappa Pakistan-> modern city-> ruins discovered• Ruins of two large cities: Harappa and Mohenjo Daro • The cities are on the Indus river -> 300 miles apart -> very similar

Similarities of Harappa & Mohenjo Daro

• Both very well planned• Both had towering fortress for guards• Streets all crossed at right angles• Streets filled with stores, market stalls, and houses• Streets had public wells• Houses had inside bathrooms and plumbing• Pottery, jewelry, cotton clothing, tools• System of weights and measures

Why don’t we know much about Harappan Civilization?

• Harappans created India’s first writing system• Scholars cannot translate the language• We know little of Harappan society • Perhaps they had Kings and Central Government• Harappans ended around 1700 BC -> not sure why -> ??

Aryan Migration• Aryans: 2000 BC arrived in India• Originally from area near Caspian Sea • Information come from the Vedas: poems, hymns, myths written by Aryan priests• Did not build big cities – had small villages• Villages governed by Rajas who sometimes warred• The Vedas were written in Sanskrit, the most important language of Ancient

India, which was only spoken not written at first• Records kept, give us information• Sanskrit is no longer spoken, but is a root of many South Asian languages

Essential Question• Where were the earliest civilizations in India located and who were

the two groups of people who settled there? • In the Indus Valley – along the Indus River – The Harappans and the

Aryans

What do you remember? • Describe: the shape of India• Contrast: the geographical difference between the Northeast & the

Northwest• Draw Inference: Why may Indian farmers consider the monsoons

both a blessing and a curse? • Identify: the two main cities of the Harappan civilization• Analyze: Why Harappa & Mohenjo may have been similar. • Recall: How we know about Harappan civilization• Describe: characteristics of Harappa & Mohenjo Daro• Evaluate: Why the Vedas so important to historians

Bell Ringer September 22, 2015

• Page 133 – Life in Mohenjo Daro – Analyzing Visuals1. Name at least four of the advancements of Mohenjo Daro• Standard set of weights and measures• City streets were well drained• City planned on a grid of rights angles• Fortress guard

Bell Ringer September 23, 2015• Page 138-139 Hindu Gods and Beliefs

•Name & Describe 3 aspects of Brahman on a Graphic Organizer•Brahma: Creator• Siva: Destroyer•Vishnu: Preserver

Bell Ringer September 24, 2015• Page 140 – Linking to Today1. How did these three leaders prove that nonviolence is a powerful tool for social change? • Mohandas Gandhi: helping to end British rule in India

• Martin Luther King, Jr. : winning civil rights for African Americans• Cesar Chavez: improving treatment of farm workers

They all accomplished their goals without violence.

Origins of Hinduism• As the Aryans moved into India, they developed a strict system of

social classes which became part of Indian society• Social classes (groups) were organized by people’s occupations. • Strict rules developed about how people of different groups could

interact.

The Varnas

The Caste System• In time, each of the four varnas in Aryan society was further divided

into many castes, or groups. • Caste divided Indian society into groups based on a person’s birth,

wealth, or occupation. • The caste determined a person’s place in society.• In earlier Aryan society, women could get an education and own

property. That changed later. • By the late Aryan period, the caste “untouchables” developed.• They held the lowest jobs of all – cleaning bathrooms, getting

garbage, etc.

Caste Rules• The Aryans developed sutras, or guides, which listed all the rules for

the Caste system• People were not allowed to marry outside their caste• People were not allowed to eat with anyone outside their caste• People spent most of their time with others inside their caste

Brahmanism• Because Aryan priest were called Brahmins – their religion is often

called Brahmanism. • Aryan religion was based on the Vedas: • Four Vedas – sacred hymns and poems• Vedic Texts – Brahmins wrote their thoughts about the Vedas

Hinduism Develops• The Vedas, the Upanishads, and the other Vedic texts remained the

basis of Indian religion for centuries. • Eventually the ideas of these sacred texts began to blend with other

cultures, creating a religion called Hinduism.

Hindu Beliefs• 3 Major Gods: (there are also lesser gods)1. Brahma: the Creator2. Siva: the Destroyer3. Vishnu: the Preserver

• All of these are part of a single universal spirit called Brahman. Gods represent different aspects of Brahman. • Everything in the world is part of Brahman.

Life and Rebirth• Soul: atman • Ultimate Goal: to reunite the atman (soul) with Brahman• The world we live in is an illusion and it takes several lifetimes to see

through the illusion to reality -> Brahman• Reincarnation: process of rebirth

Other Religions from Hinduism• Jainism: Started by Mahavira 600 BC Emphasizes: nonviolence toward all things Vegetarianshttp://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29644591

• Sikhism: Started by Guru Nanak AD 1400 Blend of Hinduism with Islam (monotheistic) Meditation -> enlightenment -> equality for all Reincarnation Wear 5 things at all times: long hair, comb, bracelet, sword, & special undergarment

Essential QuestionHow did Hinduism develop from Brahmanism, and

how did Jainism and Sikhism develop from Hinduism?

Brahmanism

Aryan religion based on the Vedas

Hinduism

Blending of the Vedas with other cultures

Jainism: Less emphasis on rituals-nonviolenceSikhism: Monotheistic, reincarnation, equality

Bell Ringer September 25, 2015

• Maps: Page 146, 1491. Name some locations where Buddhism spread2. What cities were part of the Mauryan Empire? 3. What geographical land formation is in the heart of India?

• Southern India, Sri Lanka, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, China• Taxila, Mathura, Pataliputra, Ajanta• Deccan Plateau

Buddhism• Siddhartha Gautama was a prince born in India to the warrior caste

(Kshatriya). He was Hindu. • He was concerned with people’s sufferings, so he journeyed about 6-7 years to discover the meaning of life. • He spent much time fasting and meditating coming to the conclusion

that Suffering comes from 3 things: 1. Wanting what we like but do not have2. Wanting to keep what like3. Not wanting what we DO have

Teachings of Buddhism

• Siddhartha was 35 years old when he received “enlightenment” • From then on he would be called The Buddha or the “Enlightened One” • The first believers in Buddhism were merchants, artisans, & Kings• Four Noble Truths: 1. No one can escape suffering2. Suffering comes from our own desires3. People can overcome desire & reach Nirvana (perfect peace)4. People can overcome by following the Eightfold Path (Middle way)

Challenging Hindu Ideas• Challenged Vedas• Challenged Animal Sacrifice• Challenged Priests & Rituals• Opposed Caste System• Anyone could achieve Nirvana who followed the Eight-fold path• Believed in reincarnation like the Hindus

• Buddhism made people feel like they had power to change their lives.• The Rich liked the idea that they didn’t have to live in extreme

poverty.

Essential Question•What made Buddhism so popular in India? • The poor received it because it gave them worth• The rich liked it because it didn’t require giving up things• Asoka sent missionaries • The Silk Road & trade spread ideas & religion

Bell Ringer September 28, 2015• Page 144 – Quote of Buddha• What do you think the quote from Buddha on this page means? • Responding to bad behavior with good behavior will lead to

enlightenment.• Romans 12:21 “Do not be overcome with evil, but overcome evil with

good”

The Eightfold Path1. Right Thought: you will suffer; Four Noble Truths2. Right Intent: incline toward goodness3. Right Speech: Avoid lies and Gossip4. Right Action: Don’t steal from or harm others5. Right Livelihood: reject work that hurts others6. Right Effort: Prevent evil and do good7. Right Mindfulness: Control your feelings & thoughts8. Right Concentration: Practice meditation

Buddhism Spreads• Within 200 years after Buddha’s death – Buddhism had spread

through most of India• Asoka – powerful king in India 200 BC• Asoka – became Buddhist and built temples and schools throughout

India• Spread Buddhism into areas outside of India by sending missionaries

throughout Asia

Buddhism Splits• Eventually disagreements between Buddhists led to a split within the

religion• Two major branches of Buddhism: 1. Theravada 2. Mahayana• Theravada: follow the Buddha’s teachings exactly as he stated• Mahayana: Other people can interpret Buddha’s teachings to help people reach NirvanaBoth branches have millions of believers today – Mahayana is the larger branch

Essential Question• What are the Four Noble Truth? Explain with a diagram as shown on

page 147 1. Suffering is part of life2. People cause their own suffering from wanting what they do not

have3. People can overcome their desires and reach Nirvana- perfect peace4. Following the 8-fold path will lead to Nirvana and enlightenment

Bell Ringer September 29, 2015• Mauryan Empire – Page 149 – Map Skills1. How may physical geography have limited the spread of the

Mauryan Empire? • Himalayas Mts. Limited the spread to the northeast• Hindu-Kush to the West

Indian Empires• After Aryans – India divided into small states with their own ruler• 300s BC – Alexander the Great (Greek) Conquered NW India• Alexander did not stay long• 320s BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire that

lasted for 150 years • Huge army, War Elephants, Chariots, • Farmers paid heavy taxes in return for protection. • Chandragupta became a Jainist monk and passed throne to his son.

Ashoka • 270 BC Candragupta’s grandson Ashoka became king. • Strongest of all the Mauryan rulers• Conquered other kingdoms extending rule over most of India• He converted to Buddhism and swore against War• He dedicated himself to helping his people: wells dug, roads built,

shade trees planted, rest houses.• Sent missionaries to spread Buddhism

End of Mauryan Empire• After Asoka’s death- his sons fought for power – empire fell apart – last Mauryan

king was killed by his own general. • India divided into smaller states once again• Remained divided for 500 years while Buddhism spread & Hinduism declined

A New Hindu Empire• AD 320 – Gupta dynasty established in India• India united and prospered• Gupta rulers were Hindu and made Hindu the major religion• Many Hindu temples were built and writings were revived• They allowed freedom of religion for Buddhism & Jainism

Gupta Society• Gupta Kings strengthened India’s economy and prosperity• They believed the social order of Hindu caste system would

strengthen their rule • Caste would keep stability• Gupta rule continued till the AD 400s when Huns invaded• By AD 500s Gupta rule ended.• India divided into small kingdoms yet again

Indian Achievements • ART: Hindu and Buddhist temples Hindu paintings of gods; Buddhist paintings of Siddhartha Sculpture and Columns were intricately carved

Indian Achievement • LITERATURE:Mahabharata: one of the world’s longest literary works. It is the

story of two families struggling for control of a kingdom. Ramayana: about a prince, Rama (Vishnu in human form) came to rid

the world of demons and save his wife, Sita. Seen as models for the ideal marriage.

Indian Achievement• SCIENCE: • Metalworking – metallurgy – high quality tools and weapons• Alloys – mixing metals• Hindu-Arabic numerals – created by Indians & brought to Europe by

Arabs• Created Zero• Medicine from Plants – inoculation• Astronomy: knew that our sun was a star with planets revolving around it. Predicted eclipses

Essential Question• What impact did Asoka’s life have on Asia in the past and for today?

Say What? HUH???

• http://archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/aryan-harappan-myth

https://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-actual-Aryans-Europeans-Iranians-or-Indians