Chapter 4 Transcription and Translation. The Central Dogma.
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Transcription and Translation. The Central Dogma.
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Chapter 4
Transcription and Translation
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The Central Dogma
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Overview of transcription
Figure 4-10
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Overview of transcription
Figure 4-10
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Types of RNAs transcribed
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Transcription of a bacterial gene
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Starting and stopping transcription of a bacterial gene
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Overview of RNA processing in eukaryotes
Figure 4-13/14
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Intron Splicing
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Different proteins are produced from the same gene by alternative RNA splicing
Figure 4-15
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Figure 4-12
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Repressors and Activators
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Transcription in Eukaryotes
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Gene regulatory proteins can bind to distant gene regulatory sequences and regulate transcription.
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The three roles of RNA in protein synthesis
Three types of RNA molecules perform different but complementary roles in protein synthesis (translation)
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three base “words” termed codons
Transfer RNA (tRNA) deciphers the code and delivers the specified amino acid
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes, structures that function as protein-synthesizing machines
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The roles of RNA in protein synthesis
Figure 4-19
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The genetic code is a triplet code
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The genetic code can be read in different frames
Figure 4-20
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Translation is a two-step decoding process
Figure 4-21
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The structure of tRNA specifies its decoding function
Figure 4-22
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Nonstandard base pairing often occurs between codons and anticodons
Figure 4-23
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Ribosome structure in prokaryotes & eukaryotes
Figure 4-24
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Image reconstruction of an E. coli ribosome
Figure 4-27
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Stepwise formation of proteins on ribosomes
Translation occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination
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Initiation
Figure 4-25
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Initiation continued
Figure 4-25
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During elongation each incoming aminoacyl-tRNA moves through three ribosomal sites
Figure 4-26
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During elongation each incoming aminoacyl-tRNA moves through three ribosomal sites
Figure 4-26
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Protein synthesis is terminated by release factors when a stop codon is reached
Figure 4-29
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Simultaneous translation by multiple ribosomes and their rapid recycling increases the efficiency of protein synthesis
Figure 4-31