Chapter 4. The Chemistry of Carbon. Why study Carbon? All living things are made of cells Cells...
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Transcript of Chapter 4. The Chemistry of Carbon. Why study Carbon? All living things are made of cells Cells...
Chapter 4.Chapter 4.
The Chemistry of The Chemistry of CarbonCarbon
Why study Carbon?Why study Carbon?All living things are made of cells Cells
◦~72% H2O ◦~3% salts (Na, Cl, K…)◦~25% carbon compounds
◦carbohydrates◦ lipids◦proteins ◦nucleic acids
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Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
C atoms are versatile building blocks◦bonding properties◦4 stable covalent bonds -
pair of electrons are shared
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2003-2004
Complex molecules assembled like –candy & toothpicks
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsSimplest Carbon molecules =
hydrocarbons ◦A compound with a combination of Carbon &
Hydrogen
Simplest HC molecule = methane◦1 carbon bound to 4 H atoms◦stable◦a gas at room temperature
Hydrocarbons can growHydrocarbons can grow
adding C-C bonds◦straight line
ethane hexane
◦branching isohexane
◦ring cyclohexane
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ethane
hexane
cyclohexaneisohexane
methane
Diversity of organic moleculesDiversity of organic molecules
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IsomersIsomersMolecules with same molecular formula
but different structures ◦different chemical properties – C6H14
Various kinds of isomersVarious kinds of isomersMolecules differ in structural
arrangement of atoms
Around a double bond – alkenes
Isomers of ethene
Three of the four classes of macromolecules form chainlike molecules called polymers.◦Polymers consist of many similar or identical
building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
The repeated units are small molecules called monomers. (like links of a chain)
Most macromolecules are polymersMost macromolecules are polymers
4 MAIN MACROMOLECULES4 MAIN MACROMOLECULES
MOLECULE MONOMER USESProteins (amino acids) support/motionLipids (glycerol & fatty acids) energy storage/insulation
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) quick energyNucleic acids (nucleotides) store information
• They all contain CARBON and are called ORGANIC molecules (Also hydrogen, oxygen are in all of them)
Diversity of moleculesDiversity of moleculesSubstitute other atoms or groups
around the C◦ethane vs. ethanol
H replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH)
ethanolethane
What element is the blue one above? How many bonds does it form?
HydroxylHydroxyl
–OH◦organic compounds with OH = alcohols ◦names typically end in -ol
ethanol
More on More on Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
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Types of functional groupsTypes of functional groups
6 functional groups most important to chemistry of life:◦hydroxyl amino◦carbonyl sulfhydryl◦carboxyl phosphate
Affect reactivity◦hydrophilic ◦increase solubility in water◦Change all kinds of properties
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Carboxyl Carboxyl
–COOH ◦C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH
group compounds with COOH = acids
◦fatty acids◦amino acids
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AminoAmino
-NH2 ◦N attached to 2 H
compounds with NH2 = amines◦amnio acids
NH2 acts as base ◦ammonia picks up H+ from solution
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Viva la difference!Viva la difference!Basic structure of male & female
hormones is identical◦identical C skeleton ◦attachment of different functional groups◦interact with different targets in the body
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