Chapter 4 The Central Processing Unit: What goes on Inside the Computer.
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Transcript of Chapter 4 The Central Processing Unit: What goes on Inside the Computer.
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Chapter 4
The Central Processing Unit: What goes on Inside the
Computer
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Components of the CPU
Control Unit (CU) Directs system operations Communicates with the ALU and
memory
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Performs calculations
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ALU Operations Arithmetic operations
Addition (+) Subtraction(-) Multiplication (×) Division (÷)
Logical operations Equal-to (=) Less-than (<) Greater-than (>)
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Components of the CPU
Registers Temporary storage High speed Not part of memory
System clock Controls speed of processing Does not keep date/time
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Instruction Execution
Machine cycle: Fetch – get an instruction Decode – interpret, then get data
from memory Execute – perform the instruction Store – move the result to memory or
a register
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Data Representation Bit (Binary Digit)
ON (1) OFF (0)
Byte 8 bits Stores one character
Word Number of bits processed at one time The size of a register 32 or 64 bits for PCs
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Coding Schemes
Assigns a number to each characters ASCII – 1 byte per character
Used on PCs and larger computers 256 possible characters
EBCDIC – 1 byte per character Used on IBM mainframes 256 possible characters
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Coding Schemes
Unicode – 2 bytes per character Allows characters from languages
other than English Used by Java, a programming
language for the web 65,536 possible characters
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Memory Types
RAM Random Access Memory Volatile – lost if the power goes off Often called main memory
ROM Read Only Memory Non-volatile Required for booting the computer
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Memory Types
CMOS RAM Stores info about computer hardware Requires battery power
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Memory
Each location has unique address Fast access regardless of location Programmers use names instead
of address numbers
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Memory and Storage Capacities
Kilobyte (KB or K) – approx. one thousand bytes Exactly 1024 bytes
Megabyte (MB) – approx. one million bytes Gigabyte (GB) - One billion bytes Terabyte - One trillion bytes
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System Unit
the box or case that houses the electronic components of the computer
Inside the system unit you find: CPU Memory Motherboard Power supply And much more
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System Unit’s Motherboard CPU Memory Expansion slots Connections to
other components
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Microprocessors Intel
Pentium Celeron Xeon, Itanium
Intel-compatible Cyrix, AMD
Non-Intel PowerPC Alpha
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System Bus
Copper lines on the motherboard For example, from memory to CPU Transports data and instructions Bus width Bus speed
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Expansion Buses
Expansion boards Ports
Serial ports Parallel ports
Universal Serial Bus (USB) PC Card Bus
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Measuring Computer Time
Millisecond—one thousandth of a second
Microsecond—one millionth of a second
Nanosecond—one billionth of a second
Picosecond—one trillionth of a second
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Computer Processor “Speed”
The frequency of pulses from the system clock
MHz – megahertz, one million pulses (ticks) per second
GHz – gigahertz, one billion pulses per second
The higher the number, the faster the CPU can process instructions.
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PC Processor “Speed”
Common processor frequencies 1.53 Gigahertz ( 1,530,000,000 ticks
per second ) 1.8 GHz 2.2 GHz 2.8 GHz
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Cache Very fast memory Stores frequently used instructions Level 1 - Built into the processor
chip Level 2 - Separate chips
Usually 256 KB or 512 KB Cheaper than level 1
Most PCs have Level 2 cache
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Flash Memory
Nonvolatile RAM Uses
Cellular phones Digital cameras Handheld computers
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Some of the factors affecting overall speed of a computer
CPU speed Amount and speed of RAM Speed and size of bus lines Amount and speed of L1 and L2
cache Register size (Word size)
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Shopping for a Computer
1. Decide what software you will need.
What do you want to do with the computer?
Email? Web browsing?Word Processing? Spreadsheet?Make CD’s? Edit photos or movies????
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Shopping for a Computer
2. Determine the types of hardware needed for the software. Make a list of hardware specifications.
Email, Web browsing, and other Internet related software requires a modem or other hardware to connect to the Internet.
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Shopping for a Computer
Word processing, spreadsheet, and presentation graphics don’t require a super-fast processor or much memory.
Want to print your document? You will need a printer.
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Shopping for a Computer
Large databases, lots of music files, photos, or videos require a large amount of hard drive space and a lot of memory.
Want to make your own music CDs?You need a writable CD drive.
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Shopping for a Computer
If you use statistical or mathematical, photo editing, or video editing software, you’ll need a fast processor and a lot of memory.
Want to watch movies on your computer? You’ll need a DVD drive and a fast processor.
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Shopping for a Computer
3. Set a price range. Typical PC’s sell from $ 500 to $ 2000
Some software will come with the system, but you may need to purchase additional software to meet your needs.
The cheapest computer is usually not the best choice.
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Shopping for a Computer
4. Learn about manufacturers, their reputations, service and support provided, etc.
Instructor’s Top 5:Hewlett-Packard (Compaq)DellGatewayIBMSony
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Shopping for a Computer
5. Compare available systems
Sunday paper adsStore flyersTV adsManufacturer’s web sites
Watch the fine print. “after rebates”, “monitor sold separately”, “when you sign up for MSN”, are common.
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This Week’s Ad Celeron Processor: 2.4 GHz (gigahertz) Memory: 256 MB (megabytes) Hard drive: 80 GB (gigabytes) Other drives: DVD and CD-RW Monitor: 17” color Printer: color inkjet Manufacturer: Medion $829.97 ($549.97 after rebates)
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End of Chapter Questions
1. The electrical circuitry that executes program instructions is the ______.
a. registerb. operatorc. central processing unitd. bus line
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End of Chapter Questions
2. The entire computer system is coordinated by ___.
a. the ALUb. the control unitc. registersd. arithmetic operators
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End of Chapter Questions
5. The primary storage unit is also known as _____.
a. a registerb. Mass storagec. Secondary storaged. memory
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End of Chapter Questions
8. Computer operations are synchronized by _____.
a. the CPU clockb. The binary systemc. megabytesd. E-time
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End of Chapter Questions
12. A letter, digit, or special character is represented by a ______.
a. bitb. bytec. kilobyted. megabyte
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End of Chapter Questions
14. _____ cache is built into the CPU chip.
a. L1b. L2c. externald. disk
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End of Chapter Questions
16. The main circuit board in a personal computer is called the _____.
a. fatherboardb. motherboardc. ram/bus boardd. ASCII board