Chapter 4 New
description
Transcript of Chapter 4 New
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Chapter 4. Chemical equation and reaction stoichiometry
Objectives: Write balanced chemical equation to
describe chemical reactions From balanced equations, calculate
the moles of reactants and products involved in each of the reactions
Determine which reactant is the limiting reactant in reactions
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Objectives
Compare the amount of substance actually formed in a reaction (actual yield) with the predicted amount (theoretical yield) and determine the percent yield
Work with sequential reactions Use the terminology of solutions –
solute, solvent, concentration Calculate concentrations of solutions
when they are diluted
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Chemical equations Chemical reactions always involve
changing one or more substances into one or more different substances
In other words, chemical reactions rearrange atoms or ions to form other substances
Chemical equations are used to describe chemical reactions
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Chemical equations show:
(1) the substances that react, reactants
(2) the substances formed, products
(3) the relative amounts of the substances involved.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
heat
Special conditions required for some reactions are indicated by notation over the arrow
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Balance chemical equations
A balanced chemical equation must always include the same number of each kind of atom on both sides of the equation.
Write equations with smallest possible whole-number coefficients
In reactants and In products (Ex.)
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Examples
C2H6O + O2 CO2 + H2O
Carbon appear in only one compound on each side, the same is true for hydrogen
Al + HCl AlCl3 + H2
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Exercice
Balance the following chemical reactions:
(a) P4 + Cl2 PCl5(b) RbOH + SO2 Rb2SO3 + H2O
(c) P4O10 + Ca(OH)2 Ca3(PO4)2 + H2O
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Calculations based on chemical equations
Number of molecules (a balanced chemical equation may be interpreted on a molecular basis)
Number of moles formed (Avogadro’s number)
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
1 mol 2 mol1 mol2 mol
6.023 x 1023
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Examples
How many O2 molecules react with 30 CH4 molecules according to the preceding equation?
How many moles of water could be produced by the reaction of 5 mol of methane with excess oxygen (more than sufficient)
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Mass of a reactant requiredExample
What mass of oxygen (in g) is required to react completely with 24.0 g of CH4
What mass of CH4, in grams, is required to react with 96.0 g of O2
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Mass of a product formedExample
Calculate the mass of CO2, in grams, that can be produced by burning 6.00 mol of CH4 in excess O2
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The limiting reactant concept
The calculations were based on the reactant that was used up first, called the limiting reactant
Example: what mass of CO2 could be formed by the reaction of 16.0 g of CH4 with 48.0 g of O2
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Example
A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry is composed of two liquids, hydrazine (N2H4) and N2O4, which ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor. How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00X 102 g of N2H4 and 2.00X 102 g of N2O4 are mixed?
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Percent yields from chemical reactions Theoretical yield (from a chemical
reaction) is the yield calculated by assuming that the reaction goes to completion
In practice we often do not obtain as much product from a reaction as is theoritically possible Many reactions do not go to completion In some cases, reactants form undesired
products (by-products) In some cases, separation of the desired
products is so difficult that not all of the product formed is successfully isolated
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2,4 D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
2,4,5 T
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Actual yield: is the amount of a specified pure product actually obtained from a given raction
Percent yield = actual yield of product
theoritical yield of productX 100 %
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Exercise
A 15.6-g sample of C6H6 is mixed with excess HNO3. We can isolate 18.0 g of C6H5NO2. What is the percent yield of C6H5NO2 in this reaction
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Sequential reactions Often more than one reaction is
required to change starting materials into the desired product. These are called sequential reactions.
H3PO4 can be prepared in two-step process P4 + 5O2 P4O10
P4O10 + 6H2O H3PO4
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Example
In the above reaction, we allow 272 g of phosphorous to react with excess oxygen, which forms tetraphosphorous decoxide, P4O10, in 89.5% yield. In the second step reaction, a 98.6% yield of H3PO4 is obtained. What mass of H3PO4 is obtained?
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Exercise
SiC is an important ceramic material that is made by allowing sand SiO2 to react with powdered carbon at high temperature. Carbon monoxide is also formed. When 100.0 kg of sand is processed, 51.4 kg of SiC is recovered. What is the percent yield of SiC from this process?
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Concentrations of solutions A solution is a homogeneous mixture, at
the molecular level, of two or more substances.
Solute: The dispersed (dissolved) phase Solvent: The dispersing medium The solutions used in the laboratory are
usually liquids, and the solvent is often water. These are called aqueous solutions
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Percent by mass
mass of solute
mass of solution
x 100 %percent solute =
or
mass of solutex 100 %percent =
mass of solventmass of solute +
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Molarity (M)
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution
number of moles of solute
number of liters of solution
molarity =
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Dilution of solutions
Recall the definition of molarity, we have
volume (in L) x molarity = number of moles of solute
V1M1 = V2M2
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Example
Isotonic saline is a 0.15 M aqueous solution of NaCI that simulates the total concentration of ions found in many cellular fluids. Its uses range from a cleansing rinse for contact lenses to a washing medium for red blood cells. How would you prepare 0.80 L of isotonic saline from a 6.0 M stock solution?
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Using solutions in chemical reactions Usually we carry out a reaction in a
solution, therefore we must calculate the amounts of solutions that we need.
Example (amount of solute)Calculate (a) the number of moles of
H2SO4 and (b) the number of grams of H2SO4 in 500 mL of 0.324 M H2SO4 solution
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Exercise (Solution stoichiometry) and (Volume of solution required)
Calculate the volume in liters and in milliliters of a 0.324 M solution of H2SO4 required to react completely with 2.792 g of Na2CO3.
Find the volume in liters and in milliliters of a 0.505 M NaOH solution required to react with 40.0 mL of 0.505 M H2SO4 solution
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Exercise
What is the maximum mass of Ni(OH)2 that could be prepared by mixing two solutions that contain 25.9 g of NiCl2 and 10.0 g of NaOH, respectively?
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Chapter 5. Some types of chemical reactions Objectives:
Describe the periodic table and some of the relationships that it summarizes
Recognize and descibe nonelectrolytes, strong and weak electrolytes.
Recognize and classify acids, bases, and salts
Assign oxidation number to elements, when they are free, in compounds, or in ions
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Objectves (continue) Name and write formulas for
common binary and ternary inorganic compounds
Recognize oxidation-reduction reactions and identify which species are oxidized, reduced, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents
Recognize and describe classes of reactions
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The periodic table: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids Atomic weight Atomic number of an element is
the number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms
Elements are arranged in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number.
The properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic number
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Metallic character decrease
Increase
Transition metals
Noble gases
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The vertical colums are referred to as groups or families
The horizontal rows are called periods
Elements in a group have similar chemical and physical properties, and those within a period have properties that change progressively across the table.
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Names of some common groups The Group IA elements (except H)
are referred to as alkaline metals The Group IIA elements are called
alkaline earth metals The Group VIIA elements are called
halogens (“salt formers”) The Group VIIIA elements are
called noble (rare) gases
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Some physical properties of metals and nonmetals
Metals High EC that
decreases with increasing temperature
High thermal conductivity
Metallic gray or silver luster
Almost all are solids Malleable Ductile
Nonmetals Poor electrical
conductivity (except C in graphite)
Good heat insulator No metallic luster Solids, liquids, or
gases Brittle in solid state Nonductile
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Some chemical properties of metals and nonmetals
Metals Outer shells contain
few electrons (usually 3 or fewer)
Form cations by losing electrons
Form ionic compounds with nonmetals
Solid state characterized by metallic bonding
Nonmetals Outer shells contain
4 or more electrons Form anions by
gaining elecrtons Form ionic
compounds with metals, and molecular (covalent) other compounds with nonmetals
Covalently bonded molecules
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Metalloids (semi-metals) show some properties that are characteristic of both metals and nonmetals
Example: B, Si, Ge, As, Te Many of the metalliods, such as Si, Ge, and
Sb act as semiconductors (for electronic curcuits). Semiconductor are insulators at lower temperatures but become conductors at higher temperatures.