Chapter 4 logical reasoning
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Transcript of Chapter 4 logical reasoning
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JANINE O.VILLAMER, RN
GS-MAN
LOGICAL REASONING
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Logical Reasoning
LOGIC
It is a branch of philosophy that concerns analysis of inferences and arguments.
It is the use and study of valid reasoning.
A proper or reasonable way of thinking about understanding something.
An inference involves forming a conclusion that is based on some evidence.
An argument consists of a conclusion and its supportive evidenced.
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Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Retroduction Reasoning
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Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
DEDUCTION
It happens when a researcher works from the more general information to the more specific.
“top-down” approach
A process of gaining knowledge
Considered to reserve truth.
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Logical Reasoning
Deductive Argument
Premise 1: All men are mortal.
Premise 2: Socrates is a man.
Premise 1: Every day, I leave for work in my car at eight o’clock.
Premise 2: Every day, the drive to work takes 45 minutes. I arrive to
work on time.
.
VALID and SOUND
Conclusion: Socrates is Mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore, If I leave for work at eight o’clock today, I will be on time.
No new information provides. It only rearranges information what is already known into a new statement or conclusion.
An important point to consider is that for a deductive argument to be sound, its premises should be true and the whole argument should be valid.
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Logical Reasoning Deductive Argument
Premise 1: The tennis ball is larger than the basketball.
Premise 2: The basketball is larger than the golf ball.
Premise 1: All men are mortal.
Premise 2: Birds are men
VALID and UNSOUND
Premise 1: All cat have six legs.
Premise 2: A tiger is a cat.
For it to be unsound, at least one of its premises should be false.
Conclusion: Therefore the tennis ball is larger than the golf ball.
Conclusion: Therefore, birds are mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore, a tiger has six legs.
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Logical Reasoning
Premise 1: All victims of abuse have low self-esteem.
Premise 2: Clowen has low self-esteem.
INVALID and UNSOUND
Premise 1: Some teachers are musicians.
Premise 2: All instructors are teachers.
An invalid deductive argument can never be sound.
Conclusion: Therefore Clowen is a victim of abuse.
Conclusion: Therefore, all instructors are musicians.
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Logical Reasoning
MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE
The Conservation Theory
MARTHA E. ROGERS
Unitary Human Beings
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Logical Reasoning
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
Adaptation Model
DOROTHEA OREM
Self Care Deficit Theory of Nursing
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Logical Reasoning
BETTY NEUMAN
Systems Model
DOROTHY JOHNSON
Behavioral System Model
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A theory may be developed through:
INDUCTION
A form of logical reasoning in which a generalized is induced from a number of specific, observed instances.
It is also called hypothesis construction because any conclusions made are based on current knowledge and predictions.
“bottom-up” approach
Logical Reasoning
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Logical Reasoning
Inductive Form
Premise 1: Victims of abuse who have been observed have low self esteem.
Premise 1: Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00am and is on time.
Premise 1: All observed women in one area wear heels.
Conclusion: All victims of abused have low self esteem.
Conclusion: Jennifer will always be on time if she will leaves at 7:00am.
Conclusion: All women must wear heels.
Allows conclusion to be false.
The conclusion states a generalization that extends beyond the observations.
Is viewed in terms of degrees of strength and the probability that the premises lead to a given conclusion.
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Logical Reasoning
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Environmental Theory
AFAF IBRAHIM MELEIS
Transition Theory
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Logical Reasoning
NOLA J. PENDER
Health Promotion Theory
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Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
RETRODUCTION Abductive Reasoning
Is a mode of inference in which events are explained by postulating (and identifying) mechanisms which are capable of producing them.
It is the reasoning process that starts from a set of facts and derives their most likely explanations.
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Logical Reasoning
HELEN C. ERICKSON
Modeling and Role-Modeling
MARY ANN P. SWAIN
EVELYN T. TOMLIN
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Logical Reasoning
GLADYS L. HUSTED
Symphonological Bioethical Theory
JAMES H. HUSTED
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QUIZ! Choose one (1) Nursing Theory and explain the logical form that the Theorist used.