Logical Reasoning Answers
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Logical Reasoning
Answers
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Number Series
Direction to Solve
In each series, look for the degree and
direction of change between the numbers. Inother words, do the numbers increase or
decrease, and by how much
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Q1
1. Look at this series: 2, 1, (1/2), (1/4), ... What
number should come next?
A.(1/3) B.(1/8)C.(2/8) D.(1/16)
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Q1 Answer
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
This is a simple division series; each number is one-half of theprevious number.
In other terms to say, the number is divided by 2 successivelyto get the next result.
4/2 = 2
2/2 = 1(1/2)/2 =
(1/4)/2 = 1/8 and so on.
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Q2
Look at this series: 7, 10, 8, 11, 9, 12, ... What
number should come next?
A.7 B.10C.12 D.13
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Q2
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
This is a simple alternating addition andsubtraction series. In the first pattern, 3 is
added; in the second, 2 is subtracted.
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Q3
Look at this series: 36, 34, 30, 28, 24, ... What
number should come next?
A.20 B.22C.23 D.26
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Q4
Look at this series: 53, 53, 40, 40, 27, 27, ...
What number should come next?
A.12 B.14C.27 D.53
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Q5
Look at this series: 21, 9, 21, 11, 21, 13, 21, ...
What number should come next?
A.14 B.15C.21 D.23
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Type 2
Look carefully for the pattern, and then choose
which pair of numbers comes next.
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Q6
28 25 5 2118 5 14
A.11 5 B.10 7
C.118 D.5 10E.10 5
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Q6
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
This is an alternating subtraction series withthe interpolation of a random number, 5, as
every third number. In the subtraction series,
3 is subtracted, then 4, then 3, and so on.
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Q7
9 16 233037 44 51
A.59 66 B.5662
C.5866 D.5865E.5461
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Q7
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Here is a simple addition series, which beginswith 9 and adds 7.
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Q8
2 34 5 648
A.9 10 B.48
C.104 D.9 4E.8 9
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Q8
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
This is an alternating addition series with arandom number, 4, interpolated as every third
number. In the main series, 1 is added, then 2
is added, then 1, then 2, and so on.
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Q9
17 17 34 20 2031 23
A.26 23 B.34 20
C.2333 D.27 28E.23 28
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Q10
9 12 1114131615
A.1413 B.18 21
C.1417 D.12 13E.1817
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Q11
42 403835 3331 28
A.25 22 B.26 23
C.26 24 D.25 23E.26 22
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Q11
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
This is an alternating subtraction series inwhich 2 is subtracted twice, then 3 is
subtracted once, then 2 is subtracted twice,
and so on.
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Q12
6101418 22 2630
A.3640 B.3337
C.3842 D.3436E.3438
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Find the number that fits somewhere into the
middle of the series. Some of the items
involve both numbers and letters
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Q13
Look at this series: F2, __, D8, C16, B32, ...
What number should fill the blank?
A.A16 B.G4
C.E4 D.E3
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Q13
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The letters decrease by1; the numbers aremultiplied by 2.
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Q14
Look at this series: 664, 332, 340, 170, ____,
89, ... What number should fill the blank?
A.85 B.97C.109 D.178
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Q14
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
This is an alternating division and additionseries: First, divide by 2, and then add 8.
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Q15
Look at this series: 8, 43, 11, 41, __, 39, 17, ...
What number should fill in the blank?
A.8 B.14C.43 D.44
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Letter and symbol series
In these series, you will be looking at both the
letter pattern and the number pattern. Fill the
blank in the middle of the series or end of the
series.
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Q16
SCD, TEF, UGH, ____, WKL
A.CMN B.UJI
C.VIJ D.IJT
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Answer: Option C
Explanation:
There are two alphabetical series here. Thefirst series is with the first letters only: STUVW.
The second series involves the remaining
letters: CD, EF, GH, IJ, KL.
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Q17
ZA5, Y4B, XC6, W3D, _____
A.E7V B.V2EC.VE5 D.VE7
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Q17
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
There are three series to look for here. Thefirst letters are alphabetical in reverse: Z, Y, X,
W, V. The second letters are in alphabetical
order, beginning with A. The number series is
as follows: 5, 4, 6, 3, 7.
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Q18
DEF, DEF2, DE2F2, _____, D2E2F3
A.DEF
3 B.D3EF
3
C.D2E3F D.D2E2F2
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Q18
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
In this series, the letters remain the same:DEF.
The subscript numbers follow this series:
111, 112, 122, 222, 223, 233, 333, ...
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Verbal Classification
Three of the words will be in the same
classification, the remaining one will not be.
Your answer will be the one word that does
NOT belong in the same classification as the
others.
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Q19
Which word does NOT belong with the
others?
A. inch B. ounceC. centimeter D. yard
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Q19
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
An ounce measures weight; the other choicesmeasure length.
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Q20
Which word does NOT belong with the
others?
A.heading B.bodyC.letter D.closing
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Q20
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Heading, body, and closing are all parts of aletter; the letter is the whole, not a part.
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Essential Parts
Each question has an underlined word
followed by four answer choices. You will
choose the word that is a necessary part of
the underlined word.
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Q21
harvest
A.autumn B.stockpile
C.tractor D.crop
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Q21
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
To harvest something, one must have a crop,which is the essential element for this item.
Autumn (choice a) is not the only time crops
are harvested. There may not be enough of a
crop to stockpile (choice b), and you can
harvest crops without a tractor (choice c).
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Q22
book
A.fiction B.pages
C.pictures D.learning
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Q22
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The necessary part of a book is its pages;there is no book without pages. Not all books
are fiction (choice a), and not all books have
pictures (choice c). Learning (choice d) may or
may not take place with a book
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Q23
shoe
A.sole B.leather
C.laces D.walking
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Q23
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
All shoes have a sole of some sort.Not allshoes are made of leather (choice b); nor do
they all have laces (choice c).Walking (choice
d) is not essential to a shoe.
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Analogies
A good way to figure out the relationship in a
given question is to make up a sentence that
describes the relationship between the first
two words. Then, try to use the same
sentence to find out which of the answer
choices completes the same relationship with
the third word.
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Q24
Odometer is to mileage as compass is to
A.speed B.hiking
C.needle D.direction
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Q24
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
An odometer is an instrument used tomeasure mileage. A compass is an instrument
used to determine direction. Choices a, b, and
c are incorrect because none is an instrument.
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Q25
Exercise is to gym as eating is to
A. food B.dieting
C. fitness D.restaurant
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Q25
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
A gym is a place where people exercise. Arestaurant is a place where people eat. Food(choice a) is not the answer because it issomething people eat, not a place or location
where they eat. The answer is not choice b orc because neither represents a place wherepeople eat.
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Type 2
Choose the picture that would go in the empty
box so that the two bottom pictures are
related in the same way as the top two are
related.
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Q26
A.1 B.2
C.3 D.4
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Q26
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Hand is to ring as head is to cap. A ring is wornon a person's hand; a cap is worn on a
person's head.
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Q27
A.1 B.2
C.3 D.4
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Q27
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Cup is to bowl as vacuum cleaner is to broom.This is another relationship about function.
The cup and bowl are both used for eating.
The vacuum cleaner and broom are both used
for cleaning.
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Q28Type 3
The words in the bottom row are related in the
same way as the words in the top row. For
each item, find the word that completes the
bottom row of words.
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Q28
Candle lamp floodlight
Hut cottage ?
A.tent B.cityC.dwelling D.house
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Q28
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Above the line, the relationship shows a
progression of sources of light. The relationship
below the line shows a progression of types of
housing, from smallest to largest. (Choice a) is
incorrect because a tent is smaller than a house.Choices b and c are wrong because they are not
part of the progression.
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Q29
palette easel brush
textbook lesson plan ?
A.artist B.teacherC.report card D.paint
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Q29
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The objects above the line are all things usedby an artist. The objects below the line are all
things used by a teacher.
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Type 4
Every one of the following questions consists of
a related pair of words, followed by five pairs
of words. Choose the pair that best represents
a similar relationship to the one expressed inthe original pair of words.
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Q30
BINDING : BOOK
A.criminal : gang B.display : museum
C.artist : carpenter D.nail : hammerE.frame : picture
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Q30
Answer: Option E
Explanation:
A binding surrounds a book; a framesurrounds a picture.
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Q31
PETAL : FLOWER
A.salt : pepper B.tire : bicycle
C.base : ball D.sandals : shoesE.puppy : dog
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Q31
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A petal is a part of a flower; a tire is a part of abicycle.
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Q32
SLAPSTICK : LAUGHTER
A.fallacy : dismay B.genre : mystery
C.satire : anger D.mimicry : tearsE.horror : fear
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Q32
Answer: Option E
Explanation:
Slapstick results in laughter; horror results infear.
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Artificial Language
First, you will be given a list of three
"nonsense" words and their English word
meanings. The question(s) that follow will ask
you to reverse the process and translate anEnglish word into the artificial language.
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Q33
Here are some words translated from an
artificial language.
gorblflurmeans fan belt
pixngorblmeans ceiling fanarthtuslmeans tile roof
Which word could mean "ceiling tile"?
A.gorbltusl B.flurgorblC.arthflur D.pixnarth
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Q33
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Gorblmeans fan; flurmeans belt; pixnmeansceiling; arthmeans tile; and tuslmeans roof.
Therefore,pixnarth is the correct choice.
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Q34
Here are some words translated from an
artificial language.
hapllesh means cloudburst
srenchochmeans pinballresbosrenchmeans ninepin
Which word could mean "cloud nine"?
A.leshsrench B.ochhaplC.Haploch D.haplresbo
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Q34
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Haplmeans cloud; leshmeans
burst; srenchmeans pin; ochmeans ball;and resbomeans nine. Leshsrench (choice a)doesn't contain any of the words needed forcloud nine. We know that och means ball, so that
rules out choices b and c. When youcombine hapl(cloud) with resbo (nine), you getthe correct answer
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Q35
Here are some words translated from an
artificial language.
gemolinea means fair warning
gerimitu means report cardgilagerimeans weather report
Which word could mean "fair weather"?
A.gemogila B.gerigemeC.gemomitu D.gerimita
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Q35
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Gemo means fair; linea means warning; gerimeans report;mitumeans card; and gilameans
weather. Thus, gemogila is the correct choice.
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Logical Problems
Each problem consists of three statements.
Based on the first two statements, the third
statement maybe true, false, or uncertain.
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Q36
Tanya is older than Eric.
Cliff is older than Tanya.
Eric is older than Cliff.
If the first two statements are true, the thirdstatement is
A.true
B.false
C.uncertain
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Q36
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Because the first two statements are true,E
ricis the youngest of the three, so the third
statement must be false.
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Q37
Mara runs faster than Gail.
Lily runs faster than Mara.
Gail runs faster than Lily.
If the first two statements are true, the thirdstatement is
A.true
B.false
C.uncertain
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Q37
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
We know from the first two statements thatLily runs fastest. Therefore, the third
statement must be false.
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Q38
The Kingston Mall has more stores than theGalleria.The Four Corners Mall has fewer stores than theGalleria.
The Kingston Mall has more stores than the FourCorners Mall.If the first two statements are true, the thirdstatement is
A.trueB.false
C.uncertain
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Q38
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
F
rom the first two statements, you know thatthe Kingston Mall has the most stores, so the
Kingston Mall would have more stores than
the Four Corners Mall.
Q39
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Q39Vincent has a paper route. Each morning, he
delivers 37 newspapers to customers in hisneighborhood. It takes Vincent 50minutes todeliver all the papers. If Vincent is sick or has otherplans, his friend Thomas, who lives on the same
street, will sometimes deliver the papers for him.A.Vincent and Thomas live in the sameneighborhood.
B.It takes Thomas more than 50minutes to deliver
the papers.C.It is dark outside when Vincent begins hisdeliveries
D.Thomas would like to have his own paper route.
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Q39
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The fact that Vincent and Thomas live on thesame street indicates that they live in the
same neighborhood. There is no support for
any of the other choices.
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Type 2
The logic problems in this set present you withthree true statements: Fact 1, Fact 2, and Fact3. Then, you are given three more statements
(labeled I, II, and III), and youmust determinewhich of these, if any, is also a fact. One ortwo of the statements could be true; all of thestatements could be true; or none of the
statements could be true. Choose your answerbased solely on the information given in thefirst three facts.
Q40
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Q40Fact 1:All dogs like to run.
Fact 2:Some dogs like to swim.
Fact 3:Some dogs look like their masters.
If the first three statements are facts, which ofthe following statements must also be a fact?
I:All dogs who like to swim look like their masters.II:Dogs who like to swim also like to run.
III:Dogs who like to run do not look like theirmasters.
A.I only B.II only
C.II and III only
D.None of the statements is a known fact.
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Q40
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Statement II is the only true statement. Since
all dogs like to run, then the ones who like to
swim also like to run. There is no support for
statement I or statement III.
Q41
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Q41Fact 1:Eyeglass frames cost between $35 and $350.
Fact 2:Some eyeglass frames are made of titanium.
Fact 3:Some eyeglass frames are made of plastic.
If the first three statements are facts, which of thefollowing statements must also be a fact?
I:Titanium eyeglass frames cost more than plasticframes.
II: Expensive eyeglass frames last longer than cheapframes.
III: Only a few eyeglass frames cost less than $35.
A.I only B.II only
C.II and III only
D.None of the statements is a known fact.
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Q41
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
There is no information in the facts to support
statements I or II. Statement III is clearly
wrong because, according to Fact 1, no frames
cost less than $35.
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Q42
Four defensive football players are chasing the
opposing wide receiver, who has the ball. Calvin
is directlybehind the ball carrier. Jenkins and
Burton are side by side behind Calvin. Zeller isbehind Jenkins and Burton. Calvin tries for the
tackle but misses and falls. Burton trips. Which
defensive player tackles the receiver?
A.Burton B.Zeller
C.Jenkins D.Calvin
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Q42
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
After all the switching was done, Jenkins was
directlybehind the receiver. Calvin and Burton
had fallen. Zeller remained in the rear.
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Q43
Four people witnessed a mugging. Each gave adifferent description of the mugger. Whichdescription is probably right?
A.He was average height, thin, and middle-aged.
B.He was tall, thin, and middle-aged.
C.H
e was tall, thin, and young.D.He was tall, of average weight, and middle-aged.
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Q43
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Tall, thin, and middle-aged are the elements of
the description repeated most often and are
therefore the most likely to be accurate.
Q44
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Q44One New York publisher has estimated that 50,000 to 60,000people in the United States want an anthology that includes thecomplete works of William Shakespeare. And what accounts for thisrenewed interest in Shakespeare? As scholars point out, hispsychological insights into both male and female characters areamazing even today.This paragraph best supports the statement that
A.Shakespeare's characters are more interesting than fictionalcharacters today.B.people even today are interested in Shakespeare's work becauseof the characters.
C.academic scholars are putting together an anthology ofShakespeare's work.
D.New Yorkers have a renewed interested in the work ofShakespeare.
E.Shakespeare was a psychiatrist as well as a playwright.
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Q44
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The last sentence in the paragraph clearly givessupport for the idea that the interest in Shakespeare is
due to the development of his characters. Choice a isincorrect because the writer never makes this type ofcomparison. Choice c is wrong because even thoughscholars are mentioned in the paragraph, there is noindication that the scholars are compiling the
anthology. Choice d is wrong because there is nosupport to show that most New Yorkers are interestedin this work. There is no support for choice e either.
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Verbal Reasoning
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Q45
Arrange the words given below in a meaningfulsequence.
1. Key 2. Door 3. Lock
4. Room 5. Switch on
A.5, 1, 2, 4, 3
B.4, 2, 1, 5, 3
C.1, 3, 2, 4, 5
D.1, 2, 3, 5, 4
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Q45
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The correct order is :
Key Lock Door Room Switch on
1 3 2 4 5
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Q46
Arrange the words given below in a meaningfulsequence.
1. Police 2. Punishment
3. Crime 4. Judge5. Judgement
A.3, 1, 2, 4, 5
B.1, 2, 4, 3, 5
C.5, 4, 3, 2, 1
D.3, 1, 4, 5, 2
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Q46
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The correct order is :
Crime Police Judge Judgement Punishment
3 1 4 5 2
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Blood Relation Test
The questions which are asked in this section
depend upon Relation. You should have a
sound knowledge of the blood relation in
order to solve the questions.
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Q47
Pointing to a photograph of a boy Suresh said,
"He is the son of the only son ofmymother."
How is Suresh related to that boy?
A.Brother B.Uncle
C.Cousin D.Father
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Q47
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The boy in the photograph is the only son of
the son of Suresh's mother i.e., the son of
Suresh. Hence, Suresh is the father ofboy.
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Q48
If A + B means A is the mother of B;
A - B means A is the brother B;
A % B means A is the father of B
A x B means A is the sister of B,
which of the following shows that P is thematernal uncle ofQ?
A.Q- N + M x P B.P + S x N QC.P - M + N x Q D.Q- S % P
Q48
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Q48
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
P - M P is the brother of M
M + N M is the mother ofN
N x Q N is the sister ofQ
Therefore, P is the maternal uncle ofQ.
Q49
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Q49
Each of these questions is based on the followinginformation:
A + B means A is the mother of B.
A - B means A is the sister of B.
A * B means A is the father of B.
A B means A is the brother of B.
Which of the following means that N is the
maternal uncle of M?A.N P - L + E M B.N - Y + A M
C.M - Y * P N D.N C + F * M
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Q49
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
N P N is the brother of P
P - L P is the sister of L
L + E L is the mother ofE
E - M E is the sister of M.
Hence, L is the mother of M, P is the maternalaunt of M and N is the maternal uncle of M.
Venn Diagram
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Venn iagram
Q50
Which of the following diagrams indicates the
best relation between Travelers, Train and Bus ?
A. B.
C. D.
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Q50
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Bus and Train are different from each other
but some travelers travel bybus and some
travel by trai
Q51
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QIn an organization of pollution control board,engineers are represented by a circle, legal expertsby a square and environmentalist by a triangle.Who is most represented in the board as shown inthe following figure ?
A. Environmentalists
B. Legal Experts
C. Engineers with legal background
D. Environmentalists with Engineering background
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Q51
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Environmentalists with Engineering
background is most represented in the board.
Q52
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The diagram given below represents those
students who play Cricket,F
ootball and Kabaddi.Study the diagram and identify the students whoplay all the three games.
A.P + Q+ R B.V + T
C.S + T + V D.S
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Q52
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
S indicates those students who play all three
games.
Arithmetic Reasoning
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g
Q53
The total of the ages of Amar, Akbar and
Anthony is 80years. What was the total of
their ages three years ago ?
A.71years B.72 years
C.74years D.77 years
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Q53
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Required sum = (80 - 3 x 3) years = (80 - 9)
years = 71years.
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Q54
An institute organised a fete and 1/5 of the
girls and 1/8 of the boys participated in the
same. What fraction of the total number of
students took part in the fete ?
A.2/13 B.13/40
C.Data inadequate D.None of these
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Q54
Answer: Option C
Q55
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Q55
A, B, C, D and E play a game of cards. A says to B, "If
you give me three cards, you will have as many as E
has and if I give you three cards, you will have as
many as D has." A and B together have 10 cardsmore than what D and E together have. If B has two
cards more than what C has and the total number of
cards be 133, how many cards does B have ?
A.22 B.23C.25 D.35
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Q55
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Clearly, we have :
B-3 = E ...(i)
B + 3 = D ...(ii)
A+B = D + E+10 ...(iii)B = C + 2 ...(iv)
A+B + C + D + E= 133 ...(v)
From (i) and (ii), we have : 2 B = D + E ...(vi)
From (iii) and (vi), we have : A = B + 10 ...(vii)
Using (iv), (vi) and (vii) in (v), we get:(B + 10) + B + (B - 2) + 2B = 133 5B = 125 B = 25.
Q56
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Q56
A student got twice as many sums wrong as
he got right. If he attempted 48 sums in all,
how many did he solve correctly ?
A.12 B.16
C.18 D.24
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Q56
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Suppose the boy got x sums right and 2x sums
wrong.
Then, x + 2x = 48 3x = 48 x = 16.
Q57
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Q57
I have a few sweets to be distributed. If I keep
2, 3 or 4 in a pack, I am left with one sweet. If I
keep 5 in a pack, I am left with none. What is
the minimum number of sweets I have to packand distribute ?
A.25 B.37C.54 D.65
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Q57
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Clearly, the required number would be such
that it leaves a remainder of1 when divided
by 2, 3 or 4 and no remainder when divided by
5. Such a number is 25.
Q58
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Q58
The taxi charges in a city comprise of a fixedcharge, together with the charge of thedistance covered. For a journey of16 km, the
charges paid are Rs. 156 and for a journey of24 km, the charges paid are Rs. 204. What willa person have to pay for travelling a distanceof30 km?
A.Rs. 236 B.Rs. 240C.Rs. 248 D.Rs. 252
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Q58
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the fixed charge be Rs. x and variable charge
be Rs.y per km. Then,x + 16y = 156 ...(i) and
x + 24y = 204 ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get: x = 60, y = 6.
Therefore Cost of travelling 30 km = 60 + 30y =Rs. (60 + 30 x 6) = Rs. 240.
Q59
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Q59
Nitin's age was equal to square of somenumber last year and the following year itwould be cube of a number. If again Nitin's
age has to be equal to the cube of somenumber, then for how long he will have towait?
A.10years B.38yearsC.39 years D.64years
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Q59
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Clearly, we have to first find two numbers whosedifference is 2 and of which the smaller one is aperfect square and the bigger one a perfect cube.
Such numbers are 25 and 27.
Thus, Nitin is now 26years old. Since the nextperfect cube after 27 is 64,
so required time period = (64 - 26) years = 38years.
Q60
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Q60
A printer numbers the pages of a book starting
with 1 and uses 3189 digits in all. How many
pages does the book have ?
A.1000 B.1074
C.1075 D.1080
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Q60
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
No. of digits in 1-digit page nos. = 1x9 = 9.
No. of digits in 2-digit page nos. = 2 x 90 = 180.
No. of digits in 3-digit page nos. = 3 x 900 = 2700.
No. of digits in 4-digit page nos. = 3189 - (9 + 180 +2700) = 3189 - 2889 = 300.
Therefore No. of pages with 4-digit page nos. = (300/4)= 75.
Hence, total number of pages = (999 + 75) = 1074.
Analytical reasoning
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Q61
Find the number of triangles in the given
figure.
A.8 B.10
C.12 D.14
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The figure maybe labelled as shown.The simplest triangles are AHG, AIG, AIB, JFE, CJE and CED i.e. 6 in number.
The triangles composed of two components each are ABG, CFE, ACJ andEGI i.e. 4 in number.
The triangles composed of three components each are ACE, AGE and CFDi.e. 3 in number.
There is only one triangle i.e. AHE composed of four components.Therefore, There are 6 + 4 + 3 + 1 = 14 triangles in the given figure.
ANS D
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Q62
Count the number of squares in the givenfigure.
A.32 B.30C.29 D.28
Q62Answer: Option B
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Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The figure maybe labelled as shown.
The simplest squares are ABGF, BC
HG, CDI
H, DEJI,
FGLK, G
HML,
HINM,IJON, KLQP, LMRQ, MNSR, NOTS, PQVU, QRWV, RSXW and STYX i.e. 16
in number.
The squares composed of four components each are ACMK, BDNL,CEOM, FHRP, GISQ, HJTR, KMWU, LNXV and MOYW i.e. 9 in number.
The squares composed of nine components each are ADSP, BETQ, FIXU
and GJYV i.e. 4 in number.There is one square AEYU composed of sixteen components.
There are 16 + 9 + 4 + 1 = 30 squares in the given figure.