Chapter 4 – Section 1 - Frau...
Transcript of Chapter 4 – Section 1 - Frau...
Chapter 4 – Section 1
Elements of Culture
What is culture?Culture: the total knowledge, attitude and behaviors shared by & passed on by the members of a specific group.
Society: a group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture.
Ethnic Group: is a group that shares a language, customs and a common heritage.
– Has an identity as a separate group of people within the region where they live.
• Cultures/Societies are always changing; can be slow or quick
Innovation: Taking existing elements of society & creating something new; occurs to meet a new need or accidentally.
How do they change?
Diffusion: Spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior which can be spread quicker through technology.
Acculturation: Occurs when individuals in a society accept or adopt an innovation; such as substituting new ideas from other cultures for traditions.
Cultural Hearth: a site of innovation from which basic ideas, materials, and technology diffuse to many cultures.
– River civilizations: Indus, Huang He, Nile, Tigris & Euphrates are best known.
Language• One of the most important aspects of a culture.
• Helps establish cultural identity.– Can unite and divide people.
• 6,000+ known languages
• They evolve and change over time; diffusion through trade/migration.
• Dialect: versions of languages; reflects changes in speech patterns related to class, region or other cultural changes.
Old EnglishThe language of the Anglo-Saxons (up to about 1150), a highly inflected language with
a largely Germanic vocabulary, very different from modern English.
Why is English so cray cray?• Bot• Bought• Brought• Caught• Cot• Dot
• Fought• Got• Hot• Knot• Lot• Not
• Ought• Pot• Rot• Sought• Shot• Thought
• Go
• Joe
• Sew
• Bow
• Beau
• Dough
• Faux
• No
Religion: consists of a belief in a supernatural power/powers that are regarded as the creators/maintainers of the universe.
Monotheistic: one god
Polytheistic: many gods
Animistic: AKA traditional; belief in divine forces of nature.
Religions Around the World
1. Judaism
Oldest of the SW Asian religions; concentrated in Israel; oldest monotheistic religion; Torah is the holy book.
2. Christianity
Evolved from Judaism; monotheistic; based on teachings of Jesus Christ; largest of all religions; Bible is
the holy book.
3. Islam
Based on the teachings of Muhammad; followers called Muslims, monotheistic, major divisions – Sunni &
Shi’ite; Qur’an is the holy book.
4. HinduismWorld’s oldest religion, concentrated in India; polytheistic;
multiple holy books – Vedas, Bhagavad-Gita, Puranas & more
5. BuddhismOffshoot of Hinduism; teaches correct way of living in order to reach
nirvana; major groups – Theraveda, Mahayana, Lamaism & Zen; based on the teachings of Buddha; The Dharma
6. Other Asian Practices
Confucianism, Taoism, Shinto; all in East Asia
• Pale Blue Dot
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PN5JJDh78I
• Greatest Speech
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WibmcsEGLKo
• Crash Course
– https://www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse/videos
Chapter 4 – Section 2
Population Geography
Who is the most average person?
Population DistributionHabitable Lands
• About 2/3 of all people live between 20°N & 60°N
– Good climate and suitable for vegetation
• Large concentrations in river valleys & coasts
Urban-Rural Mix
• More than ½ of all people live in rural areas, but that is changing.
– People are moving into cities.
Migration
• People moving between world regions.
• Push-Pull Factors: reasons for migrating.– Push Factor: A reason that is forcing people to leave their homeland.
• War, oppression, natural disaster, etc.
– Pull Factor: Draw and attract people to another location.
• Good opportunities; education, jobs, etc.
Birthrate: The number of live births per thousand population.
Fertility Rate: Average number of children per woman’s lifetime, assuming she bears children at the current rate for her country.
Mortality Rate: Death rate – number of deaths per thousand
Infant Mortality Rate: Number of deaths under age 1 per thousand live births
Rate of Natural Increase: Birthrate – Mortality Rate = the rate at which the population is growing
Population Pyramid: Graphic device that shows gender and age distribution in a population.
Population Density: Average number of people who live in a measurable area. How heavily populated is a region?
Carrying Capacity: Number of species an area of land can support; varies with fertility of the land; can be improved with technology.
Partner Activity• Use pages 108-112 in your book
• Find the following for Nevada + 4 other states:
– Population
– Infant Mortality
– Population Density
– Total Area
STATE POPULATION INFANT MORT. POP. DENSITY TOTAL AREA
NEVADA
Chapter 4 – Section 3
Political Geography
Geographic Characteristics of Nations1. Size - Small size not always a barrier; large size means more resources & maybe more power.
2. Shape - Can affect ease of governing, movement of goods, & relationships with neighboring countries
3. Location - Relative location, especially to the sea, can be important; being surrounded by hostile or friendly neighbors. A landlocked nation has no coasts.
Natural Boundaries - Can cause arguments between boarding nations, especially if boundaries shift.
Artificial Boundaries - Can cause difficulties when groups of people are divided or put together in artificial ways.
State: Independent political unit that occupies a specific territory & has full control of its internal and external affairs; country.
Nation: Group of people with a common culture living in a territory & having a strong sense of unity.
Nation-State: A territory (state) occupied by a nation (people).
Stateless Nation: A nation (people) without a territory (state).
– Ex: Kurds, Basques & Palestinians
Democracy: Type of government in which citizens hold political power either directly or through elected representatives.
Monarchy: Type of government in which a ruling family or royalty holds political power & may or may not share power with citizens.
Dictatorship: Type of government in which an individual or group holds complete political power.
Communism: Type of government in which nearly all political power & means of production are held by the government.
Chapter 4 – Section 4
Urban Geography
The First City• Ur – An ancient city in the country Sumer; 6,500+ years ago
– 34,000+ population
Growth of Urban Areas• Cities: develop around business & cultural centers.
• Suburbs: mostly residential, develop around cities; within commuting distance of central city.
• Exurbs: small towns with open land between them and the central city.
• Metropolitan Area: The city, its suburbs & exurbs link together economically.
• Megalopolis: formed when several metropolitan areas linked together.
PopulationEst. 2014 - 236,995
Metropolitan Area - 425,417
• Urbanization: the dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result.
City Locations• Good transportation (on a river, lake or coast)
• Easy access to natural resources
• Specialization in economic activities
Land Use Patterns• Residential: Single-family homes & apartments
• Commercial: Private businesses; buying/selling of retail products
• Industrial: Areas of manufacturing goods
• Central Business District (CBD): the core of a city is almost always based on commercial activity. Business & stores are found here.
Chapter 4 – Section 5
Economic Geography
Economic Systems• Economy: the production and exchange of goods and services.
– Local, national and international
• Economic System: The way people produce & exchange goods & services; 4 types.
1. Traditional Economy: G&S are exchanged without money; barter.
2. Command Economy: Production of G&S is controlled by the government; planned economy.
3. Market Economy: Production of G&S is determined by demand from consumers; demand economy/capitalism.
4. Mixed Economy: A combination of command & market provides G&S so all people benefit.
How does our economy work?
PRODUCTION
THE MARKET
CONSUMPTIONWAGES
LABOR
Economic ActivitiesEconomic behaviors change to reflect people’s needs and are related to different levels.
1. Primary Activities: collecting raw materials for immediate use or use in making a final product.
2. Secondary Activities: adding value to raw materials by changing their form.
3. Tertiary Activities: providing business or professional services.
4. Quaternary Activities: provide information, management and research by highly skilled persons.
• Natural Resources: materials on/in the Earth (trees, minerals, coal, etc.) that have economic value.
– Not distributed equally around the world.
– 3 basic types
1. Renewable: can be replaced naturally.
– Trees, seafood, etc.
2. Non-renewable: cannot be replaced once they have been used.
– Metals, gemstones, fossil fuels, coal, natural gas, etc.
3. Inexhaustible energy sources: they are the result of solar or planetary processes & are unlimited in quantity.
– Sunlight, geothermal heat, winds, tides, etc.
• Infrastructure: the basic support systems needed to keep an economy going; including power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation & education systems.
Measuring Economic Development• Per Capita Income: the average amount of money earned by each person in a
political unit.
• Gross National Product (GNP): the total value of all G&S produced by a country over a year worldwide.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the total value of all G&S produced by a country over a year within the country itself.
Why do some nations have higher GNPs and GDPs compared to other nations?