Chapter 37:The Cold War

(1945-1952)

Cold War: State of hostility, short of direct military confrontation, that

developed between the two superpowers

Postwar Economic Anxieties

GNP down 1946-47 Inflation increases Strikes increase “Operation Dixie”

Taft-Hartley Act: Decreases power of labor!

1. End closed shop

2. End secondary boycotts

3. 80-day cooling off b/4 strikes

4. Swear non-commi oath

5. Union dues cannot be used for political activities

6. Truman vetoes but it still passes.

Families of the 1950s

1. Define prosperity2. Dual incomes on the rise?3. Impact of the GI Bill

Benefits paid out to veterans after returning from WWII

a. Education; partial pay of tuitionb. Unemployment benefits; one yearc. Low-interest loans

4. Growth of job markets in W/SW= rapid city growth and poor planning

Economic Boom 1950-70

Income doubled in ‘50s and again in ‘60s

Uneven distribution of wealth: America: 6% of world pop. but had 40% of world income

Economy helped with: Social mobility CRM Medicare International influence

60% of U.S. pop. middle-class

Women fared best: Most new jobs Society: clinging to

traditional roles

Enjoli Commercial…

Roots of Postwar Prosperity:The National Security Act of 1947

1. National defense budget goes through the roofa. DOD (1949)

b. National Security Council – executive branch coordination of national security policy

c. CIA

2. Increase in federal employees and businesses that support the effort (75%)

3. Military spending = support in economy

Also…

Increase technology R&D Low cost of fuel

Petroleum Electricity Coal

Mass production Increased high

school graduates

Agri-business; mechanization

Collectively increase standards of living

Sunbelt

Employment: Electronics & Aerospace Northeast and Midwest suffering

Cold War Culture

Subsidizing Prosperity

1. Federal Housing Admin. a. Loans backed by federal gov’t

b. Long term effect?

c. Downside?

d. Racism/”retain stability”

2. Impact of the GI Billa. Education

b. Increased loans

c.home shortage

d.VA

3. Levittown

30 a day/$8,000/$58 mos.

Prewar kitchen

                                                                                                                                

                                  

Postwar kitchen

Postwar

Federal Highway Act 1956President ?

a. Long term impact/trickle effect…

b. Decreased mass transit

?

Baby Boom

a. 1945-1961b. 1957: 1 baby/7 seconds

= 4.25 million babiesc. Why?

i. Return of veterans ii. marriage age decreasingiii. Wanting large families iv. great economyv. Advanced medicine

d. Total = 65 million babies!

Dr. Benjamin Spock: wrote books on care of children

Families of the 1950s

Ripple Effect…

Name theTop 10 Franchise: 2012!10. Pizza Hut

9. McDonalds

8. Denny’s

7. Servpro

6. Anytime Fitness

5. Super Cuts

4. 7-Eleven

3. Jiffy Lube

2. Subway

1. Hampton Inn

White Flight

Yalta Conference(February 1945)

1. Preparing for peacea. Stalin, Churchill,

Rooseveltb. Wanted free elections in

Soviet occupied nations; esp. Poland

i. FDR and Churchill- democratic govt

ii. Stalin- communist govt

c. Compromise- recognition of communist govt w/free elections in the future.

d. Most believed it would never happen

Incompatible Systems

1. United Statesa. Capitalism/private

property

b. Democracy/free

elections

c. Mistrust by Stalin: Atomic Bomb No second front by

allies Stopped lend-lease

aid

2. Soviet Uniona. Communism/state

controlled

b. Dictatorship/one leader; no political opposition

c. Mistrust by U.S.:nonagressions pact

President Truman“The buck stops here”

1. Blamed war on appeasement w/Hitler; we are not going to do that with Stalin

2. Meets w/Molotov and demands free elections in Poland; doesn’t happen

3. Relations w/USSR in a downward spiral

Division of Europe & “Spheres of Influence” or “Empire?”

1. Fears of France and SU

2. Satellite Nations a. SU

b. US

c. GB

3. Violates…?

Financial Concerns

1. America needs to sustain economic growth…

2. Focus on Western Europe and Asian markets

3. International Monetary Fund/World Bank

loans/rates of exchange

4. US largest supplier of funds = ?

5. How does the Soviet Union respond?

United Nations

1. Permanent Security Council

2. Each country has absolute veto power

3. Problem with this set up?

The UN gave us…

UNESCO, FAO, WHO, and…

Israel…more on that later

Nuremberg War TrialsTrials of Nazi leaders at Nuremberg, Germany

Iran Crisis

1. Soviets do not leave Northern Iran after WWII

2. Stalin wanted oil supplies from Iran

3. Created separate Communist govt in N. Iran

4. US demands forces to leave Iran

Dividing Germany

4. Problem with the Reunification of Western Germany (12/’45)

a. SU and France fears another invasion

b. Soviet Union wanted reparations

c. Acts as buffer between SU and W. Europe

d. Later, Stalin refuses free elections as promised during Potsdam

Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” (3/’46)

Berlin Airlift aka “Operation Vittles”

Berlin Airlift:“Operation Vittles”

1. To protest unification

of West Germany (’48), Stalin orders blockade of West Berlin

2. Goal: fly in food and supplies

3. Stalin’s blockade ineffective; lifted a year later

Policy of Containment (‘47)

Truman Doctrine (‘47)

1. Assist countries, eco/mil, in helping prevent communism from entering their borders

2. Started with Greece and Turkey: $400M (’47)

3. The Long Telegram (2/’46)

a. Explained Russia’s insecurities of communism v. capitalism

b. SU wants to expand communism

c. containment becomes US foreign policy

G. Kennan:

US Ambassador to the SU

The Marshall Plan (‘48)

1.1. US will give aid to those US will give aid to those European countries European countries needing to rebuild their needing to rebuild their economieseconomies

2.2. SU and satellite nations SU and satellite nations refused helprefused help

3.3. Western Europe’s recovery Western Europe’s recovery decreased appeal for decreased appeal for communismcommunism

4.4. Relations between US and Relations between US and SU?SU?

The National Security Act of 1947

1. National defense budget goes through the roofa. DOD (1949)

b. National Security Council – executive branch coordination of national security policy

c. CIA

2. Increase in federal employees and businesses that support the effort (75%)

3. Military spending = support in economy

NATO (‘49)

1. defensive military alliance

2. military alliance during peacetime

3. 1st time US committed to maintaining peace in Europe

Warsaw Pact (‘55)

Military alliance for his Eastern Europe satellite nations

MAP 26.1 Divided Europe During the cold war, Europe was divided into opposing militaryalliances, the North American Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact (Communist bloc).

• Blue: Nuclear Weapons Free Zone • Red: Nuclear weapons states and territories

belonging to them that are not in any NWFZ• Orange: Nuclear sharing • Gold: None of the above (but party to the Non

Proliferation Treaty(NPT))

Stalemate for the Democrats

China & the Korean War

America “loses” China

1. Kai-Shek: Nationalist Leader; Opposed communism

2. US supports w/$3B; no military support

3. Not liked by US; dictator & corrupt

4. raises taxes on poor farmers

5. Lost support of citizens

Mao Zedong: Communist Leader

1. lowered rent rates and gave land to peasants = Communism wins over Nationalism

2. Fear that communism spreading “out of control”

3. FDR and Truman to blame by Republicans

The Korean War: why the division?

*****************************************Why the division between North and South Korea?

1. Japan ruled Korea 1910-19452. Japanese troops North of the 38th parallel

surrender to Soviet Union; industry3. Japanese troops South of the 38th parallel

surrender to Americans; agriculture What influences do these surrenders have

on Korea?

1. The North Attacks the South

a. North Korea great offensive fighti. Captures Seoul, S.

Korea’s capitalii. Manages to move

straight to Pusaniii. MacArthur’s strategy = Hero

b. China entersc. SU boycotts UN/security

council in response to not recognizing China; not present when voting on participation.

2. Stalemate

a. Truman vs. MacArthur…i. Public criticism of Pres.

Truman

ii. Wants to invade China

iii. “You’re fired!”

b. Korean war ends in stalemate… 38th parallel still divides

Korea today

North Korea Democratic People’s

Republic of Korea Dictator/Comm. Capital: Pyongyang Leader: Kim Il Sung Believed ruled all of Korea

Kim Il Sung Kim Jong-Il

South Korea Republic of Korea

Dem./capitalism Capital: Seoul Leader: Rhee Believed ruled all of

Korea

Kim Jong-un April 2012

Atomic Diplomacy

The Cold War at Home

Red Scare leads to an increase of federal government powers and a decrease in

citizens civil rights

Cold War Culture

“Scare the hell out of the country.”Rep. Sen. Vandenberg (Mi)

Loyalty Security Program

1. Loyalty oaths taken by federal employees

2. “Interviews”

3. circumstantial evidence enough

4. Immigration and Nationality

McCarran Act

1. AKA: Internal Security Act

2. Illegal to establish a totalitarian government in the US

3. Communists needed to publish their records and register w/US AG

HUAC and Hollywood(House on Un-American Activity Committee)

1. Committee created to search out disloyalty to the U.S.

a. investigated Hollywood film industry

b. Hollywood Ten: “unfriendly”witnesses

c. Blacklisted2. Pro-Soviet Union films used

during WWII now used against them Hollywood Ten

Spy Cases

1. Alger Hiss 2. Ethel & Julius Rosenberg (‘53)

McCarthyism/“Witch Hunt”

Election 1948

Election on 1948

Dixiecrats:i.Southern Democrats who opposed Truman’s civil rights platformii.Wanted to protect “the Southern way of life”iii.Southern states start to shift to Republicans

Truman’s Fair Deal:

a. All citizens deserve a “fair deal” from the federal gov’ti. National health ins

ii. Employment & min. wages ($.75/hr)

iii. Expanded S.S. benefits 75%

iv. National Housing Act