Chapter 26:The Cold War

(1945-1952)

Cold War: State of hostility, short of direct military confrontation, that

developed between the two superpowers

26.1: Global Insecurities

A. Financial Concerns

1. America needs to sustain economic growth…

2. Focus on Western Europe and Asian markets

3. International Monetary Fund/World Bank

loans/rates of exchange

4. US largest supplier of funds = ?

5. How does the Soviet Union respond?

B. Division of Europe & “Spheres of Influence”

1. Fears of France and SU

2. Satellite Nations a. SU

b. US

c. GB

3. Violates…?

3. Dividing Germany

4. Problem with the Reunification of Western Germany (12/’45)

a. SU and France fears another invasion

b. Soviet Union wanted reparations

c. Acts as buffer between SU and W. Europe

d. Later, Stalin refuses free elections as promised during Potsdam

C. United Nations

1. Permanent Security Council

2. Each country has absolute veto power

3. Problem with this set up?

26.2: Policy of Containment

“Good vs. Evil”

A. Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” (3/’46)

B. Truman Doctrine (‘47)

1. Assist countries, eco/mil, in helping prevent communism from entering their borders

2. Started with Greece and Turkey: $400M (’47)

3. The Long Telegram (2/’46)

a. Explained Russia’s insecurities of communism v. capitalism

b. SU wants to expand communism

c. containment becomes US foreign policy

G. Kennan:

US Ambassador to the SU

C. Policy of Containment (‘47)

D. The Marshall Plan (‘48)

1.1. US will give aid to those US will give aid to those European countries European countries needing to rebuild their needing to rebuild their economieseconomies

2.2. SU and satellite nations SU and satellite nations refused helprefused help

3.3. Western Europe’s recovery Western Europe’s recovery decreased appeal for decreased appeal for communismcommunism

4.4. Relations between US and Relations between US and SU?SU?

E. Berlin Airlift:“Operation Vittles”

1. To protest unification

of West Germany (’48), Stalin orders blockade of West Berlin

2. Goal: fly in food and supplies

3. Stalin’s blockade ineffective; lifted a year later

Berlin Airlift aka “Operation Vittles”

MAP 26.1 Divided Europe During the cold war, Europe was divided into opposing militaryalliances, the North American Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact (Communist bloc).

F. NATO (‘49)

1. defensive military alliance

2. military alliance during peacetime

3. 1st time US committed to maintaining peace in Europe

G. Warsaw Pact (‘55)

Military alliance for his Eastern Europe satellite nations

• Blue: Nuclear Weapons Free Zone • Red: Nuclear weapons states and territories

belonging to them that are not in any NWFZ• Orange: Nuclear sharing • Gold: None of the above (but party to the Non

Proliferation Treaty(NPT))

H. Atomic Diplomacy

26.3: Cold War Liberalism

A. Taft-Hartley Act: Decreases power of labor!

1. End closed shop

2. End secondary boycotts

3. 80-day cooling off b/4 strikes

4. Swear non-commi oath

5. Union dues cannot be used for political activities

6. Truman vetoes but it still passes.

26.4: The Cold War at Home

Red Scare leads to an increase of federal government powers and a decrease in

citizens civil rights

A. The National Security Act of 1947

1. National defense budget goes through the roofa. DOD (1949)

b. National Security Council – executive branch coordination of national security policy

c. CIA

2. Increase in federal employees and businesses that support the effort (75%)

3. Military spending = support in economy

B. Loyalty Security Program

1. Loyalty oaths taken by federal employees

2. “Interviews”

3. circumstantial evidence enough

4. Immigration and Nationality

C. McCarran Act

1. AKA: Internal Security Act

2. Illegal to establish a totalitarian government in the US

3. Communists needed to publish their records and register w/US AG

D. HUAC and Hollywood(House on Un-American Activity Committee)

1. Committee created to search out disloyalty to the U.S.

a. investigated Hollywood film industry

b. Hollywood Ten: “unfriendly”witnesses

c. Blacklisted2. Pro-Soviet Union films used

during WWII now used against them Hollywood Ten

E. Spy Cases

1. Alger Hiss 2. Ethel & Julius Rosenberg (‘53)

F. McCarthyism/”Witch hunt”

26.5:Cold War Culture

“Scare the hell out of the country.”Rep. Sen. Vandenberg (Mi)

A. Military-Industrial Communities

1. Cities that grew due to cold war efforts/supplies: West, SW, and South

2. Problems of rapid growth?

3. Warning to Congress?

>150 Countries/190 in NATO

Duck and cover!

26.6: Stalemate for the Democrats

China & the Korean War

A. America “loses” China

1. Kai-Shek: Nationalist Leader; Opposed communism

2. US supports w/$3B; no military support

3. Not liked by US; dictator & corrupt

4. raises taxes on poor farmers

5. Lost support of citizens

2. Mao Zedong: Communist Leader

1. lowered rent rates and gave land to peasants = Communism wins over Nationalism

2. Fear that communism spreading “out of control”

3. FDR and Truman to blame by Republicans

B. The Korean War: why the division?

1. The North Attacks the South

a. North Korea great offensive fighti. Captures Seoul, S.

Korea’s capitalii. Manages to move

straight to Pusaniii. MacArthur’s strategy = Hero

b. China entersc. SU boycotts UN/security

council in response to not recognizing China; not present when voting on participation.

2. Stalemate

a. Truman vs. MacArthur…i. Public criticism of Pres.

Truman

ii. Wants to invade China

iii. “You’re fired!”

b. Korean war ends in stalemate… 38th parallel still divides

Korea today

North Korea Democratic People’s

Republic of Korea Dictator/Comm. Capital: Pyongyang Leader: Kim Il Sung Believed ruled all of Korea

Kim Il Sung Kim Jong-Il

South Korea Republic of Korea

Dem./capitalism Capital: Seoul Leader: Rhee Believed ruled all of

Korea

Kim Jong-unApril 2012

Cold War Culture

A. Families of the 1950s

A. Families of the 1950s

1. Define prosperity2. Dual incomes on the rise?3. Impact of the GI Bill

Benefits paid out to veterans after returning from WWII

a. Education; partial pay of tuitionb. Unemployment benefits; one yearc. Low-interest loans

B. Growth of job markets in W/SW= rapid city growth and poor planning

The Baby Boom!

*****************************************Why the division between North and South Korea?

1. Japan ruled Korea 1910-19452. Japanese troops North of the 38th parallel

surrender to Soviet Union; industry3. Japanese troops South of the 38th parallel

surrender to Americans; agriculture What influences do these surrenders have

on Korea?