Chapter 32Chapter 32

Discussion and NotesDiscussion and Notes

Colonialism in Africa 1900-1945Colonialism in Africa 1900-1945 Who benefited economically Who benefited economically

and socially?and socially? Europeans invested heavily Europeans invested heavily

in colonial railroads, harbors, in colonial railroads, harbors, and mines, which enormously and mines, which enormously increased the output and increased the output and value of agricultural and value of agricultural and mining commodities. mining commodities.

Economic development Economic development primarily benefited primarily benefited Europeans and often had a Europeans and often had a negative effect on African negative effect on African people. people.

What was life like for African What was life like for African under colonial rule?under colonial rule?

Worked in harsh Worked in harsh conditions for little or no conditions for little or no paypay

Racial segregation in Racial segregation in housing, health care, and housing, health care, and public accommodations public accommodations became more became more pronounced.pronounced.

Rise of Liberal ideas and nationalism Rise of Liberal ideas and nationalism

Labor demands and the Labor demands and the widening disparity widening disparity between the wealthy and between the wealthy and the poor embittered the poor embittered many Africans, causing many Africans, causing a growth in nationalist a growth in nationalist movements. movements.

World War II demands World War II demands for labor and food for labor and food exports, together with exports, together with Allied ideals of liberation Allied ideals of liberation and freedom, convinced and freedom, convinced many Africans of the many Africans of the need for radical change.need for radical change.

Indian NationalismIndian Nationalism

Independence movement Independence movement in Indiain India

By the late 1800s, western-By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist spearheading a nationalist movement. movement.

In 1885, nationalist leaders In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian organized the Indian National CongressNational Congress. .

What was the goal?What was the goal? eventual self-rule, but eventual self-rule, but

supported western-style supported western-style modernization. modernization.

Hindu or Muslim movement?Hindu or Muslim movement? seen as primarily for the seen as primarily for the

Hindu of the noble and Hindu of the noble and middle classes. middle classes.

In 1906, Muslims formed the In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a their own goals, including a separate Muslim state. separate Muslim state.

By 1912 the Muslims were By 1912 the Muslims were calling for their own country! calling for their own country!

Mohandas Gandhi: Father of Mohandas Gandhi: Father of Resistance to British RuleResistance to British Rule

Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi (Mahatma “great soul”)(Mahatma “great soul”) becomes the leader in becomes the leader in 1921.1921.

Why is he so important?Why is he so important? Transformed the cause of Transformed the cause of

the Indian independence the Indian independence from an elite movement to from an elite movement to mass movement that mass movement that appealed to majority of the appealed to majority of the Indian population Indian population

United Hindu population United Hindu population for Indian independence for Indian independence

Civil DisobedienceCivil Disobedience Inspired the Civil Inspired the Civil

Rights Movement in Rights Movement in the United states the United states

What was his plan?force change and an

end to British imperialism through a strict policy of non-violence, or passive resistance. 

Why did he fast?Why did he fast? represented both his ideology represented both his ideology

and his manipulation of public and his manipulation of public relations and political tactics. relations and political tactics.

How did he feel about the Hindu caste system? 

The rigid caste system separated religious and political classes from lower classes of laborers and outcasts with no hope at social mobility.

Gandhi Leads The WayGandhi Leads The Way Examples of his

civil disobedience included boycotts

such as the Salt March (1930) and hunger strikes.  Why? What happened?

His famous “Walk to His famous “Walk to the Sea” to protest the Sea” to protest British salt monopoly British salt monopoly

Why Was India Partitioned?Why Was India Partitioned? Britain was weakened after World War II. Britain was weakened after World War II. It will finally agree to Indian demand for independence. It will finally agree to Indian demand for independence. Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan. Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan. Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to

partition, or divide, the subcontinent. partition, or divide, the subcontinent. In August 1947, British officials created Hindu India and In August 1947, British officials created Hindu India and

Muslim Pakistan. Muslim Pakistan. As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence

erupted in Northern India. erupted in Northern India. Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million

people were killed before independence was achieved. people were killed before independence was achieved. Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim

tensions persisted, as it does today!tensions persisted, as it does today!

Partition of India, 1947Partition of India, 1947

On Jan. 13, 1948, at the age of 78, Gandhi began his On Jan. 13, 1948, at the age of 78, Gandhi began his last fast. His purpose was to end the bloodshed last fast. His purpose was to end the bloodshed among Hindu, Muslim, and other groups. On January among Hindu, Muslim, and other groups. On January 18, their leaders pledged to stop fighting and Gandhi 18, their leaders pledged to stop fighting and Gandhi broke his fast. Twelve days later, in New Delhi, while broke his fast. Twelve days later, in New Delhi, while on his way to a prayer meeting, Gandhi was on his way to a prayer meeting, Gandhi was assassinated. Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fanatic who assassinated. Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fanatic who opposed Gandhi's program of tolerance for all creeds opposed Gandhi's program of tolerance for all creeds and religions, shot him three times.and religions, shot him three times.

A shocked India and a saddened world mourned A shocked India and a saddened world mourned Gandhi's death. The great scientist Albert Einstein Gandhi's death. The great scientist Albert Einstein said of Gandhi: said of Gandhi: "Generations to come will scarcely believe that "Generations to come will scarcely believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood."and blood."

Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi Assassinated!!!Gandhi Assassinated!!! Therefore, the strength and Therefore, the strength and

will of the common people will of the common people both achieved Indian both achieved Indian independence and tore independence and tore India apart.  India apart. 

Gandhi AssassinatedIn 1948In 1948

Cause of the Mexican Cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?Revolution of 1910?

The Mexican Revolution of 1910The Mexican Revolution of 1910

How unique was it?How unique was it?Why do revolutions take place?Why do revolutions take place?What were the causes of the revolution?What were the causes of the revolution?What impact did the Mexican revolution What impact did the Mexican revolution

have on other countries?have on other countries?When did the Mexican Revolution end?When did the Mexican Revolution end?

Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz1876-19111876-1911

Economic modernization: foreign Economic modernization: foreign investment and Liberal laissez-faireinvestment and Liberal laissez-faire

Land privatization: community Land privatization: community landholding from 25% to 2% of landholding from 25% to 2% of nation’s land.nation’s land.

Americans held 70% of the value of Americans held 70% of the value of Mexican industry and 27% of the Mexican industry and 27% of the landland

Direct causes of the RevolutionDirect causes of the Revolution Political authoritarianismPolitical authoritarianism Unequal benefits of modernization: Unequal benefits of modernization:

marginalization of poorest Mexicansmarginalization of poorest Mexicans

Stages of the RevolutionStages of the Revolution

Social reformersSocial reformers►►Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata ““Tierra y libertad” Tierra y libertad”

land and freedomland and freedom Zapatistas gave the Zapatistas gave the

Revolution its social Revolution its social credibilitycredibility

Assassinated 1919Assassinated 1919

Social reformersSocial reformers►►Francisco Francisco ““PanchoPancho””

VillaVilla Northern populist, Northern populist,

often depicted in pop often depicted in pop culture as a modern culture as a modern day Robin Hoodday Robin Hood

Revolutionary Revolutionary masculinitymasculinity

Assassinated 1923Assassinated 1923

ConstitutionalistsConstitutionalists

►►Venustiano CarranzaVenustiano Carranza Constitution of 1917Constitution of 1917 President 1917-1920President 1917-1920 Mexican nationalismMexican nationalism His troops His troops

assassinated Zapataassassinated Zapata Assassinated 1920Assassinated 1920

ConstitutionalistsConstitutionalists►►Alvaro ObregonAlvaro Obregon President 1920-1924President 1920-1924 Pacification of the Pacification of the

countrycountry Assassinated 1928 Assassinated 1928

during the Cristero during the Cristero WarWar

Stages of the RevolutionStages of the Revolution

Constitution of 1917Constitution of 1917

Communal landholding rightsCommunal landholding rights Regulation of working conditions, and right to Regulation of working conditions, and right to

form unions and to strikeform unions and to strike Separation of Church and State, limitation of Separation of Church and State, limitation of

Church influence over civil societyChurch influence over civil society Right to universal, secular educationRight to universal, secular education Democratic elections, no re-election of presidentDemocratic elections, no re-election of president Ownership of nation’s shorelines, frontiers, and Ownership of nation’s shorelines, frontiers, and

subsoil resourcessubsoil resources

U.S.A.’s involvement in the conflictU.S.A.’s involvement in the conflict

February 1913: embassy pact and coup against February 1913: embassy pact and coup against MaderoMadero

April 1914: attack on VeracruzApril 1914: attack on Veracruz Active support of Carranza and ObregonActive support of Carranza and Obregon 1916: Pershing expedition against Villa after 1916: Pershing expedition against Villa after

attack on Columbus, NMattack on Columbus, NM 1917: Zimmerman telegram1917: Zimmerman telegram

Rebuilding the Nation Rebuilding the Nation 1920-19401920-1940

►►The difficulty of rebuilding MexicoThe difficulty of rebuilding Mexico Implementing the constitution difficultImplementing the constitution difficult Political and financial instabilityPolitical and financial instability The National Revolutionary Party (PRN) in 1928The National Revolutionary Party (PRN) in 1928

Created a forum for labor, peasants, and businessCreated a forum for labor, peasants, and business

Nation-building projectsNation-building projects

Socialist educationSocialist education Renewed nationalismRenewed nationalism Celebration of racial Celebration of racial

equalityequality

Lazaro Cardenas Lazaro Cardenas 1934-19401934-1940

►►Implementation of ConstitutionImplementation of Constitution Cut his salary in halfCut his salary in half Ended capital punishmentEnded capital punishment Land redistributionLand redistribution Nationalization of oil industry Nationalization of oil industry

(1938)(1938) Corporatism and policies Corporatism and policies

favourable to the working-classfavourable to the working-class Peace with the Catholic Church Peace with the Catholic Church

and the middle classand the middle class

Pancho Villa and His Supporters

Emiliano Zapata and the Revolution in Morelos

Madero and the Revolutionary Leadership, 1911

Villa’s Troops Enter Chihuahua, 1914

Mexican RevolutionariesMexican Revolutionaries

EmilianoEmilianoZapataZapata

EmilianoEmilianoZapataZapata

Porfirio Porfirio DiazDiaz

Porfirio Porfirio DiazDiaz

Pancho Villa Pancho Villa Pancho Villa Pancho Villa

Mexican Revolution and Civil War 1911-1920Mexican Revolution and Civil War 1911-1920

Led by a series of ambitious but limited men, each representing Led by a series of ambitious but limited men, each representing a different segment of Mexican societya different segment of Mexican society

Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) led a peasant revolt South of Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) led a peasant revolt South of Mexico city while Francisco (Pancho) Villa organized an army in Mexico city while Francisco (Pancho) Villa organized an army in Northern Mexico. Were they successful?Northern Mexico. Were they successful?

Neither man was able to lead a national revolution. Zapata was Neither man was able to lead a national revolution. Zapata was defeated and killed by Constitutionalists in 1919, Villa defeated and killed by Constitutionalists in 1919, Villa assassinated in 1923. Both are honored and praised in Mexico assassinated in 1923. Both are honored and praised in Mexico today.today.

Constitutionalists took over Mexico after years of fightingConstitutionalists took over Mexico after years of fighting By 1934 under President Lazaro Cardenas the Mexican By 1934 under President Lazaro Cardenas the Mexican

Revolutionary Party removed generals from government, Revolutionary Party removed generals from government, redistributed land, replaced church run schools with redistributed land, replaced church run schools with government schools, and expropriated the foreign-owned oil government schools, and expropriated the foreign-owned oil companies that had dominated Mexico’s petroleum industry. companies that had dominated Mexico’s petroleum industry.

It laid the foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico It laid the foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico

Describe and discuss the world economy (and the World Describe and discuss the world economy (and the World Wars) as it affected the internal political situation in Brazil Wars) as it affected the internal political situation in Brazil

and Argentina.and Argentina. Before the First World WarBefore the First World War

Brazil produced most of the world’s coffee, cacao, and rubber Brazil produced most of the world’s coffee, cacao, and rubber Likewise, Argentina had wealth in the hands of large landowning farmers who Likewise, Argentina had wealth in the hands of large landowning farmers who

raised cattle, sheep, and wheat. raised cattle, sheep, and wheat. Both of these country’s elites had little interest in industrialization and allowed Both of these country’s elites had little interest in industrialization and allowed

outside interests (Great Britain, for example) to build and control infrastructure. outside interests (Great Britain, for example) to build and control infrastructure. The power elites were content to export agriculture and import manufactured The power elites were content to export agriculture and import manufactured

goods. goods. Effects of WWIEffects of WWI

However, competition from Asia crashed the rubber export business in 1912 However, competition from Asia crashed the rubber export business in 1912 and World War I stopped the flow of imports and lessened the flow of exports. and World War I stopped the flow of imports and lessened the flow of exports.

The Depression and the rise of military dictators The Depression and the rise of military dictators Agricultural exports fell by two thirds and authoritarian governments took power Agricultural exports fell by two thirds and authoritarian governments took power

at this time. at this time. Argentina had a coup in 1930 by the military. In 1943, another military coup Argentina had a coup in 1930 by the military. In 1943, another military coup

was staged by Juan Perón 1946.was staged by Juan Perón 1946. Perón became a champion of the downtrodden urban workers and his wife, Perón became a champion of the downtrodden urban workers and his wife,

Eva (Evita) Perón, became the champion of women, children, and the poor. Eva (Evita) Perón, became the champion of women, children, and the poor. Evita, until her death in 1952, was among the most powerful women in the Evita, until her death in 1952, was among the most powerful women in the worldworld