Chapter 4

Socialization

Baby Boomers

1945-1965

Children of Depression/WWII generation

Hard work=success

Follow the rules

Cultural backlash—late 1960’s

Now entering retirement age

“Digital Immigrants”

Generation X 1965 to 1977

Disaffectation with governance, a lack of trust in leadership, particularly institutional leadership

Rampant political apathy

Increase in divorce (institution of marriage)

Increase in mothers in the workplace

The zero population growth movement

Availability of birth control pills ("Children were things you took pills not to have")

"Devil-child films"

Increase in educational variance

Decrease in educational funding and loan

availability (simultaneous with increase in

advertising for military service)

Inception of the Internet

The end of the Cold War

“Digital Adaptives”

Generation Y

1982-1994

Facing higher costs for higher education than

previous generations

Most educated generation in history because of

record-high Year 12 retention rates (77%) and

university enrollments

found to be "demanding, impatient and bad at

communicating," according to a 2007 survey.

Represents more than 70 million consumers in the United States

Tend to move jobs more often than ever before

97% own a computer

94% own a cell phone

76% use Instant Messaging.

15% of IM users are logged on 24 hours a day/7 days a week

34% use websites as their primary source of news

28% author a blog and 44% read blogs

49% download music using peer-to-peer file sharing

75% of college students have a Facebook

account [22]

60% own some type of portable music

and/or video device such as an iPod.

“Digital Natives”

Generation Z

Socialization The lifelong process of social interaction through

which individuals acquire a self identity and the

physical, mental, and social skills needed for

survival in society.

Socialization is the essential link between the

individual and society.

Why Socialization Is

Important Teaches us ways to think, talk and act that are

necessary for social living.

Ensures that members of society are socialized to

support the existing social structure.

Allows society to pass culture on to the next

generation.

How Much Do You Know About Early

Socialization and Child Care?

True or False ?

In the United States, full-day child care

often costs as much per year as college

tuition at a public college or university.

How Much Do You Know About Early

Socialization and Child Care?

True.

Full-day child care typically costs between

$4,000 and $10,000 per child per year, which

is as much or more than tuition at many public

colleges and universities.

How Much Do You Know About Early

Socialization and Child Care?

True or False?

The cost of child care is a major

problem for many U.S. families.

How Much Do You Know About

Early Socialization and Child Care?

True.

Child care outside the home is a major financial

burden, particularly for the one out of every

three families with young children but with an

income of less than $25,000 a year.

Human Development Each of us is a product of two forces:

1. Heredity- “nature”

2. the social environment -“nurture.”

• Biology dictates our physical makeup.

• The social environment largely determines how

we develop and behave.

Internal Development Haiku Must be in Haiku format (5/7/5)

Use pages 113-117

Must do Erikson’s 8 stages and ONE of

the following

Piaget

Gilligan

Freud

Kohlberg

Freud’s Theory of Personality

Freud’s Theory of Personality Human development occurs in three states that

reflect different levels of personality:

Id

Ego

Superego

Erikson and Psychosocial

Development: 8 Stages According to Erikson, each stage is accompanied by a

crisis that involves transitions in social relationships:

1. Trust versus mistrust (birth to age one).

2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 to 3).

3. Initiative versus guilt (3 to 5).

4. Industry versus inferiority (6 to 11).

Erikson and Psychosocial

Development

5. Identity versus role confusion (12 to 18).

6. Intimacy versus isolation (18 to 35).

7. Generativity versus self-absorption (35 to 55).

8. Integrity versus despair (maturity and old age).

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive

Development 1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) - children

understand the world through sensory contact

and immediate action.

2. Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - children

begin to use words as symbols and form

mental images.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive

Development

3. Concrete operational stage (7 to 11) - children

think in terms of tangible objects and events.

4. Formal operational stage (12 and up) -

adolescents begin to think about the future

and evaluate different courses of action.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral

Reasoning 1. Preconventional level (7 to 10)

Children’s perceptions are based on

punishment and obedience.

2. Conventional level (10 to adult)

People are concerned with how they are

perceived by peers and how one conforms to

rules.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral

Reasoning

3. Postconventional level (few adults reach this

stage)

People view morality in terms of individual

rights; “moral conduct” is judged by principles

based on human rights that transcend

government and laws.

Gilligan’s Stages of Female

Moral Development Stage 1: A woman is motivated primarily by selfish

concerns.

Stage 2: She recognizes her responsibility to

others.

Stage 3: She makes a decision based on a desire

to do the greatest good for self and for others.

Question

According to Sigmund Freud, the _____

consists of the moral and ethical aspects

of personality.

a. id

b. ego

c. super ego

d. libido

Answer: c

According to Sigmund Freud, the super

ego consists of the moral and ethical

aspects of personality.

Self-concept Self-concept is the totality of our beliefs and feelings

about ourselves.

Four components make up our self-concept:

1. the physical self (“I am tall”)

2. the active self (“I am good at soccer”)

3. the social self (“I am nice to others”)

4. the psychological self (“I believe in world peace”)

The Looking-Glass Self

Stage 1: We imagine how we look to others:

The Looking-Glass Self

Stage 2: We imagine how other people judge

the appearance that we think we present:

The Looking-Glass Self

If we think the evaluation is favorable our self-concept is enhanced.

The Looking-Glass Self

If we think the evaluation

is unfavorable our self-concept is diminished.

Mead and Role-taking The self is divided into “I” and “Me”:

“I” represents the unique traits of each person.

“Me” is composed of the demands of others and

the awareness of those demands.

“I” develops first. “Me” is formed during three

stages of self development.

Mead’s Three Stages of

Self-Development 1. Preparatory Stage (up to age 3)

Children prepare for role-taking by imitating the

people around them.

2. Play Stage (3 - 5)

Children begin to see themselves in relation to

others.

Mead’s Three Stages of

Self-Development 3. Game Stage (early school years)

Children understand their social position and

the positions of those around them.

Children become concerned about the

demands and expectations of others.

Agents of Socialization Family

Peer Group

School

Mass Media

Peer Groups A peer group is a group of people who are linked by

common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age.

Peer groups function as agents of socialization by contributing to our sense of “belonging” and our feelings of self-worth.

Peer groups provide children with an opportunity for successful adaptation to situations such as gaining access to ongoing play, protecting shared activities

Question

Which agent of socialization do you think is the

most responsible for gender differences in how

males and females are socialized?

a. The family

b. Religion

c. The peer group

d. Education

e. Mass media

Functionalist Perspective:

Functions of Schools 1. Teach students to be productive members of

society.

2. Transmit culture.

3. Social control and personal development.

4. Select, train, and place individuals on different

rungs in society.

Conflict Perspective: Schools Experiences depend on social class, racial–ethnic

background, gender, and other factors.

Children learn to be neat, punctual, quiet, wait their turn, and remain attentive to their work.

Schools socialize children for later roles in the work force.

Media As Socializing Agents 1. Inform us about events.

2. Introduce us to a variety of people.

3. Provide an array of viewpoints on current

issues.

4. Make us aware of products that will

supposedly help us.

5. Entertain us.

Question

Which media source do you think has the strongest impact on attitudes and behaviors of your generation?

a. Advertising

b. Television

c. Music and music videos

d. The Internet

e. Magazines

Gender Socialization The aspect of socialization that contains specific

messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society.

Important in determining what we think the “preferred” sex of a child should be and in influencing our beliefs about acceptable behaviors for males and females.

Racial Socialization The aspect of socialization that contains specific

messages and practices concerning the nature of one’s racial or ethnic status as it relates to :

personal and group identity

Intergroup and interindividual relationships

position in the social hierarchy

Socialization Through the

Lifecourse Each time we experience a change in status (becoming a

college student or getting married), we learn a new set of

rules, roles, and relationships.

Before we achieve a new status, we often participate in

anticipatory socialization, the process by which

knowledge and skills are learned for future roles.

Occupational Socialization Sociologist Wilbert Moore divided occupational

socialization into four phases:

1. Career choice.

2. Anticipatory socialization (learning aspects of the occupation before entering it).

3. Conditioning and commitment (learning the occupation and committing to it).

4. Continuous commitment (remaining committed even when problems arise).

Social Devaluation When a person or group is considered to have

less social value than other persons or groups.

Social devaluation is especially acute when people

are leaving roles that have defined their sense of

social identity and provided them with meaningful

activity.

Resocialization Learning a new set of attitudes, values, and behaviors.

Resocialization is voluntary when we assume a new status of our own free will.

Involuntary resocialization occurs against a person’s wishes and generally takes place within a total institution.

Military boot camps, jails, concentration camps, and some mental hospitals are total institutions.

Chapter 7

Deviance and Crime

Deviance Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates

social norms in the society or group in which it

occurs:

Drinking too much

Robbing a bank

Crashing a funeral

Question I believe that underage drinking is an important

social problem in our society.

a. Strongly agree

b. Agree somewhat

c. Unsure

d. Disagree somewhat

e. Strongly disagree

How Much Do You Know About Peer

Cliques, Youth Gangs,and Deviance?

True or False?

Street crime has a much higher economic cost

to society than crimes committed in executive

suites or by government officials.

How Much Do You Know About Peer

Cliques, Youth Gangs,and Deviance?

False

Although street crime—such as assault and

robbery—often has a greater psychological

cost, crimes committed by persons in top

positions in business or government have a far

greater economic cost, especially for U.S.

taxpayers.

How Much Do You Know About Peer

Cliques, Youth Gangs,and Deviance?

True or False?

Juvenile gangs are an urban problem; few

rural areas have problems with gangs.

How Much Do You Know About Peer

Cliques, Youth Gangs,and Deviance?

False.

Gangs are frequently thought of as an urban

problem because central-city gangs organized

around drug dealing have become prominent in

recent years; however, gangs are found in rural

areas throughout the country as well.

Defining Deviance Deviance is relative.

An act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such.

Definitions of deviance vary widely from place to place, from time to time, and from group to group.

Deviant behavior ranges from mild transgressions of folkways, to serious infringements of mores, to very violations of the law.

Crime and Punishment A crime is a behavior that violates criminal law and is

punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative

sanctions.

Juvenile delinquency, refers to a violation of law or the

commission of a status offense by young people.

The criminal justice system, which includes the police, the

courts, and the prisons, is the primary mechanism of

external social control.

What Is Social Control? Practices that social groups develop to encourage

conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage

deviance.

Internal social control takes place when individuals

internalize norms and values and follow those norms and

values in their lives.

External social control involves negative sanctions that

proscribe certain behaviors and punish rule breakers.

Criminology The systematic study of crime and the criminal justice

system, including the police, courts, and prisons.

When sociologists study deviance, they attempt to determine:

What types of behavior are defined as deviant

Who does the defining

How and why people become deviants

How society deals with deviants.

Functionalist Perspective Deviance serves three functions:

1. Deviance clarifies rules.

2. Deviance unites a group.

3. Deviance promotes social change.

Merton’s Strain Theory of

Deviance

Mode Method

Conformity Accepts approved goals, pursues

them through approved means.

Innovation Accepts approved goals; uses

disapproved means.

Ritualism Abandons society’s goals;

conforms to approved means.

Merton’s Strain Theory of

Deviance

Mode Method

Retreatism Abandons approved goals and

approved means.

Rebellion Challenges approved goals and

approved means.

Functionalist Perspectives

Theory Key Elements

Strain theory

Deviance occurs when approved

means of reaching approved

goals is blocked.

Opportunity

theory

Lower-class delinquents

subscribe to middleclass values

they can’t attain. They may

achieve goals illegitimately.

Functionalist Perspectives

Theory Key Elements

Social

control/

social

bonding

When ties to family and friends

are weak, individuals are likely

to engage in criminal behavior.

Interactionist Perspectives

Theory Key Element

Differential

association

Deviant behavior is learned in

interaction with others.

Social Control/

Social bonding

Social bonds keep people from

becoming criminals. When ties

to family and friends become

weak, individuals are likely to

engage in criminal behavior.

Interactionist Perspectives

Theory Key Element

Labeling theory

Acts are deviant because they

have been labeled as such.

Primary

/secondary

A person accepts the “deviant”

label and continues to engage

in “deviant” behavior.

Conflict Perspectives

Theory Key Elements

Critical

approach

The powerful use the criminal

justice system to protect their

interests.

Feminist

approach

Liberal- deviance arises from

discrimination.

Radical- focuses on patriarchy

Socialist - focuses on

capitalism and patriarchy

Postmodern Perspective

Theory Key Element

Knowledge

is power

Power, knowledge, and social

control are intertwined.

Example: In prisons, methods of

surveillance make prisoners think

they are being watched all the

time, giving officials a form of

power over the inmates.

Question

According to _____ theory, people are sometimes exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

a. containment

b. status inaccessibility

c. strain

d. conflict

Answer: c

According to strain theory, people are

sometimes exposed to cultural goals that

they are unable to obtain because they do

not have access to culturally approved

means of achieving those goals.

Question

Differential Association theory suggests that people will become criminal in their behavior:

a. when they have frequent, intense, and long-lasting interactions with others who violate the law.

b. simply by associating with other people.

c. when they learn the rationalization and neutralization techniques for such behavior.

d. when they learn the techniques for committing the crimes.

Answer: a.

Differential Association theory suggests

that people will become criminal in their

behavior when they have frequent,

intense, and long-lasting interactions

with others who violate the law.

Question

Drug addicts are an example of what

type of adaptation in Strain Theory?

a. conformity

b. innovation

c. retreatism

d. ritualism

Answer: c

Drug addicts are an example of the

retreatism adaptation in Strain Theory.

Arrests by Type of Offenses,

2003

How the Law Classifies

Crime Crimes are divided into felonies and misdemeanors.

A felony is a serious crime such as rape, homicide, or

aggravated assault, for which punishment ranges from

more than a year’s imprisonment to death.

A misdemeanor is a minor crime that is typically punished

by less than one year in jail.

Question

Have you ever stolen little things worth

between $2 and $50?

a. Yes

b. No

Question

Have you ever stolen things worth more

than $50?

a. Yes

b. No

How Sociologists Classify

Crime Sociologists categorize crimes based on how they are

committed and how society views the offenses:

1. conventional (street) crime

2. occupational (white-collar) and corporate crime

3. organized crime

4. political crime

Question Have you ever been arrested?

a. Yes

b. No

FBI Crime Clock

Conventional Crime Includes violent crime, property crimes, and certain morals

crimes.

Violent crime - actions involving force or the threat of force, including murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.

Property crimes - robbery, burglary, larceny,

motor vehicle theft, and arson.

“Morals” crimes - prostitution, illegal

gambling, use of illegal drugs, and illegal

pornography.

Occupational and Corporate Crime Occupational (white-collar) crime - illegal activities

committed by people in their occupation or financial affairs.

Corporate crime - illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.

Examples: antitrust violations; tax evasion; misrepresentations in advertising; infringements on patents, copyrights, and trademarks; price fixing; and financial fraud.

Organized Crime A business operation that supplies illegal goods and

services for profit.

Premeditated, continuous illegal activities of organized

crime include drug trafficking prostitution, loan-sharking,

money laundering, and large-scale theft such as truck

hijackings.

Organized crime thrives because there is great demand for

illegal goods and services.

Political Crime Illegal or unethical acts involving usurpation of power by

government officials, or illegal/ unethical acts perpetrated

against the government by outsiders seeking to make a

political statement, undermine or overthrow the

government.

Question

Which of the behaviors below is referred

to as a morals crime?

a. illegal gambling

b. illegal drugs

c. prostitution

d. all of these choices

Answer: d

The following behaviors are referred to as

a morals crime: illegal gambling, illegal

drugs and prostitution.

Four Types of Political

Deviance 1. Secrecy and deception designed to manipulate public

opinion.

2. Abuse of power.

3. Prosecution of individuals due to their political activities.

4. Official violence, such as police brutality against people

of color or the use of citizens as unwilling guinea pigs in

scientific research.

Arrest Rates by Sex, 2003

Arrest Rates by Race, 2002

Discretionary Powers in Law Enforcement

Criminal Justice System Refers to more than 55,000 local, state, and federal

agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat

and rehabilitate criminals.

Includes police, courts, corrections facilities, and employs

more than 2 million people in 17,000 police agencies,

nearly 17,000 courts, more than 8,000 prosecutorial

agencies, about 6,000 correctional institutions, and more

than 3,500 probation and parole departments.

Discretion Refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers,

prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system

officials regarding how to proceed in a given situation.

Example: The police have the power to selectively enforce

the law and have on many occasions been accused of

being too harsh or too lenient on alleged offenders.

Punishment and Corrections Punishment is any action designed to deprive a

person of things of value because of some offense

the person is thought to have committed.

Functions of Punishment 1. Retribution - the punishment should fit the

crime.

2. Social protection - restrict offenders so they

can’t commit further crimes.

Functions of Punishment 3. Rehabilitation - return offenders to the

community as law-abiding citizens.

4. Deterrence - reduce criminal activity through a fear of punishment.

Question

From the following list, what do you feel should be the most important function of prison?

a. Punish people for crimes they committed.

b. Rehabilitate people who committed crimes.

c. Protect society by locking away criminals.

d. Serve as a warning.

e. Make people pay back society for the crimes they have committed.

f. Don't know

The Death Penalty Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has been used in

the United States as an appropriate and justifiable

response to very serious crimes.

In 2002, 71 inmates were executed and more than 3,500

people awaited execution.

2/3 of those on death row are in southern states, including

Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Death Row Census January 1, 2005

Global crime The 1994 United Nations Conference on Global Organized

Crime estimated that about $500 billion per year is accrued

in the global trade in drugs alone.

Today, profits from all kinds of global criminal activities are

estimated to range from $750 billion to more than $1.5

trillion a year.

Global Crime Reducing global crime will require a global response,

including:

Cooperation of law enforcement agencies, prosecutors,

and intelligence services across geopolitical boundaries.

Regulation by the international community to control

international money laundering and trafficking in people

and controlled substances such as drugs and weapons.

Quick Quiz

1. ________ is any belief, behavior, or

condition that violates significant social

norms in the society or group in which it

occurs.

a. Deviance

b. Mores

c. Taboos

d. Crime

Answer: A

• Deviance is any belief, behavior, or

condition that violates significant social

norms in the society or group in which it

occurs.

2. The "good worker" is often an example

of what type of adaptation in Strain

Theory?

a. innovation

b. ritualism

c. retreatist

d. conformity

Answer: b

The "good worker" is often an example

of ritualism in Strain Theory.

3. Punishment is seen as serving four

functions. Which item below is NOT one

of those functions?

a. innovation

b. deterrence

c. retribution

d. social protection

Answer: a

Punishment is seen as serving four

functions. Innovation is NOT one of

those functions.

4. ________ refers to the systematic

practices that social groups develop in

order to encourage conformity to norms,

rules, and laws, and to discourage

deviance.

a. Criminal justice

b. Deviance

c. Law enforcement

d. Social control

Answer: d

Social control refers to the systematic

practices that social groups develop in

order to encourage conformity to norms,

rules, and laws, and to discourage

deviance.

5. A felony is a serious crime such as rape,

and homicide for which punishment

means imprisonment from one year to

death.

a. False.

b. True.

Answer: b

A felony is a serious crime such as rape,

and homicide for which punishment

means imprisonment from one year to

death.

6. Control Theorists suggest that deviance

is more likely to occur when social

bonds are strongest.

a. False.

b. True.

Answer: a

Control Theorists suggest that deviance

is less likely to occur when social bonds

are strongest.

Question

The text defines deviance as any:

a. aberrant behavior.

b. behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms.

c. serious violation of consistent moral codes.

d. perverted act.

Answer: b

The text defines deviance as any

behavior, belief, or condition that

violates social norms.

Question

All of the following are examples of

voluntary resocialization, except:

a. becoming a student.

b. going to prison.

c. becoming a Buddhist.

d. joining Alcoholics Anonymous.

Answer: b

Going to prison is not an example of

voluntary resocialization.

Quick Quiz

1. Socialization is essential for:

a. the individual's survival and for

human development.

b. all of the choices.

c. the survival and stability of society.

d. society to learn how to reproduce

itself.

Answer: b

Socialization is essential for the

individual's survival and for human

development, the survival and

stability of society and for society to

learn how to reproduce itself.

2. The lifelong practice of social interaction

through which individuals acquire a self-

identity and the physical, mental, and

social skills needed for survival in

society is called:

a. socialization

b. sociological imagination

c. acculturation

d. assimilation

Answer: a

The lifelong practice of social interaction

through which individuals acquire a self-

identity and the physical, mental, and

social skills needed for survival in

society is called socialization.

3. Kohlberg's research classified moral

reasoning into three sequential levels as

follows:

a. id, ego, superego

b. imagination, imitation, and

simulation

c. preparatory, play, game

d. preconventional, conventional,

postconventional

Answer: d

Kohlberg's research classified moral

reasoning into three sequential levels as

follows preconventional, conventional,

postconventional.

4. The ________ by Charles Horton Cooley

refers to the way in which a person's

sense of self is derived from the

perceptions of others.

a. generalized other

b. reference group self

c. looking glass self

d. ego

Answer: c

The looking glass self by Charles

Horton Cooley refers to the way in which

a person's sense of self is derived from

the perceptions of others.

5. Agents of socialization include:

a. mass media

b. school

c. all of the choices

d. the family

Answer: c

Agents of socialization include the mass

media, school, and the family.

Question

_____ is the lifelong process of social

interaction through which individuals

acquire a self-identity.

a. Human development

b. Socialization

c. Behavior modification

d. Imitation

Answer: b

Socialization is the lifelong process of

social interaction through which

individuals acquire a self-identity.