Chapter 3: Nature, Nurture, Chapter 3: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversityand Human Diversity

Designer Genes

Evolve

You’re one of a kind

‘had to be there.

Cats ‘n Dogs

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1. Identical twins develop from:1. Identical twins develop from:

• A) a single egg and two sperms.

• B) two eggs and a single sperm.

• C) a single egg and a single sperm.

• D) two eggs and two sperms.

2. A spiraling, complex molecule 2. A spiraling, complex molecule containing genes is called:containing genes is called:

• A) DNA.

• B) a chromosome.

• C) a genome.

• D) a gene complex.

3. In adoption studies, scientists 3. In adoption studies, scientists have found:have found:

• A) adopted children have personalities closer to the parents who raised them.

• B) adopted children have personalities closer to the other children they were raised with.

• C) adopted children have personalities shaped predominantly from their environments.

• D) adopted children have personalities closer to their biological parents.

4. Mitch was extremely emotionally 4. Mitch was extremely emotionally inhibited and fearful as a 2 year-old, and inhibited and fearful as a 2 year-old, and at age 6 continued to be very shy. This at age 6 continued to be very shy. This illustrates the importance of:illustrates the importance of:

• A) parenting styles.

• B) temperament.

• C) chromosomal matching.

• D) early trauma on later behavior.

5.5. Based on research about human Based on research about human behavior, the conclusion your text behavior, the conclusion your text makes is:makes is:

• A) heredity is much more important.

• B) the environment is much more important.

• C) the interaction of heredity and environment is more accurate.

• D) our personalities are determined before birth.

6. Demitry Belyaev and Lyudmilla Trut 6. Demitry Belyaev and Lyudmilla Trut successfully:successfully:

• A) cloned a sheep that lived to adulthood.

• B) mapped the human genome.

• C) domesticated wild foxes by selective mating.

• D) created the first “hybrid” of a plant and an animal combination.

7. According to Richard Lewontin, a 7. According to Richard Lewontin, a noted geneticist, if there was a world noted geneticist, if there was a world catastrophe and only Kenyans survived:catastrophe and only Kenyans survived:

• A) there would be an irretrievable loss of human diversity.

• B) there would be a trivial reduction in human diversity.

• C) the human race would evolve to a very unusual form.

• D) future humans would be unable to deal with colder climates.

8. “8. “Nature selects behaviorsthat increase the likelihood of sending one’s genes into the future,” would be a fundamental statement made by:

• A) evolutionary psychology.

• B) fundamental psychology.

• C) functional psychology.

• D) environmental psychology.

9. A major criticism of scientists 9. A major criticism of scientists against evolutionary psychology is:against evolutionary psychology is:

• A) people did not evolve from monkeys.

• B) the bible gives the true origin of humans.

• C) interpretations are “far-fetched”.

• D) their theories start with an effect and work backwards to propose an explanation.

10. In studying worldwide mating 10. In studying worldwide mating preferences, researchers have preferences, researchers have found that, in 37 countries:found that, in 37 countries:

• A) men prefer thinner women.

• B) women prefer mates with wealth and status.

• C) mating preferences differed according to cultural norms.

• D) women are marrying younger than ever before.

11. Rats raised in more stimulating 11. Rats raised in more stimulating

environments resulted in:environments resulted in:

• A) “talented” rats who could count to ten.

• B) happier and more sociable rats.

• C) larger brains and more synaptic connections.

• D) increased sexual activity.

12. Shared environmental 12. Shared environmental influences account for ___ of influences account for ___ of children’s personality differences.children’s personality differences.

• A) less than 10 percent.

• B) about 50 percent.

• C) about 25 percent.

• D) more than 50 percent.

13. Environmental influences in 13. Environmental influences in childhood are more likely to affect childhood are more likely to affect ___ in adoptive children. ___ in adoptive children.

• A) temperament

• B) political attitudes

• C) sexual preference

• D) extraversion

14. When asked about her son’s 14. When asked about her son’s shyness, Mrs. Jones responds, “Oh, shyness, Mrs. Jones responds, “Oh, he will grow out of it.” You know that:he will grow out of it.” You know that:

• A) she is probably right.

• B) shyness is a lasting trait of temperament.

• C) he was probably traumatized.

• D) he probably learned this from modeling one of his parents.

15. Children who grow up hearing one 15. Children who grow up hearing one accent of speech at home and a different accent of speech at home and a different one from their peers:one from their peers:

• A) do not develop accents.

• B) develop accents similar to their parents.

• C) develop accents similar to their peers.

• D) has no relation to their own speech.

16. Each cultural group evolves its 16. Each cultural group evolves its own rules for expected and own rules for expected and accepted behavior called:accepted behavior called:

• A) folkways.

• B) unspoken rules.

• C) etiquette.

• D) norms.

17. Of all the cultures listed, choose 17. Of all the cultures listed, choose the one below that prefers the the one below that prefers the greatest amount of personal space.greatest amount of personal space.

• A) Arabs

• B) British

• C) French

• D) Mexican

18. Frank was born with birth defects 18. Frank was born with birth defects because his mother used drugs while because his mother used drugs while she was pregnant with him. This she was pregnant with him. This illustrates the harmful influence of:illustrates the harmful influence of:

• A) genetic coding.

• B) natural selection.

• C) prenatal environments.

• D) inadequate parenting.

19. Identical twins can differ in their 19. Identical twins can differ in their development before they are born in development before they are born in cases of:cases of:

• A) genetic mutations.

• B) two placentas.

• C) different fathers.

• D) alcohol abuse.

20. If a teenager is beginning to use 20. If a teenager is beginning to use drugs, it is most likely the result of:drugs, it is most likely the result of:

• A) misinformation.

• B) poor parenting.

• C) peer pressure.

• D) cultural influences.

21. Boys usually play ____ and girls 21. Boys usually play ____ and girls usually play ____.usually play ____.

• A) socially; aggressively

• B) aggressively; competitively

• C) with one friend; in large groups

• D) large groups with an activity; with one friend

22. When dealing with stress, women 22. When dealing with stress, women are more often likely to:are more often likely to:

• A) have emotional breakdowns.

• B) turn to others for support.

• C) become aggressive.

• D) run away.

23. When a female fetus is exposed 23. When a female fetus is exposed to too much testosterone, the result to too much testosterone, the result is most often: is most often: • A) she will be more “tomboyish” until

puberty.• B) she will grow up to be a lesbian.• C) she will think of herself as a boy

trapped in a girl’s body.• D) all of the above.

24: A set of expectations about the way 24: A set of expectations about the way men and women should behave are:men and women should behave are:

• A) cultural norms.

• B) gender identity.

• C) male-female constructs.

• D) gender roles.

25. According to ___, children learn 25. According to ___, children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating or by being reinforced.and imitating or by being reinforced.

• A) behavioral theory

• B) gender schema theory

• C) social learning theory

• D) cultural determinism theory

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. Identical twins develop from:1. Identical twins develop from:

• A) a single egg and two sperms.

• B) two eggs and a single sperm.

• C) a single egg and a single sperm.

• D) two eggs and two sperms.

97

2. A spiraling, complex molecule 2. A spiraling, complex molecule containing genes is called:containing genes is called:

• A) DNA.

• B) a chromosome.

• C) a genome.

• D) a gene complex.

96

3. In adoption studies, scientists 3. In adoption studies, scientists have found:have found:

• A) adopted children have personalities closer to the parents who raised them.

• B) adopted children have personalities closer to the other children they were raised with.

• C) adopted children have personalities shaped predominantly from their environments.

• D) adopted children have personalities closer to their biological parents.

100

4. Mitch was extremely emotionally 4. Mitch was extremely emotionally inhibited and fearful as a 2 year-old, and inhibited and fearful as a 2 year-old, and at age 6 continued to be very shy. This at age 6 continued to be very shy. This illustrates the importance of:illustrates the importance of:

• A) parenting styles.

• B) temperament.

• C) chromosomal matching.

• D) early trauma on later behavior.

102

5.5. Based on research about human Based on research about human behavior, the conclusion your text behavior, the conclusion your text makes is:makes is:

• A) heredity is much more important.

• B) the environment is much more important.

• C) the interaction of heredity and environment is more accurate.

• D) our personalities are determined before birth.

105

6. Demitry Belyaev and Lyudmilla Trut 6. Demitry Belyaev and Lyudmilla Trut successfully:successfully:

• A) cloned a sheep that lived to adulthood.

• B) mapped the human genome.

• C) domesticated wild foxes by selective mating.

• D) created the first “hybrid” of a plant and an animal combination.

108

7. According to Richard Lewontin, a 7. According to Richard Lewontin, a noted geneticist, if there was a world noted geneticist, if there was a world catastrophe and only Kenyans survived:catastrophe and only Kenyans survived:

• A) there would be an irretrievable loss of human diversity.

• B) there would be a trivial reduction in human diversity.

• C) the human race would evolve to a very unusual form.

• D) future humans would be unable to deal with colder climates.

109

8. “Nature selects behaviors8. “Nature selects behaviorsthat increase the likelihood of that increase the likelihood of sending one’s genes into the future,” sending one’s genes into the future,” would be a fundamental statement would be a fundamental statement made by:made by:

• A) evolutionary psychology.

• B) fundamental psychology.

• C) functional psychology.

• D) environmental psychology.

111

9. A major criticism of scientists 9. A major criticism of scientists against evolutionary psychology is:against evolutionary psychology is:

• A) people did not evolve from monkeys.

• B) the bible gives the true origin of humans.

• C) interpretations are “far-fetched”.

• D) their theories start with an effect and work backwards to propose an explanation.

112

10. In studying worldwide mating 10. In studying worldwide mating preferences, researchers have preferences, researchers have found that, in 37 countries:found that, in 37 countries:

• A) men prefer thinner women.

• B) women prefer mates with wealth and status.

• C) mating preferences differed according to cultural norms.

• D) women are marrying younger than ever before.

111

11. Rats raised in more stimulating 11. Rats raised in more stimulating

environments resulted in:environments resulted in:

• A) “talented” rats who could count to ten.

• B) happier and more sociable rats.• C) larger brains and more

synaptic connections.• D) increased sexual activity.

115

12. Shared environmental 12. Shared environmental influences account for ___ of influences account for ___ of children’s personality differences.children’s personality differences.

• A) less than 10 percent.

• B) about 50 percent.

• C) about 25 percent.

• D) more than 50 percent.

117

13. Environmental influences in 13. Environmental influences in childhood are more likely to affect childhood are more likely to affect ___ in adoptive children. ___ in adoptive children.

• A) temperament

• B) political attitudes

• C) sexual preference

• D) extraversion

117

14. When asked about her son’s 14. When asked about her son’s shyness, Mrs. Jones responds, “Oh, shyness, Mrs. Jones responds, “Oh, he will grow out of it.” You know that:he will grow out of it.” You know that:

• A) she is probably right.

• B) shyness is a lasting trait of temperament.

• C) he was probably traumatized.

• D) he probably learned this from modeling one of his parents.

102

15. Children who grow up hearing one 15. Children who grow up hearing one accent of speech at home and a different accent of speech at home and a different one from their peers:one from their peers:

• A) do not develop accents.

• B) develop accents similar to their parents.

• C) develop accents similar to their peers.

• D) has no relation to their own speech.

117

16. Each cultural group evolves its 16. Each cultural group evolves its own rules for expected and accepted own rules for expected and accepted behavior called:behavior called:

• A) folkways.

• B) unspoken rules.

• C) etiquette.

• D) norms.

120

17. Of all the cultures listed, choose the 17. Of all the cultures listed, choose the one below that prefers the greatest one below that prefers the greatest amount of personal space.amount of personal space.

• A) Arabs

• B) British

• C) French

• D) Mexican

120

18. Frank was born with birth defects 18. Frank was born with birth defects because his mother used drugs while because his mother used drugs while she was pregnant with him. This she was pregnant with him. This illustrates the harmful influence of:illustrates the harmful influence of:

• A) genetic coding.

• B) natural selection.

• C) prenatal environments.

• D) inadequate parenting.

114

19. Identical twins can differ in their 19. Identical twins can differ in their development before they are born in development before they are born in cases of:cases of:

• A) genetic mutations.

• B) two placentas.

• C) different fathers.

• D) alcohol abuse.

114

20. If a teenager is beginning to use 20. If a teenager is beginning to use drugs, it is most likely the result of:drugs, it is most likely the result of:

• A) misinformation.

• B) poor parenting.

• C) peer pressure.

• D) cultural influences.

118

21. Boys usually play ____ and girls 21. Boys usually play ____ and girls usually play ____.usually play ____.

• A) socially; aggressively

• B) aggressively; competitively

• C) with one friend; in large groups

• D) large groups with an activity; with one friend

128

22. When dealing with stress, women 22. When dealing with stress, women are more often likely to:are more often likely to:

• A) have emotional breakdowns.

• B) turn to others for support.

• C) become aggressive.

• D) run away.

129

23. When a female fetus is exposed to 23. When a female fetus is exposed to too much testosterone, the result is too much testosterone, the result is most often:most often:

• A) she will be more “tomboyish” until puberty.

• B) she will grow up to be a lesbian.• C) she will think of herself as a boy

trapped in a girl’s body.• D) all of the above.

130

24: A set of expectations about the way 24: A set of expectations about the way men and women should behave are:men and women should behave are:

• A) cultural norms.

• B) gender identity.

• C) male-female constructs.

• D) gender roles.

131

25. According to ___, children learn 25. According to ___, children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating or by being reinforced.and imitating or by being reinforced.

• A) behavioral theory

• B) gender schema theory

• C) social learning theory

• D) cultural determinism theory

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AnswersAnswers

1. C

2. A

3. D

4. B

5. C

6. C

7. B

8. A

9. D

10. B

11. C

12. A

13. B

14. B

15. C

16. D

17. B

18. C

19. B

20. C

21. D

22. B

23. A

24. D

25. C