CHAPTER 3: Language Development Among Children of Linguistic Diversity
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Transcript of CHAPTER 3: Language Development Among Children of Linguistic Diversity
CHAPTER 3:Language Development Among Children of Linguistic Diversity
Modified by Dr. Laura Taddei
Language Development in Early Childhood EducationFourth Edition
Beverly W. Otto
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Culture and Language
•Complex relationships between culture and language• Sapir-Whorf hypothesis – the way we think and view our world is determined by our language• Culture-specific language forms • Sociolinguistics – relationship between linguistic behavior and social situations, roles, and functions
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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What other differences can you think of between cultures and language?
Discuss the patterns of interactions discussed in chapter 2 and how they may differ?
How do you think social roles might differ between adults and children depending on culture?
What else?
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Cultural Context of Families and Language Development
• Ethnography (participant observation in real life situations – focusing on social and cultural factors)
• Heath’s research• Family “talkativeness” – the more talking in the family, the higher level of language development in children
• Hart and Risley’s research• Page 61
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Socialization Mismatch Theory
• Hypothesis that children are more likely to succeed in school when they are in an environment where socialization patterns are similar between their home and school.
• Ways patterns may differ:• Amount of talk• Participation of young children as conversation partners• Opportunities children have to explain or give personal
interpretation of events• Types of questions asked of children during storybook
sharing• Forms of narrative that are used (fiction, nonfiction,
ongoing narratives)
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Implications for the Classroom
• Enhance language development
• Encourage development of linguistic flexibility so children can communicate in a wide variety of settings.
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Language Diversity: Overview
•Differences in
• Dialects
• Registers
• Languages
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Idiomatic Expressions Activity
• Languages and dialects reflect the settings and cultures in which they are used
• Idiomatic expressions are fixed phrases of words whose meaning is derived holistically rather than literally
• Examples:
• Dish it out; play it by ear; toot one’s horn; put his foot in his mouth
• Any others?• Why might this be confusing for an English Language
Learner
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Dialects
• Specialized variations of a language• Cultural, social and geographic influences• Distinct systematic features
• Phonological: creek or crick• Semantic: drinking fountain or bubbler• Syntactic: I don’t got no help or I have
no time to help• Morphemic: gonna or goin/going to
going• Pragmatic
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Examples of Dialects
• Standard American English• Regional differences (Southern Dialect to a Northern Dialect)
•African American English or BE (Black English)• Regional difference See Table 3.1 page 65• Implication: Encourage linguistic flexibility and bidialectism; teachers must recognize and value the dialect/home language of every child
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Language Registers
• Specific ways of using language differently
in different settings
• Conversations
• Dramatic play
• Social routines
• Classroom discourse
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Academic English Register
• Language used in specific ways for specific purposes in academic settings• Features
• Semantic• Syntactic• Morphemic• Pragmatic
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Importance of Academic English Register
• Language of instruction
•Related to academic achievement
• “Language of power” (Delpit) – used in many
government and corporate environments
• Teacher’s role – encourage children to examine
their use of language in different settings.
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Second Language Acquisition
•Challenges for educators to provide
children with opportunities to
• Learn knowledge and skills
• Develop language competencies
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Becoming Bilingual
• Simultaneous bilingualism
• Successive bilingualism
• Language interference
•Code mixing
•Code switching
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Activity – Small Group
Group 1 – Benefits of bilingualism
Group 2- Challenges faced by second language learners
Group 3 – Factors influencing second language acquisition
Group 4 – Conversational proficiency and Academic Language Proficiency needed
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Benefits of Bilingualism
• Higher levels of metalinguistic awareness
• Greater and earlier awareness of
language structure
• Wider perspectives
• Increased social skills
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Factors Influencing Second Language Acquisition
• Learner characteristics
• Linguistic Input
• Social setting
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Activity – Explore the Programs for Second Language Learners
Group 1 – English as a Second Language
Group 2 – Bilingual Education
Group 3 – Immersion Programs
Group 4 – Submersion Approach
Group 5 – Foreign languages in elementary school/FLES
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Programs for Second Language Learners
• Key aspects
• Language assessment and Home
Language Survey/HLS
• Focus on language competencies
• Conversational proficiency
• Academic language proficiency
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Current Approaches
• English as a Second Language/ESL• Transitional Bilingual Education/TBE•Developmental Bilingual Education• Immersion Programs• Dual Language• Second Language Immersion• Submersion• Foreign Languages in Elementary School/FLES
Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Guidelines for Teachers
• Examine your own perspective
•Create a positive classroom environment
•Build on first language competencies
•Create a learning community