Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 3 Tour: Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems Pages...
-
Upload
conrad-lang -
Category
Documents
-
view
224 -
download
3
Transcript of Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 3 Tour: Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems Pages...
Chapter 3 Tour: Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems Pages 69-88
Identify the structure, function and primary cosmetological significance, where appropriate, of 8 major body systems
2
Building Blocks of the Human Body Pages 65-68
Explain the relationship and function of cells, tissues and primary organs within the human body
1
Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Cells Tissues OrgansBody
Systems
Building Blocksof the Human Body
1
Building Blocks of the Human Body
How many bones compose the physical foundation of the human body?
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Human Body
206 bones of different shapes and sizes compose the adult skeleton;
but did you know that as a newborn, your skeleton was composed of 300 bones?
For example, a newborn’s skull has eight separate bone segments, while an adult’s skull is composed of only four. As an adult, bones have joined together leaving you with only 206 bones.
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
H I S O L O G
G R O S S A N T M Y
P
H
S
I
O
L
O R G A N S
Y
G
Y
N
A
T
O
M
Y
I
S
U
E
S
B
O
D
Y
S
Y
T
E
M
S
C E L
T
L
After the definition scrolls across the bottom of the screen, click on the corresponding number.
1
8
7
5
4
3
2 A6
Anatomystudy of organs and systems of the body
Gross Microscopic
studies structures too small to see without aid of a microscope, also called histology
can be seen with the naked eye
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Lungs
Lungs
Lungs
Physiology study of the functions
the organs and systems perform
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Cells
Composed of gel-like substance called protoplasm containing:
• water• salt• nutrients obtained from food
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Cellsthe basic units of living matter (life)
Cells
A cell contains 3 basic parts:
Cell Membraneouter surface of cell enclosing protoplasm
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Nucleus control center of cell activities
Cytoplasmproduction department of cell where cell’s activities take place
Metabolism chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for growth and reproduction
Anabolism CatabolismBreaking down larger molecules into smaller ones
Building up larger molecules from smaller ones
Cells
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
CellsBeyond the
Book
The longest cells in the human body are the motor neurons. They can be up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters) long and run from the lower spinal cord to the big toe.
www.hightechscience.org
1. Epithelial – covers and protects body surface and internal organs
2. Connective – supports, protects and holds body together
3. Nerve – coordinates body functions; carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord
4. Muscular – contracts to produce motion
5. Liquid – carries food, waste products and hormones
TissuesGroups of cells of the same kind
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
TissuesBeyond the
Book
Very loud sounds can rip ear, lung and other vibrating tissues.
A sound wave is a pressure wave; that's why you can sometimes feel your body vibrate during loud, low sounds.
When body tissues resonate with the sound's frequency, the pressure increases.
• Separate body structures that perform specific functions
• Composed of 2 or more different tissues• Skin is the body’s largest organ
Organs
More about
organs on
next slide!
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Brain Controls all body functions
Eyes Control vision
Heart Circulates the blood
Lungs Supply the blood with oxygen
Stomach and Intestines Digest food
Liver Removes toxic byproducts of digestion
Kidneys Eliminate water and waste products
Skin Forms external protective layer of body
Organs
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Body SystemsA system is a group of body structures and/or organs that perform functions for the body.
Skeletal - provides framework of bodyMuscular - moves bodyCirculatory - circulates blood through bodyNervous - sends and receives body messagesDigestive - supplies food to bodyExcretory - eliminates waste from bodyRespiratory - controls breathing of bodyEndocrine - controls growth, general health and
reproduction of bodyChapter 3.1
Anatomy and PhysiologyBuilding Blocks of the Human Body
Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up
Body Systems
Cells make
up tissues
tissues make up organs,
and organs make up
systems!!
systems!!
Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up systems!!
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check
1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter.
2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs.
3. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ______.
4. Another name for histology is ______ ______.
5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called ______.
On a sheet of paper numbered from 1-9, answer the following questions.
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check
6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye is called ______ ______.
7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called ______.
8. Cells make up ______, which make up organs. Organs make up _______.
9. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a ______.
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Know ChartAs you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect answers under the “I Need to Study” column.
KNOW CHART
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.8.9.
I Know:
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
I Need to Study:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.8.9.
Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check
1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter.
2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs.
3. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ________.
4. Another name for histology is ___________ ________.
5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called __________.
Now check your work. Observe each of the false statements become true.
Cells are the basic units of living matter.
anatomy
microscopic anatomy
physiologyChapter 3.1
Anatomy and PhysiologyBuilding Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check
6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye is called _____ ________.
7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called __________.
8. Cells make up _______, which make up organs. Organs make up _______.
9. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a _______.
gross anatomy
protoplasm
tissuessystems
systemChapter 3.1
Anatomy and PhysiologyBuilding Blocks of the Human Body
Lessons Learned
Cells are the basic units of living matter
Metabolism is the chemical process in which cells receive nutrients
Tissues are groups of the same kind of cells
Face the
FactsCells
Tissues
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Organs
Lessons Learned
Organs are separate body structures that perform specificfunctions and are composed of two or more different tissues
A system is a group of body structures and/or organs that, together, perform one or more vital functions for the body
Face the
Facts
Body Systems
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
IT’S 2 U!
Example:
Body Systems…
Organs…
Example:
Cells…
Tissues…
Example:
Building Blocks of the
Human Body
When a spider weaves its web, every strand is connected somehow to a central starting point. Create a web connecting the central idea to the
various related descriptions for Building Blocks of the Human Body.
Press any key and a spider will start a web. Complete the descriptions and give an example
to finish the web.
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
IT’S 2 U!
Brain, eyes, heart, lungs, stomach and intestines,
liver, kidneys, skin
Body Systems group of body structures that
perform one or more vital functions for the body
Organsseparate body
structures that perform specific functions
Skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, digestive, excretory, respiratory, endocrine
Cells basic units of living matter
Tissues groups of cells of the same kind
Epithelial tissueconnective tissue
nerve tissuemuscular tissue
liquid tissue
Building Blocks of the
Human Body
Answers will vary, but here is an example of what the web could look like.
Answers
Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems2
Respiratory EndocrineExcretory
Digestive
Circulatory
Nervous
Muscular
Skeletal
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
G
F
After the definition scrolls across the bottom of the screen, click on the corresponding number.
O
O
O
S
M
R A C E R
P
N
A
N
C
O
R
I
O E
Y
R
D
B
L
E
A
N
D
H
T
M
P
O
A
L
I
S
Y P
E
M
5
1
A
3
V EI L
I
S4
T6
L7
I
M LO O YG8
2
G
5. Located above and in front of the ear and performs both opening and closing of the jaw and mastication7. Colorless liquid that travels through the lymph nodes or glands8. Study of muscles
N
• Physical foundation of the body• Composed of 206 bones of different
shapes and sizes• Bones are attached to each other
at movable or immovable joints• A joint is the point at which
two or more bones are joined together
The Skeletal System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
• Bone
• Hardest structure in body
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Long bones (arms and legs)
Flat bones (skull)
Irregular bones (wrist, ankle, spinal column)
Osteologystudy of bones
Composed of 2/3 mineral and 1/3 organic matter
The Skeletal System
Functions of the Skeletal System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Movement
Attachment
Protection
Support
The Skeletal System
• Skeleton of the head• Encloses and protects brain and primary
sensory organs• Divided into 2 groups
– Cranium composed of 8 bones– Facial skeleton composed of 14 bones
• 6 of the 8 cranium bones are affected by scalp massage
The Skull
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
FrontalParietal
Occipital
Temporal
The Cranium
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
Mandible lower jaw
Maxillae upper jaw
Nasal bridge of the nose
Facial Skeleton
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Zygomaticupper cheek
Zygomaticupper cheek
Lacrimal inner eyesocket
Lacrimal inner eyesocket
The Skeletal SystemNeck Bones
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Cervical vertebrae 7 bones manipulated in
extended scalp massageHyoid“Adam’s apple”
The Skeletal SystemBack, Chest and Shoulder
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Thoracic Vertebrae spine
12 Ribs
Scapulashoulder bone
Claviclecollar bone
Sternumchest bone
The Skeletal SystemArm, Wrist and Hand Bones
Ulna
Radius
Humerus
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
largest bone of upper arm
8 small bones held together by ligaments to form wrist or carpus
5 long, thin bones that form the palm
of the hand
each finger has 3 phalanges; each thumb has 2
Skeleton SystemBeyond the
Book
http://www.hightechscience.org
The smallest bone in the human body is the stapes or stirrup bone located in the middle ear.
It is approximately .11 inches (.28 cm) long.
Myologystudy of structure, function, and
diseases of muscles
The Muscular System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Body is composed of over 500 large and small muscles
• Muscles compose about 40% of the body’s weight
The Muscular System
Functions of the Muscular System•Support of the skeleton•Production of body movements•Contouring of body•Involvement in functions of other body systems
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
2 types of muscle tissues:
Striated Non-striated
The Muscular System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Some muscles function both ways (eye muscles).
1.Voluntary or Striated – respond to commands regulated by will
2.Involuntary or non-striated – respond automatically to control various body functions
The cosmetologist is primarily concerned with the voluntary
muscles of the head, face, neck, arms and hands
The Muscular System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Cardiac (heart) muscle• Muscle of the heart itself • Only muscle of its type in the human body• Rugged muscle, functions involuntarily
The Muscular System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Cardiac
• Anterior – in front of• Posterior – behind or in back of• Superioris – located above or is larger• Inferiouris – located below or is smaller• Levator – lifts up• Depressor – draws down or depresses• Dilator – opens, enlarges or expands
The Muscular System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Terms used to identify location or function
The Muscular System
Originnon-moving fixed portion,
attached to bones or to other fixed muscle
Bellymidsection of muscle,
between 2 attached sections
Insertionportion of muscle joined to
movable attachments: bones, movable muscles or skin
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
3 Parts of the Muscle
The Muscular SystemMuscles produce movement through contraction (tightening) and expansion (relaxing)
7 ways to stimulate muscular tissue include:1. Massage
2. Electric Current (high-frequency and faradic current)
3. Light Rays (infrared rays and ultraviolet rays)
4. Heat Rays (heating lamps and heating caps)
5. Moist Heat (steamers, warm steam towels)
6. Nerve Impulses (through nervous system)
7. Chemicals (certain acids and salts)Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and PhysiologyBasic Body Systems
• Scalp and face muscles are of primary interest to the cosmetologist as massage is performed
• Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the insertion attachment to the
origin attachment
The Muscular System
Scalp and Face Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Epicranius (occipito-frontalis)–Covers the epicranium (scalp)–Formed by 2 muscles joined by
aponeurosis tendon
The Muscular SystemScalp Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular SystemScalp Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Occipitalis draws scalp back
Frontalisraises eyebrows;
draws scalp forward
The Muscular SystemEar Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Auricularis anterior
in front of the ear
Auricularis superiorabove the ear
Auricularis posteriorbehind the ear
The Muscular SystemEye and Nose Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Orbicularis Oculicloses the eyelid
Corrugatordraws eyebrows in
and down
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
raises eyelid
Procerusdraws brow down
• Oris Orbicularis– Circles the mouth – Responsible for contracting, puckering and wrinkling the lips as
in kissing or whistling
• Quadratus Labii Superioris– Consists of 3 parts– Located above the upper lip– Raises nostrils and upper lip, as
in expressing distaste
• Quadratus Labii Inferioris– Located below lower lip– Pulls lower lip down or to the side as in expressing sarcasm
The Muscular SystemMouth Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Mentalis– Located at tip of chin– Pushes lower lip up and/or wrinkles chin as in
expressing doubt
• Risorius– Located at corner of mouth– Draws mouth up and out as in grinning
• Caninus– Located above corners of mouth– Raises angle of mouth as in snarling
The Muscular SystemMouth Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Triangularis– Located below the corners of mouth– Draws corners of mouth down as in expressing depression
• Zygomaticus– Located outside the corners of mouth– Draws mouth up and back as in laughing – Consists of zygomaticus major and minor
• Buccinator– Located between jaws and cheek– Responsible for compressing cheek to
release air outwardly as in blowing
The Muscular SystemMouth Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
1. Oris Orbicularis
2. Quadratus Labii Superioris
3. Quadratus labii inferioris
4. Mentalis
5. Risorius
6. Canius
7. Triangularis
8. Zygomaticus
9. Buccinator
The Muscular SystemMouth Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular SystemMastication Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Temporalisperforms both opening and closing jaws as in chewing (mastication)
Masseteraids in closing jaw as in
chewing (mastication)
The Muscular SystemNeck and Upper Back Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Platysmadepresses lower jaw
and lip as in expressing sadness
SternocleidoMastoideus
causes the head to move from side to side and up and down as in
nodding “yes” or “no”
Trapezius andLatissimus Dorsidraw head back, rotate shoulder blades and control swinging of arm
The Muscular SystemShoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Serratus anteriorhelps in lifting arm
and in breathing
Deltoidlifts or turns
the arm Pectoralis Major andPectoralis Minor
assist in swinging the arms
The Muscular SystemShoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Bicepraises forearm, bends elbow
and turns palm down
Tricepcontrols forward
movement of forearm
Pronatorturns palm downward
and inward
Supinatorturns palm up
The Muscular System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Shoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles
Flexorbends wrist andcloses fingers
Extensorstraightens fingers
and wrist
• Stretch over fingers• Connect joints• Provide dexterity
Abductor Muscles – Separate fingersAdductor Muscles – Draw fingers togetherOpponens Muscles – Located in palm; cause the thumb to move toward fingers; give ability to grasp or make a fist
The Muscular System Hand Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
3. Opponensgive the ability to
grasp or make a fist
Hand Muscles
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
1. Abductorseparates fingers
2. Adductordraws fingers together
1
2
1
1
1 3
3
2
2
Muscular SystemBeyond the
Book
The human jaw muscles can generate a force of 200 pounds(90.8 kilograms) on the molars.
http://www.hightechscience.org
• Circulatory or Vascular System – controls circulation of blood and lymph through body
• Massage treatments stimulate or relax circulatory system
The Circulatory System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Cardiovascular or Blood-Vascular– Responsible for circulation of blood, includes heart,
arteries, veins and capillaries
• Lymph-Vascular– Reaches parts of body not reached by blood– Circulates lymph through lymph glands, nodes
and vessels– Lymph filters blood by removing toxins
The Circulatory System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Cone-shaped, muscular organ located in the chest, normally the size of a fist
• Contracts and relaxes to move blood• Consists of 4 chambers:
– Upper – right and left atrium– Lower – right and left ventricle
• 60-80 beats per minute (normal heart)• Pericardium – membrane that encases the heart
The Circulatory System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Heart
The Circulatory SystemThe Heart
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Right Atrium Auricle
Left Atrium Auricle
Right VentricleLeft Ventricle
Pericardium
• Sticky, salty fluid• Circulates to carry nourishment and oxygen to
body parts• Carries toxins and waste products to liver
and kidneys• Average adult blood supply is 8-10 pints
The Circulatory SystemThe Blood
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Erythrocytes (red blood cells) – Carry oxygen and contain
hemoglobin– Oxygenation is when
hemoglobin attracts oxygen– Oxygen-poor blood is deep
scarlet red– Oxygen-rich blood is bright red
• Leucocytes (white blood cells)– Increase in number when
infection invades the body– Fight bacteria and other
foreign substances
The Circulatory System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Blood
• Thrombocytes (blood platelets)– Responsible for the clotting of
blood• Plasma
– Fluid part of blood– Carries RBC, WBC and blood
platelets through the body – About 90% water
The Circulatory System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Blood
• Arteries– Tubular, elastic,
thick-walled– Branching vessels– Carry blood away
from heart– Carry pure blood
(bright red in color)
The Circulatory SystemBlood Vessels
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Veins– Tubular, elastic, thin-walled– Branching vessels– Carry blood from capillaries
to heart– Cup-like valves prevent
backflow– Impure blood is dark red– Closer to body surface than
arteries
• Capillaries– Small vessels– Take nutrients and oxygen
from arteries to cells– Take waste from cells
to veins
The Circulatory System
– Systemic or general circulation – process of blood traveling from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart
• To the heart– Blood enters right
auricle of heart through superior vena cava
– Blood then pumped through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Blood Flow through the Heart
The Circulatory System
• To the lungs– From right ventricle,
blood is pumped into pulmonary artery, then travels through pulmonary artery to lungs
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Blood Flow through the Heart
The Circulatory System
• Back to the Heart– Oxygenated blood
returns to heart via pulmonary vein and enters left auricle
– Blood is then pumped to left ventricle by bicuspid valve, then through the valve into aorta
• To the Body– Blood then flows
throughout body and returns to heart via the superior vena cava
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Blood Flow through the Heart
The Circulatory System
1. Common carotid artery2. Internal carotid artery3. External carotid artery4. Internal jugular vein5. External jugular vein6. Occipital artery7. Posterior auricular artery8. Superficial temporal artery9. External maxillary artery
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Arteries and Veins of the Face, Head and Neck
The Circulatory System
Common Carotid Arteries• Supply head, face
and neck• Located on either side of
the neck• Split into internal and
external carotid arteries
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Arteries and Veins of the Face, Head and Neck
The Circulatory System
• Internal Carotid Artery – supplies blood to brain, eyes and forehead
• External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller arteries, supplying blood to skin and muscles of the head
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Arteries and Veins of the Face, Head and Neck
All blood from the head, face and neck returns through two veins, internal and external jugular veins
All blood from the head, face and neck returns through two veins, internal and external jugular veins
The Circulatory System
• External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller arteries– Occipital – supplies blood to back of the head,
up to crown– Posterior Auricular – supplies blood to scalp
above and behind ears– Superficial Temporal – supplies blood to sides
and top of the head– External Maxillary – supplies blood to lower
portion of the face, including mouth and nose
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Arteries and Veins of the Face, Head and Neck
The Circulatory System
• Lymph– Colorless liquid byproduct– Nourishes parts of the body not reached
by blood– Travels through nodes or glands
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Lymph-Vascular System (Lymphatic System)
The lymphatic system picks up leaked fluid and plasma proteins and returns them to the
cardiovascular system
The lymphatic system picks up leaked fluid and plasma proteins and returns them to the
cardiovascular system
Circulatory SystemBeyond the
Book
In one day your heart transports your blood around the body
about 1,000 times.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science
The Nervous System
• Coordinates and controls operation of the body• 3 Subsystems
– Central or Cerebrospinal– Peripheral– Autonomic or Sympathetic
• Primary Components – Brain– Spinal cord – Nerves Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and PhysiologyBasic Body Systems
Neurologystudy of nervous system
The Nervous System
• Central Nervous System– Composed of brain, spinal cord and spinal
and cranial nerves– Responsible for all voluntary body actions
• Brain– Controls all 3 parts of nervous system– Command center– Weighs 44-48 ounces
The Central Nervous System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
Cerebrum Cerebellum
Pons Medulla Oblongata
• Mental activity
• Upper front of cranium
• Muscle movement
• Occipital area below cerebrum
• Connects other parts of brain to spinal column; below cerebrum
• Front of cerebellum
• Connects other parts of brain to spinal column
• Below pons
The Brain
The Nervous System
• Composed of long nerve fibers
• Originates in base of brain and extends to base of spine
• Holds 31 pairs of spinal nerves
The Spinal Cord
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
• Have nucleus, cytoplasm and membrane• Long and short threadlike fibers called
axons extend from nerve cells• Nerve terminals
– located at the end of axons– send messages as impulses– short fibers called dendrites receive
messages
The Peripheral Nervous System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Nerve Cells (neurons)
• Composed of sensory and motor nerves extending from brain and spinal cord to other parts of body
The Nervous System
• Sensory– Afferent– Carry messages to brain and spinal cord– Sense of smell, sight, touch, hearing, taste
• Motor– Efferent– Carry messages from brain to muscles
• Mixed– Perform both sensory and
motor functions
Types of Nerves
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous SystemThe Trifacial Nerve (Fifth Cranial)
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Largest of cranial nerves• Transmits facial sensations to brain• Controls the muscle movements of chewing• Divides into three main branches:
– Ophthalmic– Maxillary– Mandibular
The Nervous System
• Ophthalmic – Main nerve branch to the top 1/3 of face
• Maxillary– Main nerve branch to the middle 1/3 of face– Divides further into zygomatic and infraorbital
• Mandibular– Main nerve to the lower 1/3 of the face– Divides further into auriculo temporal
and mental
The Trifacial Nerve
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
The Nervous System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Trifacial Nerve
The Nervous System
• Emerges from brain at the lower part of ear• Primary motor nerve of the face• 6 branches are of particular importance
– Posterior Auricular - extends to muscles behind and below ear
– Temporal - extends to muscles of temple, side of forehead, eyebrow, eyelid and upper cheek
– Zygomatic – extends to upper muscles of cheek
The Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial)
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
– Buccal – extends to muscles of mouth– Mandibular – extends to muscles or chin and
lower lip– Cervical – extends to muscles on side of neck
• Other cervical nerves originate in spinal cord
with branches to scalp and neck
The Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial)
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous SystemArm and Hand Nerves4 primary nerves are mixed nerves
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Ulnarextends down little finger sideof arm into palm of the hand
Radialextends down thumb side of
the arm into back of hand
Medianextends down mid-forearm
into handDigitalextends into fingers of hand
The Nervous System
• Previously listed nerves of face, head and neck may be stimulated during facials and/or scalp massage
• Through massage, tight muscles can be relaxed; fatigued muscles can be soothed
Nerves and Massage
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
• Physically part of central nervous system• Responsible for all involuntary body functions• Operates the respiratory, digestive,
circulatory, excretory, endocrine and reproductive systems
The Autonomic System (Sympathetic)
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Nervous SystemBeyond the
Book
There are more nerve cells in the human brain then there are stars in the milky way.
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu
The Digestive System
Breaks food down into simpler chemical compounds easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products
1. Enzymes from salivary glands start breaking down food
2. Food travels down pharynx and through esophagus
3. Food is propelled into stomach by twisting and turning of esophagus (peristalsis)
4. Food is broken down by hydrochloric acid and enzymes
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Digestive System
5. Food passes from stomach into small intestine
6. Nutrients are absorbed by villi
7. Undigested food passes into large intestine
The entire digestive process takes about 9 hours
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Happiness and relaxation promote good digestion.
Digestive SystemBeyond the
Book
Food is able to reach your stomach even when you are standing upside down.
The Excretory System• Eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste products from
the bodyOrgans of excretory system include:• Skin
– Body’s largest organ; releases water, carbon dioxide and other waste through sweat glands
• Liver– Neutralizes ammonia from circulatory system and
converts it to urea• Kidneys
– Receive urea from liver– Nephrons filter out waste and water– Excreted waste products travel through
ureters and bladder, eliminated in urine Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Excretory SystemBeyond the
Book
Three of the four major metabolic wastes produced by the body are filtered from the blood by the kidneys. They are water, salts, and urea; these are the same three wastes that sweat glands filter and excrete. Sweat and urine are basically made from the same ingredients.
The Respiratory System
• Primary Functions– Intake of oxygen– Exhalation of carbon dioxide
• Primary organs are lungs and diaphragm
• Breathing through the nose is a healthier option than breathing through the mouth
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Respiratory System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Lungs - process oxygen for
absorption into the blood and release carbon dioxide.
• Diaphragm - expands and contracts
automatically, forcing air into and out of the lungs.
Respiratory SystemBeyond the
Book
Seventy-eight percent of the air we breathe in is nitrogen, twenty-one percent is oxygen, one percent is argon and other waste gasses, and 0.033 percent is carbon dioxide.
The Endocrine System• Composed of ductless glands that regulate and
control growth, reproduction and health of body• The glands manufacture hormones• Nutrition plays a key role in proper regulation of
this system• Affects hair growth, skin conditions, energy levels
– Signs of fatigue or changes in hair growth may signal need for medical attention
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Reproductive System
• Responsible for process by which a living organism procreates others of its kind
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Integumentary System
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
• Composed of skin and its layers • The two primary glands are
– Sebaceous (oil) glands– Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Endocrine SystemBeyond the
Book
The average person has 2.6 million sweat glands
in their skin!
http://science.howstuffworks.com
On a sheet of paper numbered 1-8, answer the following questions.
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
1. Name three of the nine mouth muscles: __________________
__________________
__________________
2. Name two of the six cranial bones affected by a scalp massage.
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
__________________
__________________
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body?
a. plasma
b. leucocytes
c. thrombocytes
d. red blood cells
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
4. Name two of the four primary nerves found in the arm and hand.
__________________
__________________
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
5. Where does food travel after it leaves the esophagus during the digestive process?
a. pharynx
b. stomach
c. small intestine
d. salivary glands
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
6. Name two of the three organs of the excretory system.
______________________
______________________
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
7. Name the two primary respiratory system organs.
_________________
_________________
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
8. Name the three things that the endocrine system directly affects.
_________________
_________________
_________________
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Know ChartAs you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect answers under the “I Need to Study” column.
KNOW CHART
1. 2. 3.4.5.6.7.8.
I Know: I Need to Study:
1. 2. 3.4.5.6.7.8. Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and PhysiologyBasic Body Systems
Now check your work.
Oris orbicularis
Quadratus labii superioris
Quadratus labii inferioris
Mentalis
Risorius
Caninus
Triangularis
Zygomaticus
Buccinator
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
1. Name three of the nine mouth muscles:
2. Name two of the four cranial bones affected by a scalp massage.
Frontal Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body?
a. plasma
b. leucocytes
c. thrombocytes
d. red blood cells
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
____________
____________
____________
____________
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
4. Name two of the four primary nerves found in the arm and hand.
Ulnar (1)
Radial (2)
Median (3)
Digital (4)
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
5. Where does food travel after it leaves the esophagus during the digestive process?
a. pharynx
b. stomach
c. small intestine
d. salivary glands
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
6. Name two of the three organs of the excretory system.
Skin
Liver
Kidneys
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
________________
________________
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
7. Name the two primary respiratory system organs.
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Lungs (1)
Diaphragm (2)
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
8. Name the three things that the endocrine system directly affects.
_______________
_______________
_______________
Hair Growth
Skin Conditions
Energy Levels
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Skeletal System
Lessons Learned
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Composed of 206 bones, the skeletal system is the physical foundation of the body
The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs, provides a frame for muscles, and allows for body movement
Face the
Facts
Lessons Learned
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
There are more than 500 large and small muscles in the body, composing approximately 40% of the body’s weight
The muscular system supports the skeleton, produces body movements, contours the body and helps other body systems function
Face the
Facts
Muscular System
Lessons Learned
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The circulatory system controls the circulation of blood and lymph through the body
The circulatory system is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph glands, nodes and vessels
Face the
Facts
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Lessons Learned
Primary components of the nervous system include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
The study of the nervous system is called neurology
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Face the
Facts
Lessons Learned
The digestive system breaks food down into simpler chemical compounds that can be easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products
The excretory system eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste products from the body
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Face the
Facts
Digestive System
Excretory System
Lessons Learned
The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of oxygen to be absorbed into the blood and the exhalation of carbon dioxide
The endocrine system is composed of a group of specialized ductless glands that regulate and control the growth, reproduction, and health of the body
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Face the
FactsRespiratory System
Endocrine System
IT’S 2 U!
Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
1. ____bicep 4. ____opponens 7. ____origin
2. ____tricep 5. ____flexor 8. ____striated
3. ____pectoralis 6. ____extensor 9. ____non-striated
Match each picture with the correct term by placing the correct letter in the appropriate blank.
B
I
F
H.
F.E.D.
C.
D
H
C
E
A
G
Answers
A. B.
I.G.
On a sheet of paper numbered 1-10, answer the following questions.
1. The basic units of living matter are:
a. cells
b. nerves
c. organs
d. muscles
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
2. What is the role of epithelial tissue?
a. contracts to produce motion
b. carries messages to and from brain
c. supports, protects and holds the body together
d. covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
a. allowing body movement
b. providing a frame for the body
c. sending and receiving body messages
d. surrounding and protecting internal organs
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
4. Which of the following phrases describes striated muscles?
a. involuntary muscles
b. only found in the heart
c. respond to commands regulated by will
d. controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
5. Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the:
a. belly to insertion
b. insertion to belly
c. origin to insertion
d. insertion to origin
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
6. Thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called:
a. veins
b. arteries
c. capillaries
d. lymph vessels
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
7. The fluid part of the blood is called:
a. plasma
b. hemoglobin
c. red blood cells
d. white blood cells
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
8. The cranial nerve responsible for transmitting facial sensations to the brain is the:
a. ulnar
b. facial
c. radial
d. trifacial
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
9. Which of the following nerve types carry messages from the brain to the muscles?
a. trifacial
b. afferent
c. efferent
d. sensory
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
10. What is the name of the system that regulates the growth, reproduction andhealth of the body?
a. nervous
b. digestive
c. endocrine
d. respiratory
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
Time to check the self-test
1. a. cells
2. d. covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs
3. c. sending and receiving body messages
4. c. respond to commands regulated by will
5. d. insertion to origin
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology
6. b. arteries
7. a. plasma
8. d. trifacial
9. c. efferent
10. c. endocrine
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology