Chapter 26: Tradition and Change in East Asia  Pulp FictionForeign Trade and the Tokugawa ShogunateGentry, Commoners, Soldiers and Mean PeopleEmperor HongwuForeign Trade and the QingNeo-Confucianism Christianity in JapanDeshimaMatteo RicciNative Learning/ Floating WorldsEmperor YongleDutch LearningFilial PietyEmperor WanliJesuits, Dominicans and FranciscansRelationship between Chinese government and technologyEmperor KangxiShoguns, daimyo, bakufu Emperor QianlongThe Son of HeavenScholar BureaucratsCivil Service ExaminationsGender Relations/ Foot binding

IMPACT of Slave Trade: involuntary migration of 12 million/ 4 million died en route

Pre 17th Century = 2000 slaves left Africa annually17th Century = 20,000 annually18th Century = 55,000 annually

1780s = 88,000 annually, sometimes 100,000

Effects of Slave Trade in Africa?EconomicPolitical

Social (Syncretic Religion?)

Slave Resistance?Passive ResistanceRevolts/Maroons

Role of Enlightenment/ American Revolution/

Abolitionists? (Saint Dominique 1793) (Gabriel Prosser 1800) (Denmark Vesey 1822)

(Nat Turner 1831)

End of the Slave Trade Abolition of Slave Trade=

1803 Denmark1807 Great Britain1808 United States

1814 France1817 Netherlands

1835 SpainLast documented Atlantic Slave ship =

1867 to Cuba

ABOLITIONby early 17th c Great Britain1845 France

1865 United States1960 Angola

Olaudah Equiano

The African Diaspora?

(cash crops/plantations)African slave trade mostly supplied

tropical Caribbean5% went to North America

Spread of African culture/language/music

WHY ABOLITION?

The slave trade ended because:

1.American and French Revolutions/ Enlightenment Ideals = suggestion of universal human right to freedom and equality2.Frequent slave revolts = not profitable/ dangerous3.Olaudah Equiano4.Supply and demand = supply of sugar prices price of slaves 5.Europeans shifted focus from cash crops to manufacturing industries6.Made more sense to leave Africans in Africa to harvest raw materials

ABOLITIONby early 17th c Great Britain1845 France

1865 United States1960 Angola

End of the Slave Trade Abolition of Slave Trade=

1803 Denmark1807 Great Britain1808 United States

1814 France1817 Netherlands

1835 SpainLast documented Atlantic Slave ship =

1867 to Cuba

Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)

Status at beginning of period:

Changes:

Continuities:

Reason:

Choose one: social, political, or economic.

During the period 1450-1750, (the topic) changed from ______________ to ____________ in sub-Saharan Africa, however _______________ stayed the same concerning (the topic).

In terms of world historic context________________

The reason for this change_____________________

The reason for this continuity___________________

From the notes that you took: Find a friend (or work alone: the choice is yours) and craft a thesis statement, WHC statement and ANALYSIS statement as outlined above.

WORLD HISTORYSECTION II

Part B(Suggested planning and writing time—40 minutes)

Percent of Section II score—33 1/3 Directions: You are asked to answer the following question. You should spend 5 minutes organizing and outlining your essay.  Write an essay that: •Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historical evidence•Addresses all parts of the question•Uses historical context to show continuities and changes over time•Analyzes the process of continuity and change over time.

1. Analyze the social and economic transformations that occurred in the Atlantic world as a result of new contacts among Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas from 1492 to 1750.

Mongol arrows and bombs ; circa 1293

What do you remember about China?

C 26: Transition and Change in East Asia

Chapter 26: Tradition and Change in East AsiaWhat is the response in East Asia to increasing global contact?

The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 CEThe Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE

Yuan Dynasty Collapsed

Ming Dynasty founded by Emperor Hongwu(r. 1368-1398)

Role of Mandarins and Eunuchs?

Emperor Yongle(r. 1403-1424)Moves capital to Beijingto deter MongolsZheng He?

Great Wall (re)built

Mandarins= imperial officials

who traveled country

overseeing govt policies

Eunuchs = advisors at court, presumed to be

no threat

1540

1873 (Qing): Why was Europeespecially impressed with this system?

Civil Service Exams: The Bureaucracy of Merit Identification of the educated with national rather than regional goals

Ming Dynastyofficial with 2 cranes“Rank Badge” =Civil authority of the First rank

Maintained cultural unity and consensus on basic Confucian values-

provincial quotas- Open to all males (but mostly the wealthy)Encouraged upward mobility

Cheating/ corruption/ Death not uncommonWeek long exams

Only 5% passed and received titlesNo loss of status for failure insteadServed as patrons of the state

Poetry- Calligraphy- Confucian values- filial piety

Establishment of the scholar-gentryActually ran the empire

Jesuit Missionary:Matteo Ricci in the Ming Court 1582Goal of Ricci and Chinese Response?

Why do the Ming (and Qing) embrace Neo-Confucianism?

Why does Chinese response to Christianmissionaries change with introduction of

Dominicans and Franciscans? Unintended effect: Europe now knows China

Chinese lacquer ware

Neo-Confucianism

is appropriated by the state

WHY?

Died in China: 1610

First to translate Confucius to LatinDescribed Christianity in Confucian terms

The Jesuits, such as Johann Schreck, translated European technical books into Chinese.Below image: a description of a windless well, by a European, 1588.Left image: Description of a windless well, in Diagrams and explanations of the wonderful machines of the Far West, 1627

[The Jesuits] made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture.

The Forbidden City: Ming Palace

How does the Forbidden City reflect

the goals of Ming political authority?

Tang/Song= Innovation/Technology as

source of economic and military strength

Ming/Qing =Political/Social stability as

Source of strengthTechnology too disruptive

Ming Tribute System

Qing dynasty copy by Chen Zhang of a Ming dynasty silk scroll (Tribute giraffe from Bengal)

• hedonist emperors lead secluded lives in Forbidden City• eunuchs usurp imperial control/ power of army/navy • famine = peasant rebellion 1644 (TREE BARK)• pirates interrupt trade and tax collection• internal chaos allows northern Manchus to enter Beijing• gain control by allying with who?? (Confucian scholars/generals)

• Manchus establish Qing Dynasty

What factors led to the collapse ofThe Ming Dynasty

With help of generals and

scholar-bureaucrats who

desert the corrupt Ming emperor

Inauguration PortraitOf the Qianlong Emperor

Portrait of the Qianlong EmperorAs the Bodhisattva Manjusri

The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE

The 268-year duration of the Qing dynasty was dominated by the rule of two monarchs: the Kangxi Emperor, who reigned from 1662 to 1722, and his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, who reigned from 1736 to 1796. These two emperors, each of whom reigned for about 60 years, would set the course of Qing history and in large part create the political, economic, and cultural legacy inherited by modern China.

Kangxi Emperor as a Young ManScholar/ PoetVoracious readerEngineerEnlightened Ruler

MANCHUS:“Son of Heaven”Semi-Divine

Qianlong Emperor:Height of Qing Dynasty

Liberators?

Kangxi: The Sacred Edicts 1670

Highly esteem filial piety and the proper relations among brothers in orderto give due importance to social relations

Give due weight to kinship in order to promote harmony and peace.

Give due importance to farming and the cultivation of mulberry trees in orderto ensure sufficient clothing and food.

Explain laws and regulations in order to warn the ignorant and obstinate.

Show propriety and courtesy to improve customs and manners.

Work hard in your professions in order to quiet your ambitions

Promptly and fully pay your taxes in order to avoid forced requisition.

Get together in groups of ten or a hundred in order to put an end to theft androbbery

Free yourself from resentment and anger in order to show respect for your bodyand life.

What is Confucian about thefollowing?

The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE

Great military expansion: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, ChinaFind allies in frustrated Chinese (sound familiar?)Establish strict rules of behavior: no intermarriage, queue, no Manchu language for Chinese, kowtow, Chinese could not travel to Manchuria

kowtow

Ming PotteryQing Porcelain

Ming and Qing DO NOT embrace Technology: WHY NOT?

VS.

Economics of the Qing Dynasty?

Qianlong Reading…

Principal concern of Late Ming/Qing political leaders was to preserve the integrity of the agrarian economy

QING Laissez-faire economy: exception salt monopoly

Qing Ming Festival or Remembrance Day (April 4th or 5th): Chinese show their respect for their elders by visiting and cleaning their deceased ancestor’s tombs and cemeteries. They also traditionally offer food and prayer for their ancestors.

Social

MING Dynasty: 1368-1644 CEQING Dynasty: 1644-1911 CE

Patriarchal, filial piety (family values and obligations extended to society), women lose power,widows encouraged to commit suicide, no remarriage (arches), footbinding increases, social order: scholar bureaucrats, gentry, artisans, merchants, peasants, “mean people” (MING)

Patriarchal, filial piety, social order: scholar bureaucrats, gentry, artisans, merchants, peasants, “mean people”, QUEUES, Manchus were the ethnic elite, more multiethnic tolerance under Qianlong, population soared (trade in food crops)1600s Ming = 100 million, 1900s Qing = 400 million (QING)

HierarchalPatrilinealAuthoritarianFilial PietyFemale Infanticide

Soldiers Indentured Servants“Mean People” Beggars Farmers Workers Artisans Slaves

Merchants Scholar

BureaucratsGentry

Entertainers

Emperor

Nara Period: 710-794 CEHeight of Chinese influence in Japan/ equal field system….Permanent establishment of BuddhismChinese influence faded with fall of Tang dynasty

Heian Period: 794-1185 CEFujiwara and Minamoto familiesFujiwara become defacto rulersend of period saw rise of military clans/ civil wars

Kamkura Period: 1185-1333 CE (Medieval Period) post-ChineseMinamoto family victorious pre-Moderndid not abolish imperial rule but claimed to rule in the name of the emperoremperor as figureheadinstalled clan leader as SHOGUNestablished tradition of SAMURAI (Bushido)

First Minamoto shogun

Kabuki Theater

Tokugawa Shogunate: 1600-1868 CE

Shogun?Ultimate source of political authority?Bakufu?Daimyo?Role of daimyo?Control the daimyo?Role of the samurai?How does this role change?Foreign trade?

Edo = 1 million by 1700

Social:Development and Transformation of social structures  

            

Political:State-building, expansion and conflict  

           

InteractionBetween humans and the environment  

        

S

P

I

C

E

Social:Development and Transformation of social structures  

     

Political:State-building, expansion and conflict  

           

InteractionBetween humans and the environment  

        

S

P

I

C

E

feudal political order under Tokugawa (shogunate) with economic and social change occurring in a gradual manner; bakufu = military government, prohibits trade with Western nations, prohibitsJapanese from traveling abroad to trade 1635 (except with China) (pain of death),

daimyo required to live alternate years at Edo (capital)

all marriage controlled by bakufu, peace did not support the daimyo and shogun (warrior class)- had to reconfigure their social role, slow population growth due to infanticide, contraception,late marriage, abortion, merchant class grows, Dutch learning influences (European art, medicine, science)4 distinct classes (“castes”) = warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant

Island nation, few natural resources, geographically protected

Deshima, known as Dejima in Japanese, was a small artificial island in Nagasaki Bay (approximately 150 feet by 500 feet) on the southwestern Japanese island of Kyushu. From 1641 to 1845, Deshima served as the sole conduit of trade between Europe and Japan, and during the period of self-imposed Japanese seclusion (approximately 1639-1854) was Japan's only major link to the European world.

ClosedCountry Edicts 1635 and 1639

POV?

Culture:Development and interaction of cultures  

           

Economic:Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems  

   

       

S

P

I

C

E

Culture:Development and interaction of cultures  

           

Economic:Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems  

   

       

S

P

I

C

E

Aware of the political and religious domination of the Philippines since the Spanish colonized the country in 1565, the Japanese political leaders are suspicious of the Dominican and Franciscan missionaries that arrive in Japan from the Philippines and work among the non-samurai classes.

The Japanese daimyo move to curtail missionary activity beginning in the 1590s with goal to end Christianity in Japan, Christianity banned after 1621 (1000s killed).

Native religion = shintoismNeo-Confucianism became official ideology

: the spread of popular education , growing urbanization and the rise of the merchant class, Period of peace (250 years) : haiku poetry, teahouses, brothels, kabuki theater, “floating worlds”, books of “love”, “native learning”= support of Japanese identity

no trade with the West (Portuguese crew beheaded), expelled foreign merchants and books, exception is the Dutch who are allowed to trade at Nagasaki, isolated from outside world by 1630s

Geography of China promoted interregional trade. Yangtze River, Huang He, coastlines,Taklamaken Desert facilitated this (MING)

MING Dynasty: 1368-1644 CEQING Dynasty: 1644-1911 CE

Religion

Geography

Achievements

Southern Manchuria, pastoral nomads of the steppe tradition, under Manchus the Chinese empire grows to greatest extent in its history (Tibet, Central Asia, Russia, SE Asia, Korea) (QING)

Restored Confucian foundation, Neo-Confucian values, some interaction with Jesuits although Chinese are suspicious (why?) (MING)

Maintained balance, tolerant of Jesuits, less tolerant of Dominicans and (QING)Franciscans WHY? (Chinese were called heretics= Christians expelled under Kangxi), Neo-Confucianism OK, possible to have Confucian govt, Daoist and Buddhist in private life

(Yongle) encyclopedias 3 copies, libraries, restored civil service exams, supported education onmany levels, popular culture celebrated (teahouses, wine shops, popular novels, romances, horror)Fortified the Great Wall, repaired the Grand Canal, Forbidden City (MING)

encyclopedias/books printed and distributed to all, 7 libraries, Qianlong great supporter ofthe arts, great collections of paintings and artifacts, impressed w/Enlightenment thinkers (QING)(Voltaire, Ralph Waldo Emerson), Monumental sets of scrolls of Inspection Tours (60-80 ft long)BOTH ensured continued Confucian tradition by support of education and civil service exams

Political

Economic

MING Dynasty: 1368-1644 CEQING Dynasty: 1644-1911 CE

“son of heaven” (human designated to maintain order on earth) return to centralized rule, scholar bureaucrats = eunuchs and mandarinsadvised emperor and ran government day-2-day, scholar gentry support the work of the district magistrate, powerful army and navy (Zheng He) early on but then faded by mid 16th century, became corrupt, lost the mandate of heaven (peasant revolts: eating tree bark, pirates, etc.) (MING)

“son of heaven”, centralized rule, Kangxi most successful in enlisting help of nobility, broughtnobility to court to create stable govt on Ming model, Qianlong as “universal ruler”, efficient project manager, wary of European contact (see Spain take over the Philippines) (QING)Successful conquest of Korea, Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan

After Zheng He, agrarian society, believed that technology was disruptive, (favored stability) no motivation to industrialize (plenty of labor), did not form political-economic alliance like the West (Taxed salt and land NOT finished goods) “Land is the source of everything”, taxes supported central state (MING)Restrict trade with the West: limit European countries to specific port cities

taxes provided reliable revenue for national AND state, great prosperity,early efficiency = canceling taxes 4X, agrarian with limited (successful) trade = export: cotton, silk, lacquer ware, porcelain, tea -----import: silver bullion, still suspicious of technology (QING)

TRADE TIGHTLY CONTROLED

Island nation, few natural resources, geographically protected

Aware of the political and religious domination of the Philippines since the Spanish colonizedthe country in 1565, the Japanese political leaders are suspicious of the Dominican and Franciscan missionaries that arrive in Japan from the Philippines and work among the non-samurai classes. The Japanese daimyo move to curtail missionary activity beginning in the 1590s with goal to end Christianity in Japan, Christianity banned after 1621 (1000s killed). Native religion = shintoismNeo-Confucianism became official ideology

: the spread of popular education , growing urbanization and the rise of the merchant class, Period of peace (250 years) : haiku poetry, teahouses, brothels, kabuki theater, “floating worlds”, books of “love”, “native learning”= support of Japanese identity

feudal political order under Tokugawa (shogunate) with economic and social change occurring in a gradual manner; bakufu = military government, prohibits trade with Western nations, prohibitsJapanese from traveling abroad to trade 1635 (except with China) (pain of death), daimyo required to live alternate years at Edo (capital)

no trade with the West (Portuguese crew beheaded), expelled foreign merchants and books, exception is the Dutch who are allowed to trade at Nagasaki, isolated from outside world by 1630s

Tokugawa Shogunate: 1600-1868 CE

all marriage controlled by bakufu, peace did not support the daimyo and shogun (warrior class)- had to reconfigure their social role, slow population growth due to infanticide, contraception,late marriage, abortion, merchant class grows, Dutch learning influences (European art, medicine, science)4 distinct classes (“castes”) = warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant

Political

Achievements

Religion

Geography

Economic

Social