Chapter 26, Section 1 History and...

Chapter 26, Section 1 (Pages 704712)

Asian Empires (pages 705707)

178 Chapter 26, Section 1

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Chinese civilization began in the Huang He valley more than 4,000 years ago. Until the early 1900s, emperors ruled China. A line of rulers from a single family, called a dynasty, would rule until another dynasty overthrew it.

During the Han dynasty (206 B.C.A.D. 221), paper was invented and a trading network was established. Silk, tea, spices, paper, and fine clayware called porcelain were sent along the Silk Road as far as the Mediterranean. Later, the Tang (A.D. 618907) and Song (A.D. 9601279) dynasties built roads, canals, and irri-gation systems within China. The population increased rapidly. The Tang and Song also invented steel, woodblock printing, gunpowder, and the compass.

In 1211 Mongol warriors invaded, eventually conquering and uniting most of China. The Ming dynasty (13681644) drove out the Mongols. Ming rulers hired government workers based on their skills. The people were counted in a census so taxes could be collected more accurately. The Ming also built the Forbidden City in Beijing, the capital, where emperors lived for more than 500 years. People staged dramas and wrote long fic-tional stories called novels.

Complete these sentences.

In China, a

would hold power until it was

.

In 1211 China was invaded by

warriors.

Japans ,

or military leader, was supported by

.

History and GovernmentsPatterns of economic activities result in global interdependence. As you

read, complete the time line below. List key events and dates in Chinas

history.

Asian Empires (continued)

Modern Nations (pages 708710)

Chapter 26, Section 1 179

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What did the samu-rai code require?

About 1200 B.C., Chinese culture spread to Korea and Japan. In the A.D. 1100s, nobles fought for control of Japan. This led to rule by a military leader called a shogun, who was supported by land-owning warriors called samurai. A code demanded that a samurai be loyal, brave, and honorable. The samurai helped shoguns rule Japan until the late 1800s.

In Southeast Asia, the Chinese ruled much of what is now Vietnam from the 100s B.C. to the A.D. 900s. During the A.D. 800s, Muslim Arab traders and missionaries settled in coastal areas of Southeast Asia. Eventually many people in these places converted to Islam. The Khmer people founded an empire over much of mainland Southeast Asia during the A.D. 1100s. They built Angkor Wat, a huge Hindu temple and royal tomb.

Write a sentence explaining what a sphere of influence is.

Underline the rea-son Japan invaded neighboring coun-tries in the early 1900s.

By 1500, goods from Asia became valued in Europe, and European merchants traveled to the region. The Chinese tried to limit the influence of Europeans on their culture. By the 1890s, however, European countries and Japan claimed parts of China as spheres of influence, or areas where a single foreign power has exclusive trading rights. The Chinese revolted against for-eigners in 1911. In 1949 Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong won control of the country and established the Peoples Republic of China.

Japan also tried to limit western influence. In 1854 the Japanese were forced to end their isolation. Power was taken from the shoguns and returned to the emperor. Japan adopted western technology and quickly became an industrial and mili-tary power. It needed resources, however, so it invaded neigh-boring countries. This expansion was one factor that led Japan to fight the United States and its allies in World War II. Japan was defeated and became a democracy in 1945.

After World War II, Korea was divided into two countries. Communist-ruled North Korea wanted to unite the countries, so it invaded South Korea in 1950, starting a war. The Korean War ended in a truce in 1953, and Korea remains divided today.

European countries dominated much of Southeast Asia during the 1800s and 1900s. They wanted the regions sugar, coffee, tea, rubber, and oil. Only Siam, known as Thailand today, remained independent. After World War II, countries in the region gained independence. Political conflicts raged throughout the region for many years.


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1. Defining What is a census, and why did the Ming take one?

2. Summarizing What changes occurred in East Asia and Southeast Asia after World War II?

Answer these questions to check your understanding of the entire section.

List the fourAsian Tigers.

1.

2.

3.

4.

After World War II, Japans economy was in ruins. However, Japan and the United States established close ties during the Korean War. The United States gave $3.5 billion in aid to Japan, which created an economic boom. Japan now has the second-largest economy in the world, after the United States.

The countries of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong have been nicknamed the Asian Tigers. They have boom-ing economies based on exports of computers, other electronic goods, and vehicles. Singapore is a free port, which means that goods can be unloaded, stored, and shipped without payment of taxes. As a result, huge amounts of goods pass through the tiny country.

Communist China was slower to develop its economy because government kept control of most businesses. China began a number of free market reforms in 1979, and its economy began to grow.

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On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph explaining how trade has developed in one of the countries in this region.

ExpositoryExpositoryExpository

Chapter 26, Section 2 (Pages 714720)

Population Patterns (pages 715716)


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The population is increasing rapidly in East Asia and Southeast Asia, putting a burden on available resources. Agricultural countries, such as Cambodia and Laos, have high birthrates. Some countries have enacted policies to slow the population growth rate. For example, Chinas government encourages families to have only one child. Even so, the popula-tion continues to grow. Chinas greatest challenge is a shortage of jobs for its available workers. In several industrialized coun-tries, such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, the population is actually declining.

Most people in East Asia live in crowded river valleys and basins or along coastal plains. Agriculture and industry thrive in these areas because of the favorable land and climate. In con-trast, the interior regions of East Asia are sparsely populated. These areas have mountains and little vegetation.

Like East Asia, the people in Southeast Asia are not evenly distributed. Large numbers of people live crowded together in small areas. The population density of Singapore, for example, is nearly 18,000 people per square mile.

Where do most people in East Asia live?

PopulationPatterns

Cultures and LifestylesCulture influences peoples perceptions about places and regions. As you

read, complete the diagram below. List key facts about population patterns

in the region.

Population Patterns (continued)

People and Cultures (pages 718720)


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Nearly 60 percent of the people live in rural areas. Recently, however, many people have migrated to cities in search of better jobs. Some cities in the region are among the largest in the world. In Japan, the cities of Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, and Yokohama are so close together that they form a supersized urban area called a megalopolis. Their combined population totals 5 million people.

In addition to urban migration, many countries have lost people due to overseas migration. Hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese and Laotians settled in the United States between 1975 and 1990 to escape war and economic hardship. Many were educated workers who would have contributed to their countries economic growth.

What is Chinas official language?

Name seven reli-gions practiced in the region.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

The people in each East Asian country are generally ethni-cally similar. About 99 percent of Japans people are ethnic Japanese who speak the Japanese language. The largest ethnic group in Korea is ethnic Koreans, and most people in Mongolia are ethnic Mongolians.

In China, about 92 percent of the people are of the Han ethnic group. The rest of the people belong to 55 different ethnic groups. Han Chinese, spoken by most people, has many dialects. The northern dialect, Mandarin, is Chinas official language.

Southeast Asia has more ethnic diversity. Ethnic groups in this region include Indonesians, Malays, Burmans, Vietnamese, Laotians, and Thais. Indonesia alone, with its many islands, has about 300 ethnic groups. Hundreds of languages and dialects are spoken throughout the region. Many of the languages were brought by early colonizers.

The people of East Asia and Southeast Asia practice many religions. The major religion in much of the region is Buddhism. In Japan, Buddhism is combined with Shinto, the traditional religion. Other faiths include Confucian, Islam, Hinduism, Daoism, and Christianity. The Communist governments of China and North Korea limit religious practices in those countries.

A variety of arts can be found in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Many paintings reflect a respect for nature, which is part of the Daoism and Shinto religions. Some paintings include poems written in an elegant brush stroke called calligraphy, or the art of beautiful writing. Other artists are skilled at weaving, carving, and pottery.

Identify four cities in Japan that form a megalopolis.

1.

2.

3.

4.

People and Cultures (continued)


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1. Differentiating How do East Asia and Southeast Asia differ in terms of ethnic diversity?

2. Determining Cause and Effect What impact has the importance of education had on the region?

Some areas of this region are so densely populated that a lack of privacy is common. On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph describing what it might be like to live in such a crowded area.

ap prW U- Answer these questions to check your understanding of the entire section.

Based on its descrip-tion, draw a pagoda in the space below.

Religion and art also are reflected in the architecture of the region. Temples, palaces, and houses are highly decorative. Pagodas are temples that are several stories high, with tiled roofs that curve up at the edges.

Literature and theater are popular art forms. Japanese poets write haiku, a short poemusually about naturethat follows a specific structure. Japan also is well-known for its different forms of theater, and Indonesia is famous for its dances.

The family is the center of social lifereflecting the ideas of the ancient Chinese thinker Confucius. He taught that young people should respect their elders and that women should obey their husbands. Education also is highly valued. Many children go to school six days a week. The emphasis on education has helped the region build productive economies.

In cities, people tend to live in small but modern houses. In China, several generations of a family often live together in an apartment. Houses in rural areas are often larger but simpler. In rural Mongolia, people live in circular houses called yurts that are made of animal skins. Southeast Asian homes are often built on stilts to avoid flooding.

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Chapter 26, Section 1 History and...

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