Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution

What Caused the Industrial Revolution?

• Population Growth

What Caused the Industrial Revolution?

• Agricultural Revolution

• The potato• Maize• New methods• Enclosure Movement

What Caused the Industrial Revolution?

• International trade increased

• Interest in innovation and technology

Why Britain?

• economic growth• population growth• people willing to put

new ideas into practice • strong mining and metal

industries• the world’s largest

merchant marine • relatively fluid social

structure• good water

transportation system• unified market • highly developed

commercial sector

Why Not Continental Europe?

• Economies hampered by:– High

transportation costs

– Misguided government regulations

– Rigid social structures

Technological Revolution

• Mass Production• Pottery• Mechanization• Cotton• Iron• Steam Engine• Railroads• Electric

Telegraph

Impact

• New Industrial Cities• Rural Environments• Working Conditions• Women began to work in

textile mills, earned less than men

• Families separated• Young women earned

low wages as domestic servants

• Child labor• Poverty

Impact

• Women and Industry

• Industry and Slavery

Changes in Society

• Industrialization increased disparities in income

• Real beneficiaries were the middle classes

Protests and Reforms • Workers changed jobs

frequently,• Frequent absences• Poor quality work • riots or strikes.• create benevolent societies

and trade unions.• Mass movements persuaded

the British government to pass laws: Factory Act of 1833, the Mines Act of 1842, and repeal of Corn Laws in 1846

• Revolutions of 1848 revealed widespread discontent, but no reforms through accommodation

New Economic and Political Beliefs

• Laissez Faire• Protests and Reform

Limits of Industrialization Outside the West: Egypt

• In the early 19th, Muhammad Ali began to industrialize

• funded by export of wheat/ cotton- protected by high tariffs on imported goods

• Powerful modern Egypt posed threat to the British

• In 1839, Britain forced Muhammad Ali to eliminate all import duties.

• Without tariff protection, Egypt’s industries couldn’t compete

• Egypt became dependent on Britain

Limits of Industrialization Outside the West: India

• Cheap British textiles forced Indians out of work

• India became exporter of raw materials and an importer of British industrial goods

• Railroads, coal mining, and telegraph lines introduced in mid-19th century

• industrialization proceeded at slowly

• British administration did not encourage it

Limits of Industrialization Outside the West: China

• New military technologies changed balance of power between Europe and China,

• allowed Britain to defeat Chinese quickly & easily

• China’s conservatives focused on agriculture

• kept them from competing with Western technology

Conclusion

• Industrialization was the most important change since the development of agriculture, with increased mechanical technology driving increased production of goods such as iron and cotton

• The industrial age caused environmental problems and increased stratification of society, with a new and growing middle class. It also generated concern for children working in factories and philosophies relative to the industrial age, such as those of Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham.

• Industrialization of western nations caused a separation between what would be considered wealthy and poor nations.