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Chapter 22 Progress and Poverty From Slavery to Freedom 9 th ed. Slide 2 Divergent Realities Economic Differences Economic crisis of late 1970s early 1980s affected low-income African Americans most Manufacturing jobs exported; decentralized Industrial parks Sunbelt Rise of service industries and information economy 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Slide 3 3 Unemployment Rate by Race (White and Black) between 1965 and 1990 Slide 4 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 African American Migration 1950-1980 Slide 5 Divergent Realities Rise of Black Underclass Widening chasm within black America Black neighborhoods, growing concentration of poor Increasingly uncommon to find members of all economic classes living within one neighborhood The Declining Significance of Race (1978) William Julius Wilson Critique of the rise of the black underclass Believed class more than race principal factor in determining opportunities 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Slide 6 Divergent Realities Many black scholars and civil rights leaders disagreed with Wilson Undeterred, published The Truly Disadvantaged in 1987 Distinguished working poor from long term jobless residents from areas of extreme poverty Studies showed that many associated poverty with individual behavior rather than structural economic forces Welfare queens Black welfare recipients seen as undeserving poor 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Slide 7 Divergent Realities The Million Man March Nation of Islams Louis Farrakhan called on black men to gather in Washington D.C. on October 16, 1994 for day of atonement Called for renewed commitment to transformation of black communities Wanted to initiate local activism Speakers called for interracial change, criticized cutbacks in government services, urged black voter registration Coincided with increase in black male voters 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Slide 8 Divergent Realities New Opportunities Black middle class grew in size and influence African Americans held top positions in government and public service in 1990s Black athletes became national icons The Black Electorate More African Americans were elected to state and local offices Harold Washington Jesse Jackson made presidential bid 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Slide 9 Divergent Realities Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition Rainbow Coalition of grassroots supporters who felt marginalized by political process Emphasized voter unity Campaign faced serious obstacles Views on Middle East; reference to New York as Hymie Town Lacked financial support from civil rights groups Jacksons campaign got blacks to vote in large numbers; made substantial difference for black candidates for other offices 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Slide 10 10 The Rainbow Coalition poster Slide 11 Divergent Realities The Reagan-Bush Years Many blacks alienated during Reagan administration Slashed funding to social programs; unemployment rose at alarming rate Reagan did sign bill making Martin Luther King, Jr. day a national holiday Jackson ran again in 1988, winning several primaries and caucuses Democratic nominee Dukakis lost to Bush Portrayed as soft on crime; racially-tinged Willie Horton ad 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Slide 12 Divergent Realities The 1992 Election: The Democrats Return to Office 83% of black voters supported Clinton-Gore ticket Ron Brown, DNC chair, attracted many black voters Carol Mosely Braun first black woman elected to the U.S. Senate Several cities led by black mayors Blacks not supportive of Republicans Contract with America 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Slide 13 In Conservative Times Reagans Efforts to Dismantle Civil Rights Appointed conservatives to Supreme Court Appointment of Clarence Thomas to head EEOC after uproar over William Bell appointment Commission staff reduced; allowed cases to backlog Interference with U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Attempted to oust sitting members who were critical of administrations opposition to affirmative action After much wrangling with Congress, Commission power much diminished 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Slide 14 In Conservative Times NAACPs Legal Defense Fund (LDF) had some legal victories despite opposition from the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice Thornburg v. Gingles; Local 98 v. Cleveland George H. W. Bush and the Supreme Court Supreme Court began to reverse gains Richmond v. Crosson (set aside program unconstitutional); Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio (employee must prove no legitimate business interest in discrimination suit against employer); Martin v. Wilkins (white firefighters could sue city for making race-conscious promotions) 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Slide 15 In Conservative Times The Battle over the Clarence Thomas Nomination Blacks apprehensive over Thurgood Marshalls retirement; many applauded appointment of Thomas, despite conservative credentials Anita Hills sexual harassment allegations diverted attention from questions of Thomass training, experience, and qualifications Thomas confirmed as second African American to serve as Supreme Court justice 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 Slide 16 In Conservative Times Judicial Conservatism Cases diluted strength of black electorate Supreme Court found that congressional districts that took race into consideration violated equal protection of white voters Educational Disparities Nation still dealing with de facto segregation White flight; The Bell Curve Many black kids on wrong side of digital divide Access to higher education contested issue 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16 Slide 17 In Conservative Times Opposition to Affirmative Action In 1990s, black academic conservatives vocally opposed affirmative action programs Proposition 209 in California passed, forbidding the use of race as a basis for admission Enrollment of minorities subsequently declined Racial Unrest Acquittal of officers responsible for beating of Rodney King sparked four days of rioting in Los Angeles 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 Slide 18 In Conservative Times Racial Brutality: Abner Louima, Amadou Diallo, James Byrd Violence directed at blacks by N.Y. City police in the late 1990s Abner Louima beaten and sodomized by police Amadou Diallo shot 45 times while reaching for wallet James Byrd, Jr. dragged to death by two white men in Jasper, TX Revelation that New Jersey police stopped black motorists to search for drugs solely on basis of racial profile 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18 Slide 19 Artistic Currents Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin continued popularity Charles Johnson, Middle Passage (1990) Women Writers Rise of African American women writers marked most significant trend Rita Dove Alice Walker Toni Morrison 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19 Slide 20 Artistic Currents Playwrights, Comedians, Filmmakers, Actors August Wilson, premier black playwright 1980s rise of films starring black comedians Richard Pryor; Eddie Murphy Interracial popularity of the film The Color Purple Spike Lee, Do the Right Thing; John Singleton, Boyzn the Hood Enhanced opportunities for black actors in 1990s 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20 Slide 21 Artistic Currents Blacks on Television Black visibility on TV expanded Diffrent Strokes and Benson included black characters Blacks began to appear on commercials Robert L. Johnson founded Black Entertainment Television in 1980 Growth of talk shows important for black TV presence; Oprah Winfrey The Cosby Show featured middle-class black family; A Different World focused on black college students 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21 Slide 22 Artistic Currents Artists By 1990s, museums devoted to African American Art located in most major cities Robert Colescott politically conscious art Jean Michael Basquiat mixed media works Hip Hop Rising Rap music became controversial black art form American urban youths cultural practices of rap, graffiti, breakdancing, and innovative deejay style emerged into Hip Hop culture 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22 Slide 23 Artistic Currents Hip Hop started in 1970s in the Bronx Defined a musical genre as well as a style of dress, communication, and aesthetics Has become a global cultural phenomenon Hip Hop Is Born Sylvia Robinson of Sugar Hill Records first to test Hip Hop profitability Released Sugar Hill Gangs Rappers Delight Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin of Def Jam Records first major Hip Hop producers 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23 Slide 24 Artistic Currents Hip Hop popularity escalated with music videos and tough social and economic conditions Varied sounds: from more socially conscious to gangsta rap Puff Daddy and Bad Boy Records Hip Hop and the Culture Wars Battleground for racial and social issues 2 Live Crew arrested on obscenity charges East CoastWest Coast rivalry Tupac Shakur; Christopher Biggie Smalls Wallace 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24 Slide 25 Artistic Currents Gangsta rap became popular with white suburban youth Hip Hop defies characterization Deeply informed by the American experience New styles emerged at local level; became complicated array of regional movements Competed for national recognition Hip Hop appealed to youth of all races for its ability to convey and critique economic and social realities 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25 Slide 26 Global Concerns 1984 sit-in campaign against apartheid at South African embassy in Washington, D.C. 1986 Congress approved sanctions over Reagan veto The End of Apartheid 1990 F. W. de Klerk lifted 30-year ban on African National Congress; Nelson Mandela is freed Mandela made 8-city tour of U.S. Mandela and de Klerk won 1994 Nobel Peace Prize 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26 Slide 27 Global Concerns African Americans on the International Stage Colin Powell rose to be youngest and first African American to serve as chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff African Americans 25% of troops sent to Persian Gulf war; only 13% of nations population Rooted in lack of job opportunity in civilian sector Every black Democrat voted against use of force in Operation Desert Storm 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27 Slide 28 At Centurys End Clinton promised his administration would look like America Four black cabinet members; appointed more African American judges than any previous president Criticized for not standing up for Lani Guiniers appointment to head DOJs Civil Rights Division Appointed Deval Patrick instead Clinton criticized by some black leaders for position on welfare reform 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28 Slide 29 At Centurys End Clinton established the One America initiative under chairmanship of John Hope Franklin Charged the seven-member advisory board with articulating a vision of racial reconciliation The boards dialogue on race focused on education and economic opportunity Promising Practices for Racial Reconciliation Promote dialogue among nations ethnic groups Devise pubic education programs about race relations Use presidency to make racial reconciliation a reality Engage youth leaders to build bridges among races 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29 Slide 30 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30 Dr. John Hope Franklin, Chair of the Advisory Board of the Presidents Initiative on Race, presents President Clinton with the Boards report, September 18, 1998